Class Ix Chemistry Chapt-3 Topic
Class Ix Chemistry Chapt-3 Topic
ATOMS AND
MOLECULES
Level - I
(For CBSE & Olympiad)
Class - IX Level - I Chemistry
ATOMS AND
MOLECULES
In the previous chapters, we have discussed the physical
CHAPTER
THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
3
as well as the chemical classification of matter. We Laws of chemical combination
know that the chemical compounds are formed as a Law of Conservation of Mass
result of the combination of elements.
Law of Constant Proportion
The combination must be based on certain guidelines.
As we see in a compound like carbon dioxide(CO2), the Dalton’s Atomic theory
element carbon and oxygen are combined in certain Postulates
fixed ratio by mass. Carbon dioxide can have no other
Explanation of laws of chemical combina-
formula except (CO2). tion
Here we shall discuss the basis of the combination. Drawbacks
We shall represent the elements and compounds by
chemical symbols and formula respectively. In addition Atom
to these, we shall discuss various ways in which the Atomic Symbol
masses of the elements and compounds have been
Atomic Mass
expressed.
How do Atoms Exist?
The structure of matter has been a subject of speculation
from very early times. The idea of divisibility of matter Molecules
was considered long back in India. Around 500 BC. An Molecules of Element
Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad, postulated that
Molecules of Compound
if we go on dividing matter (padarth), a time will come
when we shall come across the smallest particles Molecular Mass
beyond which further divisions will not be possible. He Difference between atoms and molecules
named these particles Parmanu.
Ions
Around the same era, ancient Greek philosophers:
Classification of Ions
Democritus and Leucippus suggested that if we go on
dividing matter, a stage will come when particles obtained Formula Mass
cannot be divided further. Democritus called these Gram Atomic Mass
indivisible particles, atoms (meaning indivisible).
Gram Molecular Mass
Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical
sciences by establishing two important laws of chemical Writing a chemical formula
combination Valency of an Element
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION Valency of Positive ion
By studying the quantitative measurements of many Valency of Negative ion
reactions, it was observed that the chemical reactions Formula of Ionic Compound
taking place between various substances are governed
Formula of Molecular Compound
by certain laws. These laws are called the 'laws of
chemical combination'. These laws formed the basis Quick Recap
of Dalton's atomic theory. There are two main laws of Assignment
chemical combination which are as follows:
Exam le - 01
15.9 g of copper sulphate and 10.0 g of calcium carbonate were made to react with each other. As a
result, 13.6 g copper carbonate and 12.3 g calcium sulphate was obtained. Show that these results
are in accordance with the law of conservation of mass.
Solution:
Activity Corner
Aim :
To verify the law of conservation of mass i.e., mass of the reactants is same as the
mass of the products in a chemical reaction.
Materials required :
Ignition tube, conical flask, barium chloride, sodium sulphate, water and thread.
Procedure :
Prepare 5 % aqueous solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in
separate test tubes.
Take a small amount of sodium sulphate solution in a conical flask and some
solution of barium chloride in an ignition tube (a small tube made of glass).
Cork
Conical flask
Thread
Ignition tube
Hang the ignition tube in the flask carefully; see that the solutions do not get
mixed. Put a cork on the flask.
Weigh the flask with its content carefully.
Now, tilt and swirl the flask so that the solutions mix with each other.
Weigh again.
Observations :
As soon as the two solutions mix, a chemical reaction takes place to form new products.
BaCl 2 Na 2SO 4 BaSO 4 2NaCl
Bariumchloride Sodium sulphate Bariumsulphate Sodium chloride
( white ppt.)
We put a cork on the mouth of the flask to avoid any exchange of matter between the flask
and its surroundings.
It is observed that the mass of the flask and its contents remain the same even after the
chemical reaction has taken place.
Conclusion :
The activity shows that in a chemical reaction, mass of the reactants is the same as the mass of
the products. This proves the law of conservation of mass.
Exam le - 02
If 42 g of sodium bicarbonate is added to 30.0 g of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) solution, 41 g of sodium
ethanoate, 9 g of water and x g of CO2 is formed. Calculate the value of x.
Solution :
The chemical reaction leading to product is :
Exam le - 03
On strong heating of 20.0g of CaCO3, 11.2g of CaO and xg of CO2 were formed. Applying the law of
conservation of mass calculate the mass of CO2.
Solution :
S trong heating
The chemical reaction can be written as CaCO
20 g
3 CaO CO2
11.2g g
Exam le - 04
If 10 g of a compound ‘A’ is added to 8.4 g of another compound ‘B’, a residue (C) of 12.4 g is formed
along with a gaseous product (D). Find the mass of the gas released by applying appropriate law.
Solution :
Let the mass of gaseous product (D) formed is x g.
