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Class Ix Chemistry Chapt-3 Topic

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Chapter - 3

ATOMS AND
MOLECULES

Level - I
(For CBSE & Olympiad)
Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

ATOMS AND
MOLECULES
In the previous chapters, we have discussed the physical
CHAPTER
THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
3
as well as the chemical classification of matter. We Laws of chemical combination
know that the chemical compounds are formed as a Law of Conservation of Mass
result of the combination of elements.
Law of Constant Proportion
The combination must be based on certain guidelines.
As we see in a compound like carbon dioxide(CO2), the Dalton’s Atomic theory
element carbon and oxygen are combined in certain Postulates
fixed ratio by mass. Carbon dioxide can have no other
Explanation of laws of chemical combina-
formula except (CO2). tion
Here we shall discuss the basis of the combination. Drawbacks
We shall represent the elements and compounds by
chemical symbols and formula respectively. In addition Atom
to these, we shall discuss various ways in which the Atomic Symbol
masses of the elements and compounds have been
Atomic Mass
expressed.
How do Atoms Exist?
The structure of matter has been a subject of speculation
from very early times. The idea of divisibility of matter Molecules
was considered long back in India. Around 500 BC. An Molecules of Element
Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad, postulated that
Molecules of Compound
if we go on dividing matter (padarth), a time will come
when we shall come across the smallest particles Molecular Mass
beyond which further divisions will not be possible. He Difference between atoms and molecules
named these particles Parmanu.
Ions
Around the same era, ancient Greek philosophers:
Classification of Ions
Democritus and Leucippus suggested that if we go on
dividing matter, a stage will come when particles obtained Formula Mass
cannot be divided further. Democritus called these Gram Atomic Mass
indivisible particles, atoms (meaning indivisible).
Gram Molecular Mass
Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical
sciences by establishing two important laws of chemical Writing a chemical formula
combination Valency of an Element
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION Valency of Positive ion
By studying the quantitative measurements of many Valency of Negative ion
reactions, it was observed that the chemical reactions Formula of Ionic Compound
taking place between various substances are governed
Formula of Molecular Compound
by certain laws. These laws are called the 'laws of
chemical combination'. These laws formed the basis Quick Recap
of Dalton's atomic theory. There are two main laws of Assignment
chemical combination which are as follows:

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 1


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

(1) Law of Conservation of Mass


(2) Law of Constant Proportions (also known as the law of definite composition)
Law of Conservation of Mass

Fig: Antoine Lavoisier


This law deals with the relation between the mass of the reactants and the products during the chemical
changes. It was given by French chemist Antoine Lavoisier in 1774. It states that,
“In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants
taking part in the reaction.”
i.e., The law of conservation of mass states that “Mass can neither be created not it can be destroyed.”
This law is also known as the law of indestructibility of matter.
For Example- If a chemical reaction is represented as follows-
A+B  C+D
Then, according to the law of conservation of mass,
Mass of A + Mass of B = Mass of C + Mass of D
i.e., Mass of reactants = Mass of products

Exam le - 01

15.9 g of copper sulphate and 10.0 g of calcium carbonate were made to react with each other. As a
result, 13.6 g copper carbonate and 12.3 g calcium sulphate was obtained. Show that these results
are in accordance with the law of conservation of mass.
Solution:

Copper sulphate  Calcium carbonate  Calcium sulphate  Copper carbonate


15.9g 10.0 g 12.3 g 13.6 g

T ant = Total mass of product otal mass o


15.9 g  10.0 g  25.9g 12.3 g  13.6 g  25.9g

Hence, the law of conservation of mass is proved.

2 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

Activity Corner

Aim :
To verify the law of conservation of mass i.e., mass of the reactants is same as the
mass of the products in a chemical reaction.
Materials required :
Ignition tube, conical flask, barium chloride, sodium sulphate, water and thread.
Procedure :
 Prepare 5 % aqueous solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in
separate test tubes.
 Take a small amount of sodium sulphate solution in a conical flask and some
solution of barium chloride in an ignition tube (a small tube made of glass).

Cork

Conical flask
Thread
Ignition tube

Barium chloride (BaCl 2)


Sodium sulphate (Na 2SO 4 )

 Hang the ignition tube in the flask carefully; see that the solutions do not get
mixed. Put a cork on the flask.
 Weigh the flask with its content carefully.
 Now, tilt and swirl the flask so that the solutions mix with each other.
 Weigh again.
Observations :
 As soon as the two solutions mix, a chemical reaction takes place to form new products.
BaCl 2  Na 2SO 4  BaSO 4  2NaCl
Bariumchloride Sodium sulphate Bariumsulphate Sodium chloride
( white ppt.)

 We put a cork on the mouth of the flask to avoid any exchange of matter between the flask
and its surroundings.
 It is observed that the mass of the flask and its contents remain the same even after the
chemical reaction has taken place.
Conclusion :
The activity shows that in a chemical reaction, mass of the reactants is the same as the mass of
the products. This proves the law of conservation of mass.

