TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (HMAWBI)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FLUID MECHANICS LAB

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION & REPORT

(2022 - 2023)

Submitted by:

Name:………………………………………………...

Roll No:………………………………………………

Lab Title Date Marks Student’s Sign Teacher’s Sign

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 FME – 35

FLUID PROPERTIES

Experiment (1)

Objective

- to determine density and specific gravity of a fluid

Required elements

- Universal hydrometer
- Hydrometer jars
- Pycnometer

Experimental procedure

- Fill a hydrometer jar with water to make the hydrometer float

inside. Check that immersed corresponds to 1.00 in the graduated
scale.
- Fill other hydrometer jar with another liquid and record the value
indicated in the graduated scale for each liquid used in the test.
- The specific gravity is indicated by this value on the scale. Density
will be calculated from that value.

Repeats the test using a pycnometer this time:

-Weight the pycnometer empty.

-Fill the pycnometer with the liquid up to the indicated level (50ml).

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-Weight the pycnometer full.

- The exact weight of the 50 ml. of liquid will be obtained by calculating

the difference between both weights.

- The density value is obtained with the liquid volume value and its
weight. The specific density will be calculated from that value.

Tables and results

- Calculate density from the relative density value obtained with the
hydrometer, or viceversa if the pycnometer has been used, through
the following formula that relates both parameters:

S = Density of liquid / Density of water = ρl/ρa

ρ1= S.ρa and ρa =1g/ml3 = 103 Kg/m3

Record the results obtained in the plot below taking into account the
values of the atmospheric pressure and the temperature at the moment the
practical exercise was performed.

●Pressure ------------ mm Hg

●Temperature ---------˚C

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 Experiment (1)

Table & result

Liquid Specific density( S ) Density (kg/m3)

Water

Oil

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 Experiment (2)

Study of the effect of capillary elevation between flat sheets

Objective

The objective of this practical exercise is to study the effect of

capillary elevation between flat sheets.

Required elements

The elements required for this practical exercise are:

Parallel sheets capillary module.

Experimental procedure

- Clean both glasses thoroughly.

- Loosen the screws slightly and place a strip of paper between the
glasses vertically.

- Tighten the screws carefully.

- Placed the two glasses in the support guides.

- Submerge it in water.

- Observe that where the space is smaller the elevation is higher and
where the space is bigger the elevation is lower.

- Do the same thing with other strips of different thickness.

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 Experiment (3)

Study and measurement of the effect of capillary elevation inside

capillary tubes

Objective
The objective of this practical exercise is to study and measure the
effect of capillary elevation inside capillary tubes of different size.
Required elements
The elements required for this practical exercise are:
Capillary tubes module with tubes of different size: 5mm,4mm,
3mm,2.2mm,1.7 mm and 1.2 mm.

Experimental procedure
Make sure that capillary tubes are clean.
• Place the board in a vessel with a specific level of water and
introduce the capillary tubes.
• Place a piece of card between the capillary tubes.
• Mark the cardboard at the height of the capillary elevation in each
tube.
• Measure the capillary increment "h" in each tube.
Tables and results
• Calculate the theoretical elevation per capillary of the liquid
according to the following formula:
h = 2.σ /ρ.g.r
where: h = capillary increment (mm)
σ = surface tension
ρ = density
g = gravity acceleration
d = inner radius of the tube
(*) Surface tension of water is 0.074 N/m.

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 Experiment (3)

Table & result

Diameter of the tube Average capillary Theoretical capillary

elevation elevation ''h'' (mm)
5 mm

4 mm

3 mm

2.2 mm

1.7 mm

1.2 mm

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 Experiment (4)

Measurement of the viscosity of a fluid using a sphere viscometer

Objective

The objective of this practical exercise is to measure the viscosity of a

fluid.

Required elements

The elements required for this practical exercise are:

Falling sphere viscometer.

• Set of INOX AISI 304 steel balls of different sizes:

3.175 mm,2.381 mm and 1.588 mm.