A B C D
The chemical reaction can be represented as 10g 8.4g 12.4g xg
Do you know ?
Points to Ponder
David added some dilute HCl to some solid limestone in a beaker. When he weighed
the products after bubbling had stopped, he saw that there had been a reduction in
mass. Why did result not agree with law of conservation of mass?
Explanation
The bubbles indicate that the reaction created a gas product. Since the gas bubbled
off, the mass decreases. The law of conservation of mass specifically refers to a
closed system, a system that is isolated from its surroundings. By allowing the
beaker to be open to the atmosphere, mass has the ability to escape the system. If
you redefine the system as a beaker plus the room where beaker was placed, you
would find the mass of the system before and after the reaction to be equal.
Lavoisier and other scientists noted that many compounds were composed of two or more than two ele-
ments and each compound had the same elements in the same proportions, irrespective of where the
compound came from or who prepared it.
In the year 1779, Joseph Proust put forward a law called the law of Constant Proportion. It states that in
a pure chemical substance, the elements are always present in a definite proportion by mass. This
is also known as the Law of definite proportions. This means that, whatever, may be the source from
which a compound is obtained, it has been always made up of the same elements in the same proportion by
mass.
Exam le - 05
Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1: 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen is
required to react completely with 4 g of hydrogen?
Solution :
According to available data,
Mass of oxygen combining with 1 g of hydrogen =8 g
(8g) (4g)
Mass of oxygen combining with 4 g of hydrogen 32g
(1g)
Exam le - 06
When 12g of Mg combine with 32g of oxygen. What mass of oxygen would be required to combine
with 6g of Mg ?
Solution:
12g of Mg combine with 32g of O2
32
1g of Mg combine with g of O2
12
32
6g of Mg combine with 6 = 16g of O2
12
Extra shots
Do it yourself
Ans: 1) 3, 2) 2, 3) 4, 4) 2, 5) 4
ATOM
The smallest unit of an element, which may or may not exist independently, but always takes part in a
chemical reaction, is called an atom.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are smaller than anything you can imagine or compare with.
More than a million atoms when stacked upon one another would make a layer as thick as the sheet of
paper of your science book.
The size of an atom is indicated by its radius which is called 'atomic radius'. It is measured in 'nanom-
eters'.
1 nanometre (nm) = 10–9 metre (m) or 1 metre (m) = 109 nanometre (nm)
The given table shows the relative size of the radius of an atom of hydrogen with respect to other objects.
Dalton’s Dalton’s
Element Element
symbol symbol
Hydrogen Iron I
Carbon Copper C
Oxygen Silver S
Phosphorus Gold G
Sulphur Lead L
Platinum P Mercury
Modern symbols
Modern symbols for the elements were introduced by J.J. Berzelius. These are also known as chemical
symbols.
Fig- The modern atomic symbols that we follow today were given by Berzelius.
The symbol of an element is generally either the first letter or the first two letter or the first and the third
letters of the name of the element. For example, the symbol of the following elements are the first letter of
the name of that element.
S.No. Element Symbol
1 Hydrogen H
2 Carbon C
3 Nitrogen N
4 Oxygen O
5 Fluorine F
Some symbols derived from the first two letters of the names of the element :
Some symbols are derived from the first and the third letter of the name of the elements :
S.No. Element Symbol
1 Arsenic As
2 Magnesium Mg
3 Chlorine Cl
4 Zinc Zn
5 Chromium Cr
Though the names of most of the elements have been taken from English, there are some elements which
have been named from Latin and Greek.
Silver Argentum Ag
Copper Cuprum Cu
Gold Aurum Au
Iron Ferrum Fe
Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg
Potassium Kalium K
Sodium Natrium Na
Lead Plumbum Pb
Antimony Stibium Sb
Wolfram
Tungsten W
(German name)
Atomic Mass
Atom is so small in size that it may not be possible to isolate a single atom and then weigh it. For example,
an atom of hydrogen has mass equal to 1.67 × 10–24g.
To solve this problem, it was suggested that the mass of an atom should be expressed as the relative mass.
It could be done by fixing the mass of some atom of a particular element as the standard mass. The masses
of the other atoms could be compared relative to it. In the beginning, hydrogen was chosen to be standard
element because it happens to be the lightest of all the elements. Later, it was found that hydrogen gas in
its natural state has three isotopes. Thus, the average mass of naturally occurring hydrogen works out as
1.008 amu rather than 1 amu.
However, using hydrogen as the reference, the masses of atoms of other elements came out to be fractional.
Hence, the reference was changed to oxygen taken as 16. In other words, 1/16th of the mass of an atom of
naturally occurring oxygen was taken as one unit. This was selected because of the following two reasons.
(i) Oxygen combines with most of the elements.
