Target Lesson

Good day Grade 11 Learners! Welcome to an ultimate learning experience! We are going to use
this intervention materials to provide varied activities that will help you improve your understanding and
skills on Practical Research 1.

At the end of this intervention material, you are expected to:

• explain the importance of research in daily life (CS_RS11- IIIa-2);

• define ethics in research (CS_RS11IIIa-3); and
• differentiate quantitative from qualitative research (CS_RS11IIIa-4)

Remedial Instruction
…..

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE

. Do you feel annoyed if there is a power interruption? Can you imagine a world without
electricity? Can you imagine if there is no internet or if there is no cellphone? Well, of course, you will
be annoyed, mad, and worried. Life will be difficult if there is no electricity. Life will be boring if there
is no cellphone or even the internet. Life is threatened if there will be no cure for COVID-19. But
thanks to research, all our worries are gone.
. Research is very significant on our lives; it has gradually changed human life through history.
Here are the five (5) importance of research to our daily lives.
1. Research aims for truth (Rolfe 2002). We crave truth for no one has the desire to live in lies
(Rasmussen 2013). Research is about establishing truth based on evidence or data. We conduct
a study to seek for truth. And research helps us to know the truth and disprove the lies.

2. Research improves quality of human life (Bornmann 2013). Thanks to the field of research, life
has been much more convenient for us over the passage of time. We no longer need to travel
through walking, riding horses, or even carabaos because trains, cars, motorcycles, tricycles,
airplanes, and other modes of transportation was invented, and it helps us to travel faster in
different places. Indeed, research improves the quality of human life.

3. Research saves life (Cancer Research UK 2019). During the times of our lolo and lola, it is a
common practice that when you are sick, you should go to the albularyo. People just die without
proper medication because of malpractices and false medications. But through the course of
human history, research has proven its worth and roles in our lives. Medicines like antibiotics,
medicinal equipment, organ transplant, surgery, and others are invented and discovered which
helped to save human life.
4. Research gathers necessary information (Igwenagu 2016). Research gathers necessary
information that will help us to know more about something. For example, when COVID 19 was
just starting to spread, medical experts are puzzled about the emerging disease. Many of them
wanted to know what the cause was. Some of them investigated how it is being transmitted.
Others determined the incubation period and how it can be prevented. They did many laboratory
experiments and observations. Thanks to the field of research because now, we have at least a
good perspective on the manner the virus is transmitted, possible medication, ways to prevent it,
incubation period, and location affected by the pandemic. Thus, the necessary information to
understand the situation was gathered.

5. Research explores humanity (Lee, Tran, and Lee 2007). Do you know that Muslims pray 5 times
a day? Do you know that the song “Ati Ku Pung Singsing” is about the culture of the
Kapampangan? Do you know that filipinos celebrates the Lenten season with penitensya? These
are just examples of how research explores the culture of people. Research likewise deals with
the investigation of culture to understand and to appreciate others' practices, and beliefs (Zion
and Kozleski 2005). The way we understand others is the result of a long study of different
individuals to provide us explanations about group or individual culture. Because of this, we can
now relate, understand, and respect others.

Intervention Activities

ACTIVITY 1. #LetTheEarthBreathe #ScientistProtest #ClimateCrisis (15 POINTS)

A few days ago, NASA climate scientist Peter Kalmus' voice breaks in a desperate call
for leaders to act on the climate crisis. The action was one of more than a dozen protests by
Scientist Rebellion across the planet. Scientists are urging leaders to stop the use of fossil
fuels after an alarming UN report. The report warns that rapid and deep cuts to greenhouse
gas emissions are necessary within 3 years to avoid catastrophic climate effects. What will be
the role of research in curbing greenhouse gas emissions and avoid climate-related disasters?

ACTIVITY 2. Give practical applications/situations that shows the importance of research the
following: (10 POINTS)

ANSWER
Research aims for truth (Rolfe 2002)
Research improves quality of human life
Research saves life
Research gathers necessary information
Research explores humanity
 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
In the previous lessons, you were oriented with the characteristics of research and the
research process. Aside from them, you also need to know the importance of ethics because it
will guide you in considering the ethical codes and policies you must follow in writing and
conducting research. Ethics is a branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles on
governing a person’s behavior in the conduct of any activity.