• Chronometer.

Experimental procedure

 Calculate the density of the test liquid, for example using a

pycnometer, following the procedure described in the practical
exercise 1.
 Fill the viscometer with the test liquid whose viscosity is going to
be determined.
 Observe the marks on the viscometer and select two of them.
 The upper mark will be the place from which the falling time will
be measured and the lower mark will indicate the end of the falling
time.

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 Experiment (4)

Table & result

Fluid Diameter of Distance Time used Velocity of

the Ball travelled (sec) the ball
(mm) (m/s)

2
μ = 9 r2.g (ρB – ρ1)/u
(*) Density of the balls made of INOX AISI 304 steel: 7.91 gr/cm3.

FME – 34

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 FLUID STATIC MANOMETRY

Objective

- to study the use of a piezometric tube to measure pressure

Required elements

 Piezometric tube located at the cover of the tank of the FME 34

unit .

 Plug to close the tank of the FME34 unit.

Experimental procedure

 It is necessary to put the plug in the tank so that air cannot leak
through the orifice , being able to pressurize the tank with a manual
pump.

 Close all the valves of the tubes manifold.

 Fill the tank until the lower part of the piezometric tube is in
contact with water .

 Connect the pump to the upper plug of the tank with the non-
return valve in the correct direction and pressurize the tank .

 Observe if the water head in the piezometric tube rises .

 If it does, observe that the level is kept constant when we stop to

pressurize with the pump.

Report

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11
FME _ 19

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 CAVITATION PHENOMENON DEMONSTRATION

Experiment (1)

Objective
- to observe the cavitation phenomenon with forced conduction

Required elements
- FME- 19
- Hydraulic Bench (FM00)
- Chronometer

Temperature (˚C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Specific weight, γ (N/m3) 9805 9806 9803 9798 9798 9779 9767 9752
Vapour pressure P1/γ (m) 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.17 0.25 0.33 0.44 0.58

.Table & Results

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 FME _ 10

DEAD WEIGHT CALIBRATOR

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 Experiment (1)

Objective

To carry out the confirmation of the readings of a Bourdon manometer

using patron equipment of calibrated weights.

Required elements

-Manometric calibrator,FME-10

-Set of masses.

Experimental procedure

We should have a precision balance to determine the weight of the

piston and previously.

Set of Patron Masses

- Place the equipment on a flat and even surface and connect the
supply tube that connects the inferior area of the cylinder to the
input of the manometer by means of a push-in fitting. The output of
this manometer should be prolonged, by means of a flexible tube,
from the drainage valve until its free end is settled inside an empty
recipient to a void splashes.
- Disassemble the piston and determine accurately its weight.
- Also determine the weight of the masses (if it has not been
previously made).
- Cover the piston with Vaseline for a best operation.
- Fill the cylinder with water.
- Open the valve of the manometer.
- When the air of the system has been eliminated, put the one way
valve in the flexible tube that comes from the upper part of the

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 cylinder. Later on, close the output valve of the manometer and,
immediately later, top introducing water in the equipment. We will
have the whole system full of water then.
- Introduce the piston totally inside the cylinder.
- Repeat these steps adding to the piston, in a staggered way, the
different masses of the given set of weights.
- Once completed the test, remove the piston and dry it. Lastly,
empty the cylinder.
- Do not leave the piston inside the cylinder when it is not being
used.

Experiment (1)

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 Table & result

Mass of Pressure in Manometer Manometer Absolute Relative

the piston the cylinder readings readings error error %
Kg Bar KN/m2 KN/m2
KN/m2

Gravity acceleration; g = 9.8 m/s

Area of the piston: 254.46 x 10 -6 m2

Note: The unit of pressure according to the International system is the

Pascal (Pa)

1 Pa = N/m2

1 bar = 10 6 baryes = 10 5 N/m2 = 10 2KN/m2 = 10 5 Pa

1 kg/cm2 = 104 kg/m2 = 98070 Pa = 0.98 bar

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