(ii) By comparing with oxygen taken as 16, the relative atomic masses of most of the elements were
found to be whole numbers.
However, a difficulty arouses when it was found that naturally occurring oxygen is a mixture of atoms of
slightly different masses (called “isotopes”)
C-12 as Standard reference
In the year 1961, the C-12 isotope was chosen as the standard reference for measuring atomic masses.
One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth the mass of one atom of Carbon-12.
The relative atomic masses of all elements have been found with respect to an atom of Carbon-12.
1 amu = 1.66056 × 10–24g
Mass of an atom of hydrogen = 1.6736 × 10–24g
1.6736 10 24
Thus, (in terms of amu), the mass of hydrogen atom =
1.66056 10 24
MOLECULES
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms which are held together strongly by some kind of attractive
forces. Such an attractive force holding the atoms together is called a Chemical bond.
We may also define a molecule as follows :
A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound which can exist freely under ordinary
conditions and shows all the properties of that element or compound.
Molecules of an Element
A molecule of an element consists of the same type of atoms bonded together. For example, a molecule of
oxygen is formed when 2 atoms of oxygen combine together. Oxygen atom alone cannot exist indepen-
dently. It exists as a diatomic molecule. This means that two atoms of oxygen combine together to form a
molecule. The formula of oxygen molecule is O2.
Atomicity
The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element is called its atomicity.
The atomicity of an element is indicated by writing the number as a subscript on the right-hand side bottom
of the symbol.
Example : H2 shows that the atomicity of hydrogen is 2. P4 shows that the atomicity of phosphorus is 4, He
shows that the atomicity of helium is 1.
On the basis of their atomicities, the elements may be classified as monatomic, diatomic, triatomic, tetr-
atomic, etc.
More
Polyatomic Sulphur (S8), Fullerenes (C60)
than 4
Molecules of Compounds
In the molecules of compounds, the atoms of different elements are combined or bonded together by chemi-
cal bonds. These are present in a definite proportion by mass according to the law of constant proportions.
The molecules of compounds may also be diatomic, triatomic, tetratomic and polyatomic in nature depend-
ing upon the number of the atoms linked or combined by chemical bonds. For example,
Combining
Compound Nature Ratio by mass
elements
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen, Chlorine Diatomic 1:35.5
(HCl)
Extra shots
Molecular Mass
Molecular mass of a substance (element or compound) is the average relative mass of its molecules as
compared with that of an atom of C-12 isotope taken as 12. In other words, molecular mass of a substance
represent the number of times the molecule of that substance is heavier than 1/12th of the mass of an atom
of C-12 isotope.
Calculation of Molecular Mass
As molecules are made up of two or more atoms of the same or different elements, and each atom has a
definite atomic mass, therefore, molecular mass of a molecule of a substance can be calculated by adding
atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance.
Example : Molecular mass of H2 = 2 × Atomic mass of hydrogen = 2(1) = 2 a.m.u
Molecular mass of H2 = 2 (Atomic mass of hydrogen) + Atomic mass of oxygen= 2(1) + 16 = 18 a.m.u
Molecular mass of CO2 = Atomic mass of C + 2 (Atomic mass of oxygen)
= 12 + 2(16) = 12 + 32 = 44 a.m.u
Molecular mass of NH3 = Atomic mass of nitrogen +3 (Atomic mass of hydrogen)= 14 + 3(1) = 17 a.m.u
Do it yourself
Ans : 6) 3, 7) 2, 8) 4, 9) 1
10) 3
IONS
Ions are the species carrying either a positive or a negative charge.
Classification of ions
Ions are classified on the following basis:
1. Number of atoms
An ion consisting of only a single atom is called a Monoatomic ion, whereas an ion consisting of a
Charge Name
+1 or -1 Monovalent
+2 or -2 Divalent
+3 or -3 Trivalent
Formula Mass
In case of the compounds formed by ions (ionic compounds), formula of the compound does not represent
its molecule, but only represents the ratio of different ions in the compounds. This is called formula unit of
the ionic compound.
Formula mass of an ionic compound is obtained by adding atomic masses of all the atoms in a formula unit
of the compound.
Example : Formula mass of calcium oxide (CaO) = Atomic mass of calcium + Atomic mass of oxygen
= 40 + 16 = 56u
Formula mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) = Atomic mass of sodium + Atomic mass of chlorine
= 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 u
Gram Atomic Mass
Atomic mass expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass of that element.
Example : Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1.0 u
Gram atomic mass of hydrogen = 1.0 g
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16.0 u
Gram atomic mass of oxygen = 16.0 g
The amount of an element having mass equal to gram atomic mass is called one “gram atom” (or g atom)
of the element. For example,
1 g atom of hydrogen = 1.0 g
Mass in grams
Number of gram atoms
Gram atomic mass
Gram Molecular Mass
Molecular mass expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass of that substance.
