i

A COMPREHENSIVE NOISE MAPPING MODEL THROUGH ACADEMIC AND

LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL BUILDINGS MEASUREMENT OF SOUND PRESSURE
LEVELS

SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY – TOMAS OPPUS

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
Practical Research II

ALTHEA FRANCIS NEUDA

EROSS JOSEPH BALILI
KRISITINE CAMPION CABALES
JANNAH CAWALING
CHRISTIAN NIMRODE DIOLA
LOUV FLABIAN FELICILDA
SAMANTHA GRACE GARCIANO

August 2024
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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Background of the Study 1

Objectives 3

Significance of the Study 4

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

Review of Literature 5

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 9

Definition of Terms 10

Chapter 3 Methodology

Research Design 11

Research Locale 11

Research Respondents and Sampling Procedure 13

Research Instruments 13

Data Collection Procedure 14

Data analysis 14

References 15
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Noise pollution, caused by rising sound pressure levels, has become a growing

concern in many urban and industrial areas. Trends show that increasing urbanization,

population growth, and industrial activities have intensified noise levels, adversely affecting

public health and environment quality. Moreover, studies reveal that prolonged exposure to

high noise levels can lead to hearing loss, stress, and cardiovascular issues, highlighting its

pervasive impact. This study aims to assess and map noise levels to better understand the

spatial distribution of noise pollution and provide data- driven solutions for effective noise

management.

This study investigates the exposure to high SPL can significantly give negative

impact on human health. In addition to these findings, it also points to the potential for

change. Studies have found that excessive noise in various environments, such as student

housing, industrial workplaces, and sports venues, can lead to various health issues. These

include physical symptoms such as cold, fatigue, headache, and hearing impairment (Orola,

2020; Ebrahimi et al., 2021; Adekunle et al., 2021). Research has shown that SPL

significantly impact human physiology and perception.

Studies indicate that the auditory system dynamically adjusts its temporal filters based

on SPL, affecting sound detection and localization (Siveke et al., 2019). Cardiac responses

also vary with sound intensity; near-threshold sounds (15-40 dB SPL) initially decrease heart

rate, while louder sounds (65-90 dB SPL) increase it (Shoushtarian et al., 2019). In senior

adults, exposure to different acoustic stimuli results in heart rate and blood pressure

fluctuations. Sounds below 55-65 dB(A) correlate with increased comfort and less

physiological impact. Urban areas with high noise pollution, such as event centers and
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markets, recorded the highest SPL and noise pollution levels, potentially leading to various

health conditions, including anxiety, insomnia, and communication interference (Adekunle et

al., 2021). Sound Pressure has been observed to affect both students and professors in

academic settings.

SPL in educational environments significantly impact students' learning efficiency

and academic atmosphere. Studies have found that classroom noise levels often exceed

recommended limits, negatively affecting students and professors (Dias et al., 2019). Brill &

Wang (2021) found that higher non-speech noise levels in K-12 classrooms correlated with

lower math test scores and observed that intense noise levels decreased attention and

increased errors in reading and writing tasks among students. As sound pressure levels

increase, problem-solving abilities decrease. Noise mapping in university settings reveals that

areas near highways, canteens, and parking spaces often exceed the 55 dB(A) threshold, with

33.1% of students reporting a disturbance at 61 ± 3 dB(A) (Mulyono et al., 2021). To

improve the academic atmosphere, researchers suggest implementing noise control measures

such as physical barriers, tree planting, and better parking management (Mulyono et al.,

2021). Research on sound pressure levels (SPL) in various settings reveals potential health

impacts. In physical education environments, SPL ranged from 57-78 dB(A), with teachers

reporting significant discomfort despite relatively low levels (Portela et al., 2019).

The researchers are affiliated with SLSU- Tomas Oppus, a teacher institution that

offers college programs and operates a laboratory high school for junior and senior high

school education. They have encountered disruptive noise levels, including shouting and loud

conversations among students, particularly when teachers are absent. Motivated by their

experiences and the desire to positively impact the campus environment, the researchers aim

to systematically measure and analyze sound pressure levels (SPL) to identify areas of high
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noise. This study seeks to provide effective solutions to enhance the academic atmosphere

and improve the overall learning experience for the students and the faculty.

Noise pollution has become a pressing environmental issue, especially in academic

settings where concentration and effective learning are essential. The study aims to address

the growing concerns about ambient noise levels across an academic campus, specifically at

Southern Leyte State University - Tomas Oppus. Unlike earlier studies that focused solely on

classroom noise and its direct effects on students' performance, this research will take a

broader approach by mapping sound pressure levels (SPL) across the Academic and

Laboratory High School buildings.