Exam le - 02

If 42 g of sodium bicarbonate is added to 30.0 g of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) solution, 41 g of sodium
ethanoate, 9 g of water and x g of CO2 is formed. Calculate the value of x.
Solution :
The chemical reaction leading to product is :

Sodium bicarbonate  Ethanoic acid  Sodium ethanoate  Carbon dioxide  Water


42 g 30 g 41g xg 9g

Mass of reactant = Mass of NaHCO3 + Mass of CH3COOH = (42 + 30) = 72g

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 3


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

Mass of products = Mass of H3O + Mass of CH3COONa + Mass of CO2 released


= (41 + 9 + x)g = 50g + x
According to the law of conservation of mass,
Mass of reactants  Mass of products  72g = 50g + x  x = 22g

Exam le - 03

On strong heating of 20.0g of CaCO3, 11.2g of CaO and xg of CO2 were formed. Applying the law of
conservation of mass calculate the mass of CO2.
Solution :

S trong heating
The chemical reaction can be written as CaCO
20 g
3   CaO CO2
11.2g g

Now, according to the law of conservation of mass,


Mass of reactants = Mass of products

 20g = 11.2g + xg  20g = 11.2g + xg  x = 20g – 11.2g = 8.8g

Exam le - 04

If 10 g of a compound ‘A’ is added to 8.4 g of another compound ‘B’, a residue (C) of 12.4 g is formed
along with a gaseous product (D). Find the mass of the gas released by applying appropriate law.
Solution :
Let the mass of gaseous product (D) formed is x g.

A  B  C  D
The chemical reaction can be represented as 10g 8.4g 12.4g xg

 According to the law of conservation of mass,


Mass of reactants = Mass of products
10g + 8.4g = 12.4g + x
18.4g = x + 12.4g
x = 18.4g – 12.4g = 6.0g

Do you know ?

Balanced chemical equations follow the law of conservation of mass.

4 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

Points to Ponder

David added some dilute HCl to some solid limestone in a beaker. When he weighed
the products after bubbling had stopped, he saw that there had been a reduction in
mass. Why did result not agree with law of conservation of mass?
Explanation
The bubbles indicate that the reaction created a gas product. Since the gas bubbled
off, the mass decreases. The law of conservation of mass specifically refers to a
closed system, a system that is isolated from its surroundings. By allowing the
beaker to be open to the atmosphere, mass has the ability to escape the system. If
you redefine the system as a beaker plus the room where beaker was placed, you
would find the mass of the system before and after the reaction to be equal.

Law of Constant Proportion

Lavoisier and other scientists noted that many compounds were composed of two or more than two ele-
ments and each compound had the same elements in the same proportions, irrespective of where the
compound came from or who prepared it.

In the year 1779, Joseph Proust put forward a law called the law of Constant Proportion. It states that in
a pure chemical substance, the elements are always present in a definite proportion by mass. This
is also known as the Law of definite proportions. This means that, whatever, may be the source from
which a compound is obtained, it has been always made up of the same elements in the same proportion by
mass.

Fig- Joseph Proust


For example, carbon dioxide can be prepared by any one of the following methods.
By burning charcoal in air (C + O2  CO2).
By heating limestone (CaCO3  CaO + CO3)
By adding dilute hydrochloric acid to any carbonate (Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2)
By heating sodium bicarbonate (2NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2).
It is found that in each case, carbon dioxide is found to be made up of the same elements, i.e., carbon and
oxygen combined together in the same fixed ratio, i.e., 12 : 32 or 3 : 8 by mass.
As the law of constant proportions is true, it helps us to calculate the percentage of any element in the given
compound, using the following expression :

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 5


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

Mass of that element


% of an element in the compound  100
Mass of the compound

Exam le - 05
Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1: 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen is
required to react completely with 4 g of hydrogen?
Solution :
According to available data,
Mass of oxygen combining with 1 g of hydrogen =8 g

(8g)  (4g)
 Mass of oxygen combining with 4 g of hydrogen   32g
(1g)

Exam le - 06

When 12g of Mg combine with 32g of oxygen. What mass of oxygen would be required to combine
with 6g of Mg ?
Solution:
12g of Mg combine with 32g of O2

32
1g of Mg combine with g of O2
12

32
6g of Mg combine with  6 = 16g of O2
12

Extra shots

Limitations of Law of Constant Proportions


 The law is not applicable if the elements involved in the formation of a
compound have two or more isotopes. For example, in the formation of carbon
dioxide:
By using C-12 isotope, the ratio of C : O = 12:32
By using C-14 isotope, the ratio of C : O = 14:32
This means that the two ratios are not the same.
 The elements may combine in the same ratio but the compounds formed may
be different. For example, In a molecular formula, C2H6O the ratio of C:H:O =
24: 6: 16 or 12:3:8 by mass. This molecular formula can correspond to two
different compounds C2H5OH and CH3OCH3