Example : Molecular mass of H2 = 2.0u
Gram molecular mass of H2 = 2.0g
Molecular mass of O2 = 32.0u
Gram molecular mass of O2 = 32.0g
The amount of the substance having mass equal to its gram molecular mass is called one “gram mol-
ecule” (or g molecule) of the substance. Thus,
1g molecule of H2 = 2.0g
1g molecule of O2 = 32.0g
Exam le - 07
Calculate the gram atoms in 48g of carbon.
Solution :
Exam le - 08
Calculate the mass of an element in 3.8g atoms of nitrogen.
Solution
Mass in grams of element = Number of gram atoms × atomic mass of element – 3.8 × 14 = 53.2g
Gram Formula Unit Mass
Formula unit mass expressed in grams is called gram formula unit mass. This amount is called one
gram formula unit.
For example, Formula unit mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5u
Gram formula unit mass of NaCl = 58.5g
Exam le - 09
Calculate the formula unit mass of potassium carbonate (K2CO3).
(Given : Atomic mass : K = 39u, C = 12u and O = 16u )
Solution :
Formula unit mass = Mass of 2K atoms + Mass of 1C atom + Mass of 3O atoms
= 2 × 39 + 12 × 1 + 3 × 16
= 78 + 12 + 48 = 138u
Thus, the formula unit mass of potassium carbonate = 138u.
WRITING A CHEMICAL FORMULA
We represent the atoms with the help of symbols. In the same way, the molecules can also be represented
by the symbols of the constituent atoms. This is known as the chemical formula of the molecule. In other
words, we can say, the chemical formula of a molecular compound represents the actual number and kind
of atoms of different elements present in one molecule of the compound.
The chemical formula of an ionic compound simply represents the ratio of cations and anions present in the
structure of the compound. However, in both the cases, the writing of chemical formula is based on the
concept of Valency.
Valency of an Element
Valency of an element is defined as the combining capacity of the element. It is equal to the number of
hydrogen atoms or number of chlorine atoms or double the number of oxygen atoms with which one atom of
the element combines.
In addition to the atoms, the ions which are charged species, also have some valencies. Positive ions or
cations have positive valencies. Negative ions or anions have negative valencies. The valencies of the poly-
valent ions are expressed by enclosing them in bracket and putting the positive or negative signs outside it.
Let us write the valencies of some commonly used positive and negative ions.
Valencies of Positive lons
Positive ions may be monovalent, bivalent, trivalent, tetravalent etc. depending upon the charge present on
them. These are listed in the table.
Table list of Some Common Positive Ions (Cations)
Sodium Na+ Magnesium Mg2+ Iron (III) Fe3+ Lead (IV) Pb4+
Platinum
Silver Ag+ Zinc Zn2+ Gold (III) Au3+ Pt4+
(IV)
Copper (I) Cu+ Cobalt Co2+
Some elements show more than one valencies i.e., they show variable valency. In such cases, Roman
Numerals are used to denote the valencies. These are put in brackets. For example, Copper (I) and Copper
(II); Similarly, Iron (II) and Iron (III).
Valencies of Negative Ions
Like positive ions, negative ions may also be monovalent, bivalent, trivalent, etc. in nature. These are listed
in the table.
Table list of Some Common Negative Ions (Anions)
Chlorate (ClO3)-
Step IV :
Now, write the valency of each atom/radical below its symbol, then cross-over the valencies. Thus, the
symbol of cation is subscribed with the charge number of the anion and the anion is subscribed with the
charge number of the cation. This is called the Criss-crossing of valencies.
Step V :
If the subscript is 1 , it is not written in the final stoichiometric formulae.
Examples :
Shifting valency
Compound Symbols with valency Formula
number
Ca Cl
Calcium chloride Ca2+Cl- CaCl2
2 1
Aluminium Al SO 4
Al3 SO 24 Al2 SO 4 3
sulphate 3 2
Ammonium NH4 PO 4
phosphate
NH4 1 PO34 NH4 3 PO4
1 3
Potassium K Cr2 O 7
K1 Cr2 O27 K 2 Cr2 O7
dichromate 1 2
Calcium Ca HCO 3
Ca2 HCO13 Ca HCO3 2
bicarbonate 2 1
Symbol H Cl
Valency 1 1
Symbol H S
Valency 1 2
Symbol N H
Valency 3 1
Symbol C Cl
Valency 4 1
Exam le - 10
An element E is trivalent. Write the formula of its (i) chloride (ii) oxide (iii) sulphide.
Solution :
(i) Formula of chloride of E
Symbol E Cl
Formula = ECl3
Valency 3 1
Symbol E O
Formula = E2O3
Valency 3 2
Exam le - 11
An element X shows a variable valency of 3 and 5. What are the formulae of the oxides formed by it?