Ethical Codes and Policies for Research

Cristobal & Cristobal (2017) lists the following ethical codes and policies that the researcher
needs to consider in conducting a study:

1. Honesty. The researcher should strive to truthfully report data all throughout the study.
Regardless of the outcome, the researcher should report the real findings of the study.
2. Objectivity. The researcher should avoid being biased. The study should not be influenced
by his/her personal motives, beliefs, and opinions.
3. Integrity. The researcher should establish credibility through the consistency of his/her
thought and action. He/she should act with sincerity especially on keeping agreements
4. Care. The researcher should never neglect even the smallest detail of the study. All
information should be critically examined. Records activities should be securely kept.
5. Openness. The researcher should be willing to accept criticisms and new ideas for the
betterment of the study. Research results and findings should be shared to the public.
6. Respect for intellectual property. The researcher should not plagiarize. Credit should be
given to who or where it is due. All authors cited and sources used in the study should be
properly acknowledged. - Plagiarism refers to the act of illegally using another person’s ideas,
works, processes, and results. It can be penalized through Republic Act 8293 known as the
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.
7. Confidentiality. The researcher should take steps to protect all confidential communications
or documents from being discovered by others.
8. Respect for colleagues. The researcher should show courtesy to his/her colleagues by
treating them equally and fairly.
9. Non-discrimination. The researcher should not discriminate based on sex, race, ethnicity, or
any factor relating to scientific competence and integrity. Thus, research should be open to all
people who will participate in research.
10. Human Subject Protection. The researcher should protect human lives by preventing and
minimizing harms and risks. He/she should always uphold the human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy of human subjects to be used in the study.

Rights of Research Participants

In every aspect of life, rights and responsibilities are inseparably linked to one another. This
means that both the researcher and the participant have necessary obligations to perform as a
prerequisite of their privileges in conducting research. According to Trochim (2006), Smith (2003)
and Polit (2006), the following are some of the rights of research participants:

1. Voluntary participation. The research participants must be given the privilege to exercise
their free will whether to participate or not. They have the right to refuse involvement in the
study. Thus, any person should not be forced to take part in any research undertaking.
2. Informed consent. The research participants must be provided with sufficient information
about the procedures and risks involved in the research. It serves as an initial guide on why
and how the study will be conducted. Hence, the researcher must ensure that they fully
 understood and agreed upon the study.
3. Risk of harm. The research participants must be protected from any type of harm whether it
may be physical, psychological, social, or economic. The researcher must avoid, prevent, or
minimize threats especially when they are exposed and engaged in invasive and risky
procedures.
4. Confidentiality. The research participants must be assured of their privacy particularly on
personal information. The researcher must secure that all information disclosed by them will
not be used without authorized access.
5. Anonymity. The research participants must remain anonymous or unidentified throughout the
study even to the researchers themselves. They have the right to keep their identities secret
as they participate especially in case-sensitive studies.

Intervention Activities

ACTIVITY 3. Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must be undertaken to correct the unethical
practices presented below and identify the violated Right/s of research participants or Ethical
Codes and Policies for Research. (40 points)