6 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY


The next problem faced by scientists was to give appropriate explanations of these laws. British chemist
John Dalton provided a theory about the nature of matter in 1808. His theory was based on the laws of
chemical combination. Dalton's atomic theory provided an explanation for the law of conservation of mass
and the law of definite proportion. On the basis of the studies and investigations carried, he came out with a
statement that the smallest portion of matter which cannot be divided any further is an atom.
Postulates of Dalton Atomic Theory:
The main postulates of Dalton's atomic theory are :
All matter, whether an element, a compound or a mixture is made up of extremely small particles
called atoms.
(i.e., the same name was used for the smallest indivisible particles as used by Greek philosophers).
An atom can neither be created nor destroyed, i.e., atom is indestructible.
Atom is the smallest particle that takes place in a chemical reaction. In other words, whole atoms
rather than fractions of atoms take part in a chemical reaction.
Atoms of the same element are identical in all respects, i.e., size, shape, mass and properties.
Atoms of different elements have different sizes and masses and also possess different properties.
Atoms of the same or different elements combine together to form molecules or compounds.
When atoms of different elements combine together to form compounds, they do so in a simple whole
number ratio such as 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 2 : 3 etc.
Atoms of two different elements may combine in different ratios to form more than one compound.
Example : Carbon and Oxygen may combine to form carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide
(CO2) in which the ratios of the combining atoms (C and O) are 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 respectively.
The number and kind of atoms in a given compound is always fixed.
Explanation of Laws of Chemical Combination by Dalton's Atomic Theory
Explanation of law of conservation of mass:
According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, matter is made up of atoms which can neither be created nor de-
stroyed. As atoms can neither be created nor destroyed and the atoms have definite masses, therefore, the
total mass remains unchanged during a chemical reaction.
Explanation of law of constant proportions:
According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form com-
pounds. It means that in the compound, the elements combine in a fixed ratio by mass.
Drawbacks of Dalton's Atomic Theory
Atom is no longer considered as the smallest indivisible particle. This is because recent studies have
shown that an atom is made up of still smaller particles called electrons, protons and neutrons.
Atoms of the same element may have different masses.
Example : There are two types of atoms of chlorine with masses 35 and 37. Such atoms of the same
element with different mass numbers are called isotopes.
Atoms of different elements may have same masses.
Example : Atoms of potassium and calcium are known with same mass number (40). Such atoms of

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 7


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

different elements with same mass numbers are known as isobars.


Substances made up of the same kind of atoms may have different properties.
Example : Charcoal, graphite and diamond are all made up of carbon atoms but have different
physical properties.
The ratio in which different atoms combine to form compound may be fixed and integral but may not
be simple.
Example : Sugar molecule (C12H22O11) contains C, H and O in the ratio 12: 22: 11 which is integral
and fixed but not simple.

Do it yourself

1. A and B react in ratio of 3 : 8 by mass. What weight of A should be used to react


completely with 24g B ?
(1) 10g (2) 15g (3) 9g (4) 7g
2. Term 'atom' was coined by
(1) Boyle (2) Democritus (3) Dalton (4) Lavoisier
3. Law of constant proportions is same as law of
(1) Conservation of mass (2) Chemical combination
(3) Multiple proportion (4) Definite composition
4. Law of definite proportions was given by
(1) John Dalton (2) Joseph Proust
(3) Antoine Lavoisier (4) Maharishi Kanad
5. A chemical equation is balanced in accordance with the law of
(1) Constant proportion (2) Multiple proportion
(3) Reciprocal proportion (4) Conservation of mass

Ans: 1) 3, 2) 2, 3) 4, 4) 2, 5) 4

ATOM
The smallest unit of an element, which may or may not exist independently, but always takes part in a
chemical reaction, is called an atom.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are smaller than anything you can imagine or compare with.
More than a million atoms when stacked upon one another would make a layer as thick as the sheet of
paper of your science book.
The size of an atom is indicated by its radius which is called 'atomic radius'. It is measured in 'nanom-
eters'.
1 nanometre (nm) = 10–9 metre (m) or 1 metre (m) = 109 nanometre (nm)
The given table shows the relative size of the radius of an atom of hydrogen with respect to other objects.

8 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

Species Atomic radius


Hydrogen atom 10-10 m
Molecule of water 10-9 m
Molecule of haemoglobin 10-8 m
Grain of sand 10-4 m
An ant 10-2 m
Watermelon 10-1 m
Atomic symbol
Symbol means a short hand method of representing the full name of an element.
Dalton’s symbols of elements :
Dalton identified some elements and compounds by using circles as the symbols. In order to differentiate
between them, he put certain signs inside the circles. Dalton’s symbols for a few elements and compounds
are given below:

Dalton’s Dalton’s
Element Element
symbol symbol

Hydrogen Iron I

Carbon Copper C

Oxygen Silver S

Phosphorus Gold G

Sulphur Lead L

Platinum P Mercury

Modern symbols
Modern symbols for the elements were introduced by J.J. Berzelius. These are also known as chemical
symbols.