Noise mapping provides a visual representation of noise intensity and distribution,

which is crucial for identifying noise hotspots and their potential impact on the well-being of

students, faculty, and staff. The findings will not only highlight areas exceeding acceptable

noise thresholds but will also serve as a foundation for proposing practical noise mitigation

strategies. The significance of this study lies in its ability to contribute to a healthier academic

environment by addressing the overlooked issue of noise pollution in classrooms in

Academic and Laboratory High School. By integrating SPL measurements into a noise

mapping model, this study aims to enhance the campus's acoustic environment and improve

overall academic and operational efficiency.

Objectives

This section aims to outline the specific objectives of the study, focusing on

understanding and analyzing noise levels within the Academic and Laboratory High School

(LHS) buildings. These objectives provide a foundation for comprehensively addressing

noise-related concerns in educational environments.

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1. To identify the areas within the Academic and LHS buildings with the highest noise levels.

2. To develop a comprehensive noise map that visualizes the sound pressure levels across the

building.

3. To analyze patterns and trends in noise levels during different times of the day.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Students. This study will help students understand how noise levels affect their learning and

performance.

Teachers. It will provide insights to help educators minimize disruptions and improve

teaching strategies.

School Administrators. The findings will aid in managing noise pollution and optimizing

the school’s acoustic environment.

Facility Planners. The data can inform future infrastructure improvements for quieter

learning spaces.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a foundation for further research on noise

pollution and its impact on education.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section identifies, analyzes, and synthesizes the relevant literature related to the

research. The purpose of this section is to situate the study within the existing body of

knowledge and to demonstrate the novelty, significance, and relevance of the research.

The effects of classroom noise on children's speech perception and listening

comprehension were examined by comparing binaural and monaural noise conditions.

Results showed that binaural noise significantly influenced both speech perception and

listening comprehension, whereas monaural noise primarily affected speech perception.

While the specific statistical methods were not explicitly stated, it is likely that t-tests or

ANOVAs were used to assess the differences between the noise conditions. The study

employed an experimental design, possibly using a pretest-posttest control group approach,

with 37 second-grade participants. (Leist, L. et al., 2023) highlighted the need for more

realistic binaural noise scenarios in research to better understand how classroom noise

impacts children's learning experiences.

Classroom acoustics play a crucial role in fostering an effective learning environment

for both students and teachers. Noise, reverberation, and poor speech clarity have been
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identified as significant factors that affect academic performance, concentration, and well-

being. This section reviews the findings and insights from relevant literature, particularly

focusing on the work by Mogas-Recalde, Palau, and Márquez (2021), who conducted a

systematic literature review on the subject. Mogas-Recalde et al. (2021) explored how

classroom acoustics influence both students and teachers, underlining that excessive noise

exposure and poor acoustic conditions can lead to stress, fatigue, cognitive decline, and even

hearing loss. Their research highlighted that noise not only disrupts concentration but also

impairs speech comprehension, which can cause frustration and confusion among students.

For teachers, persistent noise exposure was found to negatively impact vocal health and

increase stress levels, further affecting their teaching effectiveness. The study employed

descriptive statistics to summarize key data, such as average noise levels and their variance

across different classrooms, and correlation analysis to measure the relationship between

noise levels and student performance. Results showed a negative correlation, suggesting that

higher noise levels are associated with decreased cognitive performance and academic

achievement. In addressing these challenges, the authors emphasized the importance of

optimizing classroom acoustics by reducing external and internal noise, managing

reverberation through the use of sound-absorbing materials, and enhancing speech clarity

with appropriate amplification and teacher positioning. Additionally, their findings stressed

the need for schools to implement continuous monitoring systems to maintain effective

acoustic environments. Conducted at the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Spain), the research

drew from various studies, underscoring that smart classrooms equipped with proper acoustic

solutions can significantly enhance learning outcomes. The researchers advocated for

measures such as soundproofing, equipment maintenance, and careful spatial planning to

minimize acoustic distractions. By prioritizing acoustics, schools can create more supportive

learning environments that improve not only academic performance but also the health and
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well-being of both students and teachers. The reviewed literature emphasizes that proper

acoustic management is essential in achieving the goals of modern education, especially in

technologically integrated classrooms. This systematic review contributes to a deeper

understanding of how environmental factors, particularly sound, influence education, offering

valuable insights for educators, school administrators, and policymakers.