Violated Ethical
Situation Ethical actions
policies/Rights
In a study on stress, Petra survey college students
on their alcohol consumption habits. Some of her
questions may bring up negative emotions, she did
not inform the participants about the sensitive
nature of the survey and didn’t assure them that
their responses will be confidential.
Roselyn conducted a multiple-regression-analysis
on whether working from home is related to better
stress management. She gathered research that is
related to hers and noticed that a certain study has
the same characteristics, sample size, location, and
treatments with her own. She copied the results of
that study and pasted it on her paper to make her
work easier.
Nazi doctors and researchers performed painful
and horrific experiments on thousands of
imprisoned people in concentration camps from
1942 to 1945.
These experiments resulted in trauma, permanent
disabilities, or death in many cases. The
participation of prisoners was always forced.
Participants often belonged to marginalized
communities, including Jewish people, disabled
people, and Roman people.
In the Tuskegee syphilis study, 600 young black
men were deceived into participating with a
promise of free healthcare that was never fulfilled.
The actual goal was to study the effects of the
disease when left untreated, and the
researchers never informed participants about their
diagnoses or the research aims. Although
participants experienced severe health problems,
including blindness and other complications, the
researchers only pretended to provide medical care.
By the end of the study, 128 participants had died
of syphilis or related complications.
 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
There are two broad categories of research methodology: quantitative research and qualitative
research. The method to be used in conducting research will determine the approach the
researcher takes in identifying relevant data and collecting and analyzing the information gathered
in the research. Choosing either a quantitative or qualitative approach will affect the components
of the research.
Qualitative Quantitative
Collected
• Expressed in words • Expressed in numbers or graphs
data
• used to understand concepts,
• Used to test theories or assumptions
thoughts, or experiences.
Purpose • used to establish generalizable facts
• Used to gather in-depth insights on
about a topic.
topics that are not well understood.
• observations recorded as numbers
• Interview
• surveys with closed-ended questions
• Observations described in words
• questionnaires with likert scale:
• Literature reviews
• 5 – Always
Methods • Case studies
• 4 – Sometimes
used • Community immersion
• 3 – Seldom
• Documentation (documentary)
• 2 – None at all
• Ethnographies
• Numerical count
• Real world observation
• Statistical analyses
• collected data is Analyzed by
summarizing, categorizing, and • Analyzed through math and statistical
Data
interpreting it by finding analysis like Pearson correlation, t-test,
processing
commonalities on the answers of the multiple regression analysis, etc.
respondents.
Respondents • Fewer respondents • Requires many respondents
• Close-ended questions that requires
• Open-ended questions like Whys answers such as:
Questions
and How’s. • Yes or No
• Always, Sometimes, Never, etc
When to • if you want to confirm or test • if you want to understand something
use? something (a theory or hypothesis) (concepts, thoughts, experiences)

Example:
Topic Qualitative approach Quantitative approach
• survey 100 modular learning students in
CNHS and ask them to indicate to as what
• conduct in-depth interviews with 15 extent they agreed with each statement
modular students from CNHS and ask using a four-point Likert scale ranging from
them open-ended questions such as: 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree).
o How satisfied are you with your o My expectations for the subject were
Students’ studies? clearly met.
Distance o What is the most positive aspect o The teacher was supportive and
Learning of being in your strand? responsive to my questions.
Satisfaction • Based on the answers you get you can o I was satisfied with the response time
ask follow-up questions to clarify I received from my teacher.
things. You transcribe all interviews o I can manage my own learning better
and try to find commonalities and in online learning.
patterns in their answers o I can manage my own learning better
in modular learning
Example:
Topic Qualitative approach Quantitative approach
• conduct in-depth interviews with 20
grade 11 students from CNHS and ask
them open-ended questions such as:
Presidential
o Among the presidential
Preference
candidates, who will you vote for? • survey 300 grade 11 students in CNHS and
of Grade 11
Why? ask who they are going to vote for among
Senior High
o What qualities or characteristics the candidates. And tabulate the results in
School
are you looking for in a President? terms of percentage.
Students in
o What qualities or characteristics
CNHS
does a candidate have that will
make you less likely to vote for
them?

Intervention Activities

ACTIVITY 4. Formulate possible Qualitative and Quantitative approach for the following topics
listed below.

Topics Qualitative approach Quantitative approach

Work form Home
and Stress
management
Students’
Modular Learning
Satisfaction
Student
Perception on
Climate Change
Student
Absenteeism
Laboratory
Equipment and
Students’
Academic
Performance

Example:

Topic Qualitative approach Quantitative approach

• conduct in-depth interviews with 20
students and ask them open-ended
questions such as:
Face-to- • survey 100 students in CNHS and ask who
o How ready are you for the face-to-
Face are ready for the face-to-face classes.
face classes?
Classes • survey 50 students in CNHS and ask them
o What are the preparations that
Readiness to rate their readiness for face-to-face
you did for the face-to-face
of Students classes on a scale of 1-5.
classes?
o What is your mindset heading to
the face-to-face classes?