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 9


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

Fig- The modern atomic symbols that we follow today were given by Berzelius.
The symbol of an element is generally either the first letter or the first two letter or the first and the third
letters of the name of the element. For example, the symbol of the following elements are the first letter of
the name of that element.
S.No. Element Symbol
1 Hydrogen H
2 Carbon C
3 Nitrogen N
4 Oxygen O
5 Fluorine F

Some symbols derived from the first two letters of the names of the element :

S.No. Element Symbol


1 Aluminium Al
2 Barium Ba
3 Lithium Li
4 Neon Ne
5 Calcium Ca

Some symbols are derived from the first and the third letter of the name of the elements :
S.No. Element Symbol
1 Arsenic As
2 Magnesium Mg
3 Chlorine Cl
4 Zinc Zn
5 Chromium Cr
Though the names of most of the elements have been taken from English, there are some elements which
have been named from Latin and Greek.

10 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

Name of element Latin name Symbol

Silver Argentum Ag

Copper Cuprum Cu

Gold Aurum Au

Iron Ferrum Fe

Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg

Potassium Kalium K

Sodium Natrium Na

Lead Plumbum Pb

Antimony Stibium Sb
Wolfram
Tungsten W
(German name)

Atomic Mass
Atom is so small in size that it may not be possible to isolate a single atom and then weigh it. For example,
an atom of hydrogen has mass equal to 1.67 × 10–24g.
To solve this problem, it was suggested that the mass of an atom should be expressed as the relative mass.
It could be done by fixing the mass of some atom of a particular element as the standard mass. The masses
of the other atoms could be compared relative to it. In the beginning, hydrogen was chosen to be standard
element because it happens to be the lightest of all the elements. Later, it was found that hydrogen gas in
its natural state has three isotopes. Thus, the average mass of naturally occurring hydrogen works out as
1.008 amu rather than 1 amu.
However, using hydrogen as the reference, the masses of atoms of other elements came out to be fractional.
Hence, the reference was changed to oxygen taken as 16. In other words, 1/16th of the mass of an atom of
naturally occurring oxygen was taken as one unit. This was selected because of the following two reasons.
(i) Oxygen combines with most of the elements.
(ii) By comparing with oxygen taken as 16, the relative atomic masses of most of the elements were
found to be whole numbers.
However, a difficulty arouses when it was found that naturally occurring oxygen is a mixture of atoms of
slightly different masses (called “isotopes”)
C-12 as Standard reference
In the year 1961, the C-12 isotope was chosen as the standard reference for measuring atomic masses.

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 11


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth the mass of one atom of Carbon-12.
The relative atomic masses of all elements have been found with respect to an atom of Carbon-12.
1 amu = 1.66056 × 10–24g
Mass of an atom of hydrogen = 1.6736 × 10–24g

1.6736  10 24
Thus, (in terms of amu), the mass of hydrogen atom =
1.66056  10 24

= 1.0078 amu = 1.008 amu


Similarly, the mass of the Oxygen-16 atom will be 15.995 amu.
Today, ‘amu’ has been replaced by ‘u’, known as Unified mass.
Similarly, the relative atomic mass of the atom of an element is defined as the average mass of the
atom, as compared to 1/12th the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
Table: Atomic Masses of Some Common Elements (in amu or u)
Atomic Atomic
Element Symbol Element Symbol
mass mass
Hydrogen H 1 Sulphur S 32
Helium He 4 Chlorine Cl 35.5
Lithium Li 7 Argon Ar 40
Boron B 11 Potassium K 39
Carbon C 12 Calcium Ca 40
Nitrogen N 14 Iron Fe 56
Oxygen O 16 Copper Cu 63.5
Fluorine F 19 Zinc Zn 65.3
Neon Ne 20 Silver Ag 108
Sodium Na 23 Platinum Pt 195
Magnesium Mg 24 Gold Au 197
Aluminium Al 27 Lead Pb 207
Phosphorus P 31 Uranium U 238

How do Atoms Exist ?


The atoms of only a few elements called noble gases (such as helium, neon, argon, etc.) are chemically
unreactive and exist in free state or single atoms. Atoms of most of the elements are chemically reactive and
do not exist in free state or single atom. Atoms usually exist in two ways are chemically and do not exist in
free state or single atom. Atoms usually exist in two ways :
(i) in the form of molecules
(ii) in the form of ions

12 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

MOLECULES
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms which are held together strongly by some kind of attractive
forces. Such an attractive force holding the atoms together is called a Chemical bond.
We may also define a molecule as follows :
A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound which can exist freely under ordinary
conditions and shows all the properties of that element or compound.
Molecules of an Element
A molecule of an element consists of the same type of atoms bonded together. For example, a molecule of
oxygen is formed when 2 atoms of oxygen combine together. Oxygen atom alone cannot exist indepen-
dently. It exists as a diatomic molecule. This means that two atoms of oxygen combine together to form a
molecule. The formula of oxygen molecule is O2.
Atomicity
The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element is called its atomicity.
The atomicity of an element is indicated by writing the number as a subscript on the right-hand side bottom
of the symbol.
Example : H2 shows that the atomicity of hydrogen is 2. P4 shows that the atomicity of phosphorus is 4, He
shows that the atomicity of helium is 1.
On the basis of their atomicities, the elements may be classified as monatomic, diatomic, triatomic, tetr-
atomic, etc.