Solution :
(i) Formula of oxide when X has valency =3
Symbol X O
Formula = X2O3
Valency 3 2
Symbol X O
Formula = X2O5
Valency 5 2
Exam le - 12
An element M forms the oxide M2O3. What will be the formula of its phosphate ?
Solution :
In M2O3, total charge on three oxide ions = 3 × (-2) = -6
As the compound M2O3 is neutral, therefore total charge on two metal atoms should be = +6.
Charge on one metal atom = +6/2 = +3, i.e., Valency of metal atom, M = 3.
Writing the formula of metal phosphate
Symbol M (PO4)
Dividing by 1 1
common factor
Exam le - 13
Z O
Valency x 2
Valency of O atom = 2
In ZO3, valency of 3O atoms = 2 × 3 = 6
Symbol Z O
Formula = ZO3
Charge 6 2
So, valency of Z = 6
Do it yourself
11. What is the atomic weight of oxygen?
(1) 14u (2) 16u (3) 15u (4) 17u
12. Find the number of gram atoms present in 80g of calcium?
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 1
13. What will be the formula unit mass of KCl ?
(1) 75u (2) 74.5u (3) 70.5u (4) 35.5u
14. What will be the molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) ?
(1) 189u (2) 173u (3) 180u (4) 185u
15. Calculate mass in grams for 3-gram atoms of oxygen.
(1) 50 (2) 45 (3) 49 (4) 48
16. What will be the formula of aluminium oxide?
(1) AlO (2) Al3O4 (3) Al2O3 (4) Al2O
17. What will be the chemical formula of calcium carbonate?
(1) CaCO3 (2) Ca(CO3)2 (3) Ca2CO3 (4) Ca2(CO3)3
18. What is the valency of N in NH3 ?
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 1
19. Valency of iron is
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) Both (1) & (2)
20. Formula of sodium sulphate will be
(1) Na2SO4 (2) Na3SO4 (3) NaSO4 (4) Na3(SO4)2
Ans : 11) 2, 12) 1, 13) 2, 14) 3, 15) 4, 16) 3, 17) 1, 18) 2, 19) 4, 20) 1
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Percentage composition of an atom in a molecule is the percent of the total mass of the molecule which is
due to that atom. It is a relative measure of each different element present in the compound.
Exam le - 14
40
Percentage of Ca 100 40%
100
Exam le - 15
Solution :
2 32 64
98u
32
% of sulphur 100 32.65%
98
QUICK RECAP
1. Law of conservation of mass: During a chemical change, the sum of masses of reactants and products
remains unchanged.
2. Law of definite proportions: In a compound, elements are always present in a definite proportion by in a
chemical reaction.
3. An atom is the smallest particle of the element that may or may not exist independently and takes part in a
chemical reaction.
4. One atomic mass unit is a mass unit carbon-12. mass of one carbon-12 atom.
5. Relative atomic mass of the atom is defined as the average mass of the atom, as compared to 1/12th the
mass of one carbon-12 atom.
6. Unit of atomic mass- Unit of atomic mass is abbreviated as amu or u, where ‘u’ means unified mass.
7. A molecule is the smallest particle of the element or a compound capable of independent existence under
ordinary conditions.
8. Atomicity: The total number of atoms constituting a molecule is called its atomicity. E.g.,
9. Ions- Electrically charged chemical species are called Ions. Positively charged species are called Cations
while the negatively charged species are called Anions.
10. The chemical formula of a molecular compound is determined by the valency of each element.
11. Gram atomic mass: When the atomic mass is expressed in grams, it is called Gram Atomic mass.
12. Molecular mass: It is the sum of atomic masses of all the elements in a molecule of a substance.
13. Gram Molecular Mass: When the molecular mass of a substance is expressed in grams, it is called Gram
Molecular Mass.
*****
ASSIGNMENT
1. (i) Define formula unit. Calculate the formula
SECTION - A unit mass of Na2CO3 (Given atomic mass:
Na= 23 u, C = 12 u, 0 = 16 u)
Very short answer type questions
(ii) Give any three differences between atom
1. Give the major drawback of Dalton's atomic theory. and molecule.
2. Define law of conservation of mass. 2. Write the ions present in following compounds
and valency of atoms / ions
3. How does molar mass differ from formula unit
mass? (i) CaCl2 (ii) NaCl
(iii) AICl3 (iv) Na2CO3
4. Give two examples of trivalent metal ions.
(v) CuSO4
5. Write formula for the following compounds: 3. Write the formula and names of compounds
Aluminium sulphide, Stannous / Tin (II) fluoride, formed by
Magnesium sulphate and Ammonium nitrate.