Research on sound pressure levels in university classrooms reveals concerning

findings. Indicating that sound pressure levels (SPL) in university classrooms can

significantly impact both students and professors. Studies consistently show that noise levels

exceed recommended standards, negatively impacting both students and professors (Dias et

al., 2019). Noise interferes with teaching and learning activities, with professors reporting a

greater perception of its impact (Dias et al., 2019). High noise levels force teachers to raise

their voices, leading to vocal fatigue. Factors contributing to excessive noise include internal

and external sources, as well as overcrowded classrooms. Importantly, acoustic modifications

in classrooms, such as reducing reverberation, can positively affect students' attention levels

and performance. These findings underscore the need for improved acoustic conditions in

learning environments to enhance student comprehension and reduce vocal strain on teachers.

Research on noise exposure among physical education (PE) reveals concerning levels

of sound pressure in their work environments. Studies have found that PE teachers in

gymnasiums and indoor cycling classes can be exposed to sound levels ranging from 57-

101.6 dB(A) (Portela et al., 2019). These high noise levels can lead to various health issues,

including hearing difficulties, headaches, and irritability. While Portela et al. (2019) reported

that sound levels in PE teachers' work environments were not excessively high, other studies

indicate that 20-25% of PE teachers may be exposed to weekly noise levels above 80 dB(A).

The discrepancies in findings highlight the variability of noise exposure across different
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settings and underscore the need for further research and implementation of preventive

measures to protect teachers' health Portela et al., 2019).

In contrast, a study by Mancini et al. (2021), employed a mixed-method approach,

combining quantitative sound level measurements with qualitative surveys based on ISO

12913-2. This methodology allows for a comprehensive assessment of user perceptions in the

acoustic environment at the University of Salerno's main campus in Fisciano, Italy. The

concept of soundscape emphasizes using sound as a genuine resource to enhance desired

auditory experiences rather than viewing it as a waste product that requires regulation and

control (Moshona et al., 2024). Participants' perceptions varied by locations. Areas with

natural elements were perceived positively despite nearby noise source, while others were

often viewed negatively, suggesting that visual experiences can influence sound perception.

This research shows the importance of soundscape assessments in understanding how

measured sound levels relate to varied user perceptions.

To examine the impact of classroom acoustics on noise disturbance and well-being

among first-grade students in Turin, Italy. The study involved 326 respondents and found that

poor classroom acoustics significantly affected student well-being, particularly during group

activities where noise disturbance was prevalent. Using non-parametric tests like the Mann-

Whitney U (MWU) and Spearman’s rho, the researchers highlighted the necessity of

improving classroom acoustics to enhance students' overall well-being and minimize

disturbances (Astolfi et al., 2019).

The acoustic environment within a classroom significantly impacts the learning

process and overall well-being of both teachers and students. Excessive noise and

reverberation can hinder communication, reduce concentration, and contribute to fatigue.

According to Polewezyk and Jarosz (2020), the acoustic conditions in the school buildings

were very unfavourable due to the large number of students' noise that can affect the student's
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concentration, comprehension, and communication. By improving the acoustic environment,

significant benefits for both teachers and students can have an enormous impact. The positive

changes observed in concentration, memory, and task completion underscore the importance

of acoustically treated classrooms in creating optimal learning conditions.

Moreover, addressing sound pressure level - Classroom noise (SPL-CN) is crucial in a

classroom setting as it gravely affects the cognitive processes of both students and professors.

According to Dias, et al. (2019) their study titled "Sound Pressure Levels in Classrooms of a

University and Its Effects on Students and Professors" reveals that noise levels are

consistently higher than those recommended by national legislation across various

classrooms. This excessive noise negatively interferes with teaching-learning activities,

highlighting the critical importance of SPL-CN in academic performance within classroom a

setting.

Theoretical Background

Sound is perceived through air vibrations caused by pressure fluctuations, measurable

with a sound level meter (Acoustics, n.d). While vibrations are typically linked to mechanical

systems, air also possesses mass and stiffness, allowing sound to be compressed and

expanded as it moves. A pure tone represents the simplest form of vibration, characterized by

a single frequency component and described as a sinusoidal vibration. These sinusoidal

vibrations are known as simple harmonic vibrations. The intensity of a sound wave refers to

the energy transported by the wave per unit area over time, measured using sound pressure

level (SPL), which is defined by a specific equation.