Atomicity Name of the Class Examples


(i) Noble gases: Helium (He), Argon (Ar), Neon (Ne),
Krypton (Kr).
1. Monatomic (ii) Metals (Exist as large clusters): Sodium (Na),
Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al).
(iii) Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2), Chlorine (Cl2), Fluorine (F2),


2 Diatomic
Nitrogen (N2)

3 Triatomic Ozone (O3)

4 Tetratomic Phosphorus (P4)

More
Polyatomic Sulphur (S8), Fullerenes (C60)
than 4

Molecules of Compounds
In the molecules of compounds, the atoms of different elements are combined or bonded together by chemi-
cal bonds. These are present in a definite proportion by mass according to the law of constant proportions.
The molecules of compounds may also be diatomic, triatomic, tetratomic and polyatomic in nature depend-
ing upon the number of the atoms linked or combined by chemical bonds. For example,

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 13


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

Combining
Compound Nature Ratio by mass
elements
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen, Chlorine Diatomic 1:35.5
(HCl)

Water (H2O) Hydrogen, Oxygen Triatomic 1:8

Ammonia (NH3) Hydrogen, Nitrogen Tetratomic 3:14

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) Carbon, Oxygen Triatomic 3:8

Extra shots

Molecules of Elements vs Molecules of Compounds


The molecules of elements are homoatomic in nature which means that the atoms
present in them are the same. The molecules of the compounds are heteroatomic
in nature in the sense that different atoms are present in them.
Example : A molecule of nitrogen element is homoatomic in nature (N2).
A molecule of methane (CH4) which is a compound is heteroatomic in nature.

Molecular Mass
Molecular mass of a substance (element or compound) is the average relative mass of its molecules as
compared with that of an atom of C-12 isotope taken as 12. In other words, molecular mass of a substance
represent the number of times the molecule of that substance is heavier than 1/12th of the mass of an atom
of C-12 isotope.
Calculation of Molecular Mass
As molecules are made up of two or more atoms of the same or different elements, and each atom has a
definite atomic mass, therefore, molecular mass of a molecule of a substance can be calculated by adding
atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance.
Example : Molecular mass of H2 = 2 × Atomic mass of hydrogen = 2(1) = 2 a.m.u
Molecular mass of H2 = 2 (Atomic mass of hydrogen) + Atomic mass of oxygen= 2(1) + 16 = 18 a.m.u
Molecular mass of CO2 = Atomic mass of C + 2 (Atomic mass of oxygen)
= 12 + 2(16) = 12 + 32 = 44 a.m.u
Molecular mass of NH3 = Atomic mass of nitrogen +3 (Atomic mass of hydrogen)= 14 + 3(1) = 17 a.m.u

14 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Properties Atom Molecule

Smallest particle of a substance


Smallest particle of an element which
Existence (element or compound) which
may or may not exist in free state.
exists in free state.
May have many shapes, i.e., linear,
Shape Generally considered as spherical.
angular or triangular.

Highly reactive, except noble gas


Reactivity Less reactive.
atoms.

Atoms in a molecule are held


Bond No chemical bond in an atom.
together by chemical bond(s).
Can be subdivided into subatomic
Sub-division particles called electrons, protons and Can be subdivided into atoms.
neutrons.

Do it yourself

6. What is the symbol of Gold?


(1) Al (2) Ag (3) Au (4) Ai
7. Modern symbols for the elements were introduced by
(1) Dalton (2) Berzelius (3) Lavoisier (4) Proust
8. Which of the following element is represented by C ?
(1) Calcium (2) Chromium (3) Copper (4) Carbon
9. Identify the molecule which is Diatomic?
(1) Hydrogen (2) Helium (3) Ozone (4) Phosphorous
10. How many atoms are there in 1 molecule of Carbon dioxide ?
(1) One (2) Two (3) Three (4) Four

Ans : 6) 3, 7) 2, 8) 4, 9) 1
10) 3

IONS
Ions are the species carrying either a positive or a negative charge.
Classification of ions
Ions are classified on the following basis:
1. Number of atoms
An ion consisting of only a single atom is called a Monoatomic ion, whereas an ion consisting of a

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 15


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

group of atoms with a definite charge on them is called a Polyatomic ion.