6. Write the names of the following compounds: (a) Na and HCO 3 (b) K and CO32
H2, S2, CO, N2O4 and PCl5. (c) Cu 2 and SO 24 (d) Cu 2 and O 2
7. From the given list identify the diatomic
molecules: Ne, Ar, O2, F2, Cl2, H2O, P4, S8, O3. (e) Na and SO 24 (f) NH 4 and CO32
8. Define the atomicity of a molecule of an element?
Short answer type questions SECTION - B
1. State the main points of Dalton's atomic theory. Objective type questions
2. State the two laws of chemical combination. 1. Which of the following is an incorrect statement
3. Dalton's atomic theory says that atoms are for an element?
indivisible. Is this statement still valid? Give (A) A substance with only one kind of atoms
reasons for your answer.
(B) A substance containing two or more kind of
4. What do you understand by the terms? atoms
(i) Atom (ii) Molecule (C) A substance with constant boiling point
5. Explain the significance of a chemical formula. (D) A substance with a definite melting point
6. Define "Gram atomic mass". What is the gram 2. Which of the following is an element?
atomic mass of (i) Hydrogen atom and (ii) Oxygen
atom? (A) Glucose (B) Ammonia
7. Carbon and oxygen react with each other in the (C) Carbon dioxide (D) Chromium
ratio 3: 8 by mass. What weight of carbon should
be used to react completely with 40 g of oxygen?
3. Concept of an element was given by
8. Differentiate between an atom and an ion.
(A) Boyle (B) Democritus
Long answer type questions (C) Dalton (D) Lavoisier
(A) Cl (B) Ar
ATOMS AND
MOLECULES
Level - II
(For CBSE & Olympiad)
Class - IX Level - II Chemistry
ATOMS AND
MOLE CONCEPT
MOLECULES CHAPTER
THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
3
In everyday life, we buy things in terms of number or in Mole concept
terms of mass (for weight). Further, generally a bigger Mole in terms of mass
unit for counting numbers such as dozen (for 12), score
(for 20) or gross (for 144) is used and similarly, a bigger Mole in terms of number
unit for mass like kilogram or quintal etc. is used. For Molar mass
example, we buy eggs, bananas, oranges, etc. in doz-
Mole in terms of volume
ens whereas we buy wheat, rice, sugar etc. in kilograms.
There is a very close analogy or similarity between the Concept of molar volume
terms mole and dozen. A dozen always represents 12 Stoichiometry
articles. They may be apples, oranges, pens, etc. In a
Limiting reagent
similar way, a mole represents 6.022 × 1023 particles.
They may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, pro- Assignment
tons, etc.
Gram atomic mass of an element contains 6.022 × 1023
atoms. Similarly, the gram molecular mass of a compound also contains the same number of molecules.
This is known as Avogadro's number or Avogadro's constant and is denoted by either 'NO' or 'NA'. A mole
denotes Avogadro's number of particles.
One mole of H- atom = 6.022 × 1023H - atom
One mole of O2 - molecules 6.022 × 1023 O2 - molecules
One mole of sodium ions (Na+) = 6.022 × 1023 sodium ions.
Hence, a mole can be defined in the following ways
Mole interms of mass
A mole of an atom is defined as the amount of the substance which has a mass equal to its gram atomic
mass. It is equal to one gram atom of an element.
Similarly, A mole of a molecule is defined as the amount of the substance which has a mass equal to its
gram molecular mass. It is equal to one gram molecule of an element.
Exam le - 01
Calculate the number of moles in 100g of glucose [C6H12O6], given C = 12amu, H = 1amu,
O = 16amu.
Solution :
Molecular mass of glucose = M
= 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16
= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180g
w
Number of moles =
M
W = 100g
M = 180g
100 5
Number of moles 0.55 mol
180 9
Exam le - 02
Calculate the mass of 4 moles of aluminium atom. (Atomic mass of Al = 27amu)
Solution :
We have,
W
Number of moles
M
Number of moles = 4
W = ?, M = 27g
So, W = Number of moles × M
= 4 × 27 = 108g
Mole in terms of number
A mole of particles is defined as the amount of substance that contains Avogadro’s number of par-
ticles.
1 mole of carbon
atoms
23
6.022 x 10 atoms of C 12 g of carbon
1 mole of
hydrogen atoms
23
6.022 x 10 atoms of H 1g of H atoms
1 mole of any
particle (atoms,
molecules, ions)
1 mole of
molecules
23
6.022 x 10 Molecular mass in
number of molecules grams
Exam le - 03
12.044 10 23
= 2 mol
6.044 1023
Exam le - 04
How many molecules and atoms of sulphur are present in 0.1 mole of S8 molecule?