I
SPL=10 log where: I = intensity of a given sound
Io
Io = reference intensity
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Sound levels are quantified in decibels (dB), which is a logarithmic unit used to

express power or intensity. This unit is the standard for measuring sound

Definition of Terms

The following were the terminologies operationally defined in this study.

- Sound Pressure Level of Classroom Noise (SPL-CN). This refers to the Sound

Pressure Levels of Classroom noise in Junior Laboratory High School.

- Measuring location point. This refers to the locations in which the research will be

conducted via observations.

- Noise mapping. The process of creating a graphical or numerical representation of

noise levels in a specific area:\

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Chapter 3

Materials and Methods

This section of the study recognizes the methodologies relevant in conducting the

study. The purpose of this study is to explain the methods and instruments to be used in the

study thoroughly. Additionally, the functions and the role of each method are described for

comprehensive analysis.

Research Design

The study will utilize a Descriptive Research Design. It will focus on systematically

measuring sound pressure levels (SPL) to provide a comprehensive overview of noise levels

across various locations and times throughout the day. The aim is to identify areas with

significant noise pollution and create a comprehensive noise map that illustrates the spatial

distribution of sound across the campus.

Research Environment

This study will be conducted within the LHS (Laboratory High School) and Academic

Building premises. These locations are ideal for examining sound pressure levels (SPLs) as

they are primary spaces for teaching, learning, and other academic activities. The LHS
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Building hosts four classrooms utilized by high school students. At the same time, the

Academic Building accommodates various classrooms for senior high school and college

students and an office for the BEED Department. By focusing on these environments, the

study aims to capture the noise levels experienced in different settings and timeframes,

providing a comprehensive understanding of how noise fluctuates across these key

educational spaces.

Sampling procedure

The sampling procedure for this study will involve purposive sampling, focusing

on classrooms in the LHS and Academic buildings during Grade 12 3I’s research class

periods. A total of 8 measurement points will be selected within each classroom,

ensuring coverage of various areas of the room. These points will be chosen based on

typical classroom configurations and potential noise sources. Data collection will occur

over 15 days, with sound pressure levels (SPL) measured using a sound level meter app

during designated class periods. Measurements will be systematically recorded at each

of the 8 points per classroom, and the SPL-CN will be mapped and analyzed using the

app. The data will be collected by observing during class, and all observations will be

noted in a notebook for later analysis. A formal permission letter will be submitted to

the campus director’s office to conduct the study, ensuring compliance with

institutional guidelines. Although the data collection process will span 15 days,

occasional disruptions, such as class schedule changes, may affect the consistency of the

data, which will be considered during analysis. Ethical considerations, including

securing necessary permissions and maintaining confidentiality, will also be ensured

throughout the study.

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Research Instrument

Descriptive statistics will be employed to analyze the sound pressure level (SPL)

data collected from seven designated measurement points within the Academic

Building and the Laboratory High School Building. These measurement points will be

critical for gathering data to assess the sound environment. The SPL data will be

recorded daily at these points, and the mean SPL for each day will be calculated to

provide a comprehensive understanding of the average sound levels across the two

buildings. This process will be conducted over 15 days to ensure a robust dataset that

accounts for variations in daily sound levels. Additionally, a line graph will be utilized to

visualize the fluctuations in SPL over time, showcasing the patterns and identifying the

specific periods when peak SPL values occur. By combining statistical analysis with

graphical representation, the study aims to thoroughly evaluate the sound environment,

reflecting daily averages and time-based trends across the selected measurement

points.

The noise level will be interpreted according to American National Standard for

Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for Schools,

(ANSI S12.60)

Sound Level
dB Interpretation Color Map

35 Low level

48 – 60 Average level

95 High level

Data Collection Procedure

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The following steps will be followed during data collection: A permission letter to

conduct the study will be submitted to the campus director's office. Data on sound pressure

levels in classrooms will be gathered at the LHS building and in the academic building

classroom during classes using a sound level meter app. Eight measurement points will be

selected for the study. Observations will be conducted during the designated Grade 12 3I's

(research) class period. After measuring, the SPL-CN will be mapped and analyzed using an

app. Data collection will be carried out over 15 days. All observations will be recorded in a

notebook.

Data Analysis Procedure

Mapping measurement points will be prepared using a contour map, and noise

mapping will be done using the software Surfer 11.0. Noise mapping aimed to find the noise

level in zones based on the color. Noise mapping will be created using software suffer 11.0

based on the average noise level data. Calculate the equivalent noise at each measurement

point for some time. The noise impact analysis will determine the most frequent noise

impacts on the students.

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