2. Nature of charge
The ions carrying positive charge are called Cations while the ions carrying negative charge are
called Anions.
Cation Anion

Fig- Cation and Anion


3. Number (Amount) of charges

Charge Name

+1 or -1 Monovalent

+2 or -2 Divalent

+3 or -3 Trivalent

More than 3 Polyvalent

Formula Mass
In case of the compounds formed by ions (ionic compounds), formula of the compound does not represent
its molecule, but only represents the ratio of different ions in the compounds. This is called formula unit of
the ionic compound.
Formula mass of an ionic compound is obtained by adding atomic masses of all the atoms in a formula unit
of the compound.
Example : Formula mass of calcium oxide (CaO) = Atomic mass of calcium + Atomic mass of oxygen
= 40 + 16 = 56u
Formula mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) = Atomic mass of sodium + Atomic mass of chlorine
= 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 u
Gram Atomic Mass
Atomic mass expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass of that element.
Example : Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1.0 u
Gram atomic mass of hydrogen = 1.0 g
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16.0 u
Gram atomic mass of oxygen = 16.0 g
The amount of an element having mass equal to gram atomic mass is called one “gram atom” (or g atom)
of the element. For example,
1 g atom of hydrogen = 1.0 g

16 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

1 g atom of oxygen = 16.0 g


The relationship between gram atoms, mass and atomic mass of a substance is,

Mass in grams
Number of gram atoms 
Gram atomic mass
Gram Molecular Mass
Molecular mass expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass of that substance.
Example : Molecular mass of H2 = 2.0u
Gram molecular mass of H2 = 2.0g
Molecular mass of O2 = 32.0u
Gram molecular mass of O2 = 32.0g
The amount of the substance having mass equal to its gram molecular mass is called one “gram mol-
ecule” (or g molecule) of the substance. Thus,
1g molecule of H2 = 2.0g
1g molecule of O2 = 32.0g

Exam le - 07
Calculate the gram atoms in 48g of carbon.
Solution :

Mass in grams of the element 48


Number of gram atoms    4 gram atoms
Gram atomic mass of the element 12

Exam le - 08
Calculate the mass of an element in 3.8g atoms of nitrogen.
Solution
Mass in grams of element = Number of gram atoms × atomic mass of element – 3.8 × 14 = 53.2g
Gram Formula Unit Mass
Formula unit mass expressed in grams is called gram formula unit mass. This amount is called one
gram formula unit.
For example, Formula unit mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5u
Gram formula unit mass of NaCl = 58.5g

Exam le - 09
Calculate the formula unit mass of potassium carbonate (K2CO3).
(Given : Atomic mass : K = 39u, C = 12u and O = 16u )
Solution :
Formula unit mass = Mass of 2K atoms + Mass of 1C atom + Mass of 3O atoms
= 2 × 39 + 12 × 1 + 3 × 16

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 17


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

= 78 + 12 + 48 = 138u
Thus, the formula unit mass of potassium carbonate = 138u.
WRITING A CHEMICAL FORMULA
We represent the atoms with the help of symbols. In the same way, the molecules can also be represented
by the symbols of the constituent atoms. This is known as the chemical formula of the molecule. In other
words, we can say, the chemical formula of a molecular compound represents the actual number and kind
of atoms of different elements present in one molecule of the compound.
The chemical formula of an ionic compound simply represents the ratio of cations and anions present in the
structure of the compound. However, in both the cases, the writing of chemical formula is based on the
concept of Valency.
Valency of an Element
Valency of an element is defined as the combining capacity of the element. It is equal to the number of
hydrogen atoms or number of chlorine atoms or double the number of oxygen atoms with which one atom of
the element combines.
In addition to the atoms, the ions which are charged species, also have some valencies. Positive ions or
cations have positive valencies. Negative ions or anions have negative valencies. The valencies of the poly-
valent ions are expressed by enclosing them in bracket and putting the positive or negative signs outside it.
Let us write the valencies of some commonly used positive and negative ions.
Valencies of Positive lons
Positive ions may be monovalent, bivalent, trivalent, tetravalent etc. depending upon the charge present on
them. These are listed in the table.
Table list of Some Common Positive Ions (Cations)

Monovalent Bivalent Trivalent Tetravalent


Manganese
Hydrogen H+ Barium Ba2+ Aluminium Al3+ Mn4+
(IV)
Potassium K+ Calcium Ca2+ Chromium Cr3+ Tin (IV) Sn4+

Sodium Na+ Magnesium Mg2+ Iron (III) Fe3+ Lead (IV) Pb4+
Platinum
Silver Ag+ Zinc Zn2+ Gold (III) Au3+ Pt4+
(IV)
Copper (I) Cu+ Cobalt Co2+

Gold (I) Au+ Copper Cu2+

Ammonium (NH4)+ Iron (II) Fe2+


Manganese
Mn2+
(II)
Tin (II) Sn2+

Lead (II) Pb2+

Platinum (II) Pt2+

18 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

Some elements show more than one valencies i.e., they show variable valency. In such cases, Roman
Numerals are used to denote the valencies. These are put in brackets. For example, Copper (I) and Copper
(II); Similarly, Iron (II) and Iron (III).
Valencies of Negative Ions
Like positive ions, negative ions may also be monovalent, bivalent, trivalent, etc. in nature. These are listed
in the table.
Table list of Some Common Negative Ions (Anions)