Solution :
1 mole of S8 molecule = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
6.022 × 1022 molecules will contain = 6.022 × 1022 × 8 = 4.816 × 1023 atoms
Extra Shots
N = n × NA
N
Number of particles
n = N/NA
n
Moles (mol)
NA
-1
NA = N/n
Avogadro’s number (mol )
Molar mass :
The mass of 1 mole of the substance is called Molar mass of that substance.
For atomic substance, Molar mass (M) = Gram atomic mass
For molecular substance, Molar mass (M) = Gram molecular mass,
Example :
Molar mass of iron (Fe) = 56 g mol-1
Molar mass of H2 = 2.0 g mol-1
Molar mass of O2 = 32.0 g mol-1
Summary of the relations :
Exam le - 05
Exam le - 06
Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8) present in 16g of solid sulphur.
Solution :
Given, w = 16g
Atomic mass of S = 32amu
Molar mass of S8 = 32 × 8 = 256g
So, number of molecules (N) = number of moles × 6.022 × 1023
w
Number of moles
M
w
So, N 6.022 1023
M
16
6.022 1023
256
N 3.763 1022 molecules
Exam le - 07
Exam le - 08
Solution :
1 mole of oxygen can be represented in the following ways :
(i) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen.
(ii) 2 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen.
(iii) 32g of oxygen.
(v) 2 mole atoms of oxygen.
(v) 1g molecule of oxygen.
Exam le - 09
How many moles are present in 5g of calcium?
Solution :
Gram atomic mass of calcium = 40g
Exam le - 10
If one mole of carbon atom weighs 12 grams, what is the mass (in gram) of 1 atom of carbon?
Solution :
1 mole of carbon has 6.022 × 1023 atoms.
1 mole of carbon atom weighs 12 grams
6.022 × 1023 atoms of carbon has mass = 12g
So,
12
1 atom of carbon has mass g
6.022 1023
1.99 1023 g
Do it yourself
Ans: 1) 2 2) 1 3) 3 4) 4
5) 2
So overall,
V W N
n
22.4 M NA
Exam le - 11
Calculate the number of molecules and number of atoms present in 11.2 litre of oxygen at STP.
Solution :
One mole of O2 at STP = 22.4L
11.2
0.5 mol
22.4
Now,
1 mole of O2 contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
0.5 mole of O2 contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecule
= 3.011 × 1023 molecules
1 molecule of O2 = 2 atoms of O
3.011 × 1023 molecules of O2 = 3.011 × 1023 × 2 = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
1 molecule of O2 = 2 atoms of O
3.011 × 1023 molecules of O2 = 3.011 × 1023 × 2 = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
Exam le - 12
The mass of 64.5mL of a gas at STP is found to be 0.2231 g. Calculate its molecular mass.
Solution :
We have,
V in mL
w
Number of moles n
22400 M
w 22400 0.2231 22400
Molar mass M 52.88gmol1
V( in mL) 94.5
Molecular mass 52.88u
V in L
n
22.4 L
Stoichiometry
The chemical reactions are represented in the form of chemical equations which are balanced according to
the law of conservation of mass. A quantitative relationship can be established between the various reac-
tants and products. The study of the quantitative relationship between reactants and products is called
Exam le - 13
Calculate the weight of Zn required for the liberation of 10g of H2 gas, on its reaction with dil HCL.
[Molar mass (M) of Zn = 65.4g / mol]
Solution :
10
Number of moles of H2 gas 5 mol
2
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
1 mole 1 mole
5 mole 5 mole
Number of moles of Zn = 5 mole
Weight of Zn required = 5 × 65.4 = 327 g
Calculations Based on Weight-Volume Relationship
Exam le - 14
Calculate the weight of NaHCO3 to be dissociated to give 0.56 L of CO2 gas.
[Molar mass (M) of NaHCO3 = 84 g / mol]
Solution :
V 0.56 1
Number of moles of CO2 mol
22.4 22.4 40
Δ
2NaHCO3 Na2 CO3 H2 O CO2
2 mole NaHCO3 1 mole CO2
1 1
2 mol mol
40 40
Given mass (w)
Number of moles
Molar mass(M)
2 1
w MNaHCO3 84 4.2g
40 20
Exam le - 15
Calculate the volume of CO gas required to react with oxygen to give 11.2L of CO2 gas.
Solution :
V 11.2 1
Number of moles of CO2 mol
22.4 22.4 2
2CO O2 2CO2
2mol 2mole
1mol 1mole
1 1
mole mol
2 2
1
Volume of CO required n 22.4 22.4
2
= 11.2L
Limiting Reagent
The reactant which is present in lesser quantity, gets totally consumed during the reaction and decides the
amount of products formed in a reaction is called the limiting reagent.
e.g. In the manufacture of water following chemical reaction is involved.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
According to this chemical equation
2 mol of hydrogen gas combines with 1 mol of oxygen gas to form 2 mol of water.