Monovalent Bivalent Trivalent Tetravalent

Chloride Cl- Sulphide S2- Nitride N3- Carbide C4-

Bromide Br- Oxide O2- Phosphide P3-

Iodide I- Carbonate (CO3)2- Phosphate (PO4)3-

Hydroxide (OH)- Sulphate (SO4)2- Borate (BO3)3-

Nitrate (NO3)- Sulphite (SO3)2- Arsenate (AsO3)3-

Nitrite (NO2)- Manganate (MnO4)2-

Bicarbonate (HCO3)- Oxalate (C2O4)2-

Cyanide (CN)- Chromate (CrO4)2-

Permanganate (MnO4)- Dichromate (Cr2O7)2-

Chlorate (ClO3)-

Formulae of lonic Compounds


One of the most important points to remember while writing the formula of a chemical compound is that it is
always electrically neutral. In other words, the positive and negative valencies of the ions present in the
chemical compound add up to zero. To write a formula, follow the steps given below. This method of writing
formula is called the criss-cross method.
Step I :
Write the symbol of the cation showing the charge on it. Write the symbol of the anion showing the charge
on it, on the right hand side of the cation.
Step II :
If a compound contains polyatomic ions, the formula of the ion is enclosed within brackets before criss-
crossing the valencies.
Step III :
Divide the valency number by common factor, if any, to get simple ratio. Now ignore the (+) and (-) symbols.

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 19


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

Step IV :
Now, write the valency of each atom/radical below its symbol, then cross-over the valencies. Thus, the
symbol of cation is subscribed with the charge number of the anion and the anion is subscribed with the
charge number of the cation. This is called the Criss-crossing of valencies.
Step V :
If the subscript is 1 , it is not written in the final stoichiometric formulae.
Examples :
Shifting valency
Compound Symbols with valency Formula
number
Ca Cl
Calcium chloride Ca2+Cl- CaCl2
2 1

Magnesium Mg2  SO4 2  or Mg1SO 4 1 Mg SO 4


MgSO 4
sulphate (Dividing by C.F,  2 ) 1 1

Aluminium Al SO 4
Al3  SO 24  Al2  SO 4 3
sulphate 3 2

Aluminium Al3 PO34 or Al1PO14 Al PO 4


AlPO 4
phosphate (Dividing by C  F.  3 ) 1 1

Ammonium NH4 PO 4
phosphate
NH4 1 PO34 NH4 3 PO4
1 3
Potassium K Cr2 O 7
K1 Cr2 O27  K 2 Cr2 O7
dichromate 1 2
Calcium Ca HCO 3
Ca2 HCO13 Ca HCO3 2
bicarbonate 2 1

Formulae of Molecular Compounds


While writing the chemical formulae of the molecular compounds, we write the constituent elements and
their valencies as shown below. Then, we cross-over the valencies of the combining atoms.
1 Formula of hydrogen chloride

Symbol H Cl

Valency 1 1

Formula of hydrogen chloride is HCl.


2 Formula of hydrogen sulphide

Symbol H S

Valency 1 2

20 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

Formula of hydrogen sulphide is H2S.


3 Formula of ammonia

Symbol N H

Valency 3 1

Formula of ammonia is NH3.


4 Formula of carbon tetrachloride

Symbol C Cl

Valency 4 1

Formula of carbon tetrachloride is CCl4.

Exam le - 10
An element E is trivalent. Write the formula of its (i) chloride (ii) oxide (iii) sulphide.
Solution :
(i) Formula of chloride of E

Symbol E Cl

Formula = ECl3
Valency 3 1

(ii) Formula of oxide of E

Symbol E O

Formula = E2O3
Valency 3 2

(iii) Formula of sulphide of E

Exam le - 11

An element X shows a variable valency of 3 and 5. What are the formulae of the oxides formed by it?
Solution :
(i) Formula of oxide when X has valency =3

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 21


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

Symbol X O

Formula = X2O3
Valency 3 2

(ii) Formula of the oxide when X has valency =5

Symbol X O

Formula = X2O5
Valency 5 2

Exam le - 12

An element M forms the oxide M2O3. What will be the formula of its phosphate ?
Solution :
In M2O3, total charge on three oxide ions = 3 × (-2) = -6
As the compound M2O3 is neutral, therefore total charge on two metal atoms should be = +6.
Charge on one metal atom = +6/2 = +3, i.e., Valency of metal atom, M = 3.
Writing the formula of metal phosphate

Symbol M (PO4)

Valency 3 Formula = MPO4


3

Dividing by 1 1
common factor

Exam le - 13

An element Z forms an oxide ZO3. What is the valency of Z ?