For this reaction, if 1 mol of hydrogen and 1 mol of oxygen reacts then hydrogen gets consumed during the
course of reaction and it is considered as limiting reagent and oxygen which is in excess (here 0.5 mol) will
be considered as excess reagent.
Exam le - 16
What is the amount of NH3 formed when 14g of N2 combines with 6g of H2 ?
Also find the amount of excess reagent in the reaction.
Solution
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
1 mole 3 mole 2 mole
28g 6g 34g
28g of N2 reacts with 6g of H2 to give 34g of NH3. The amount of nitrogen provided is lesser than that
required for the complete reaction with H2. Hence, N2 is limiting reagent and H2 is the excess reagent.
As 28 g of N2 formed 34 g of NH3,
14g of N2 will form 17g of NH3.
As 14 of N2 reacts with 3g of H2. So, the excess amount of hydrogen = 6 – 3 = 3g of hydrogen.
*****
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION - A SECTION - B
(a) Calculate the molar mass of Fe2(SO4)3. 8. The mass of 0.5 moles of sucrose (C12H22O11) is
(A) 171 g (B) 145 g (C) 342 g (D) 125 g
(b) How many moles of each element are there
9. Which has the highest mass?
in 40g of ferric sulphate?
(A) 50 g of iron
(D) One mole of electron stands for 6.02 × 1023 (B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason
electrons. is not the correct explanation of assertion.
19. The volume occupied by 1 mole atom of a (C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
diatomic gas at STP is
(D) If both assertion and reason are false. 9. Assertion: 18 grams of water vapour and 18 grams
of ice will not contain the same number of
1 Assertion : When 10g of CaCO3 is decomposed, molecules.
5.6g of residue is left and 4.4g of CO2 escapes. Reason : Number of molecules present in a
compound are temperature and pressure
Reason : Law of conservation of mass is followed. dependent.
2 Assertion : Pure water obtained from different 10. Assertion : Atomic mass of Mg is 24.
sources such as river, well, spring, sea etc. Reason : An atom of magnesium is 24 times
heavier than 1/12th of the mass of carbon atom
always contains hydrogen and oxygen combined C-12.
in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass.
SECTION - D
Reason : A chemical compound always contains
same elements combined in same f ixed MATCH THE FOLLOWING TYPE QUESTIONS
proportion by mass. 1. Match the following :
Column-I Column-II
3 Assertion : Molecular weight of SO2 is double to
P. Compound (i) Carbon
that of O2.
Q. Atom (ii) Calcium carbonate
Reason : One mole of SO2 contains double the R. Molecule (iii) Soil
number of molecules present in one mole of O2. S. Mixture (iv) Oxygen
4. Assertion : One atomic mass unit (amu) is mass (A) P(ii), Q(i), R(iv), S(iii)
of an atom equal to exactly one-twelfth of the (B) P(i), Q(ii), R(iii), S(iv)
1
R. 17 g of ammonia (NH3) (iii) mole
2
S. 11 g of carbon dioxide (CO2) (iv) 5.6 L
(A) P(i), Q(ii), R(iii), S(iv) (B) P(i), Q(iii), R(ii), S(iv)
(C) P(iii), Q(ii), R(i), S(iv) (D) P(iii), Q(i), R(ii), S(iv)
4. Match the following:
Column-I Column-II
P. Carbonate (i) CO23
R. Phosphate (iii) N3
S. Nitrate (iv) O 2
(v) PO34
(A) P(i), Q(ii), R(iii), S(v) (B) P(i), Q(iv), R(v), S(ii)
(C) P(i), Q(iii), R(ii), S(iv) (D) P(i), Q(iv), R(ii), S(iii)
5. Match the following:
List – I List – II
(P) 52g of He (1) 2 mole
(Q) 8g of O2 (2) 1 mole
(R) 2g or H2 (3) 0.25 mole
(S) 56g of N2 (4) 13 moles
(A) P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1 (B) P-1, Q-4, R-3, S-2
(C) P-2, O-3, R-1, S-4 (D) P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1
6. Match the following:
List – I List – II
(P) K2CO3 (1) 62 u
(Q) Na2O (2) 138 u
(R) HNO3 (3) 64 u
(S) SO2 (4) 63 u
(A) P-1, Q-4, R-3, S-2 (B) P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1
(C) P-2, O-1, R-4, S-3 (D) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4
*****
CHEMISTRY
5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A
ATOM & MOLECULES 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. D
13. C 14. D 15. A 16. B
17. C 18. C 19. A 20. D
KEY 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B
LEVEL - 1 SECTION - C
SECTION - B
LEVEL-II
SECTION - B
Foundation Program 77