Solution :

Z O
Valency x 2

Valency of O atom = 2
In ZO3, valency of 3O atoms = 2 × 3 = 6

Symbol Z O

Formula = ZO3
Charge 6 2
So, valency of Z = 6

22 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

Do it yourself
11. What is the atomic weight of oxygen?
(1) 14u (2) 16u (3) 15u (4) 17u
12. Find the number of gram atoms present in 80g of calcium?
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 1
13. What will be the formula unit mass of KCl ?
(1) 75u (2) 74.5u (3) 70.5u (4) 35.5u
14. What will be the molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) ?
(1) 189u (2) 173u (3) 180u (4) 185u
15. Calculate mass in grams for 3-gram atoms of oxygen.
(1) 50 (2) 45 (3) 49 (4) 48
16. What will be the formula of aluminium oxide?
(1) AlO (2) Al3O4 (3) Al2O3 (4) Al2O
17. What will be the chemical formula of calcium carbonate?
(1) CaCO3 (2) Ca(CO3)2 (3) Ca2CO3 (4) Ca2(CO3)3
18. What is the valency of N in NH3 ?
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 1
19. Valency of iron is
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) Both (1) & (2)
20. Formula of sodium sulphate will be
(1) Na2SO4 (2) Na3SO4 (3) NaSO4 (4) Na3(SO4)2

Ans : 11) 2, 12) 1, 13) 2, 14) 3, 15) 4, 16) 3, 17) 1, 18) 2, 19) 4, 20) 1

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Percentage composition of an atom in a molecule is the percent of the total mass of the molecule which is
due to that atom. It is a relative measure of each different element present in the compound.

Total mass of atom


Percentage composition of an atom in a molecule   100
Molecular mass

Exam le - 14

Find the percentage of calcium in calcium carbonate.


Solution :

Molecular weight of calcium carbonate  CaCO3   40  12  16  3  100u

Atomic mass of Ca  40u

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 23


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

40
 Percentage of Ca   100  40%
100

Exam le - 15

Calculate percentage of sulphur in sulphuric acid (Given atomic mass of S  32, H  1, O  16 ).

Solution :

Molecular weight of sulphuric acid  H 2SO4   1 2   32  16  4 

 2  32  64

 98u

32
% of sulphur  100  32.65%
98

QUICK RECAP
1. Law of conservation of mass: During a chemical change, the sum of masses of reactants and products
remains unchanged.
2. Law of definite proportions: In a compound, elements are always present in a definite proportion by in a
chemical reaction.
3. An atom is the smallest particle of the element that may or may not exist independently and takes part in a
chemical reaction.
4. One atomic mass unit is a mass unit carbon-12. mass of one carbon-12 atom.
5. Relative atomic mass of the atom is defined as the average mass of the atom, as compared to 1/12th the
mass of one carbon-12 atom.
6. Unit of atomic mass- Unit of atomic mass is abbreviated as amu or u, where ‘u’ means unified mass.
7. A molecule is the smallest particle of the element or a compound capable of independent existence under
ordinary conditions.
8. Atomicity: The total number of atoms constituting a molecule is called its atomicity. E.g.,

24 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

Name of Molecule Atomicity


Ozone (O3) 3
Oxygen (O2) 2
Sulphur (S8) 8
Helium (He) 1
Phosphorous (P4) 4
Chlorine (Cl2) 2
Fluorine (F2) 2
Nitrogen (N2) 2

9. Ions- Electrically charged chemical species are called Ions. Positively charged species are called Cations
while the negatively charged species are called Anions.
10. The chemical formula of a molecular compound is determined by the valency of each element.
11. Gram atomic mass: When the atomic mass is expressed in grams, it is called Gram Atomic mass.
12. Molecular mass: It is the sum of atomic masses of all the elements in a molecule of a substance.
13. Gram Molecular Mass: When the molecular mass of a substance is expressed in grams, it is called Gram
Molecular Mass.

Total mass of atom


14. Percentage composition of an atom in a molecule   100
Molecular mass

*****

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 25


Chemistry Level - I Class - IX

ASSIGNMENT
1. (i) Define formula unit. Calculate the formula
SECTION - A unit mass of Na2CO3 (Given atomic mass:
Na= 23 u, C = 12 u, 0 = 16 u)
Very short answer type questions
(ii) Give any three differences between atom
1. Give the major drawback of Dalton's atomic theory. and molecule.
2. Define law of conservation of mass. 2. Write the ions present in following compounds
and valency of atoms / ions
3. How does molar mass differ from formula unit
mass? (i) CaCl2 (ii) NaCl
(iii) AICl3 (iv) Na2CO3
4. Give two examples of trivalent metal ions.
(v) CuSO4
5. Write formula for the following compounds: 3. Write the formula and names of compounds
Aluminium sulphide, Stannous / Tin (II) fluoride, formed by
Magnesium sulphate and Ammonium nitrate.
6. Write the names of the following compounds: (a) Na  and HCO 3 (b) K  and CO32

H2, S2, CO, N2O4 and PCl5. (c) Cu 2 and SO 24 (d) Cu 2 and O 2
7. From the given list identify the diatomic
molecules: Ne, Ar, O2, F2, Cl2, H2O, P4, S8, O3. (e) Na  and SO 24 (f) NH 4 and CO32
8. Define the atomicity of a molecule of an element?
Short answer type questions SECTION - B
1. State the main points of Dalton's atomic theory. Objective type questions
2. State the two laws of chemical combination. 1. Which of the following is an incorrect statement
3. Dalton's atomic theory says that atoms are for an element?
indivisible. Is this statement still valid? Give (A) A substance with only one kind of atoms
reasons for your answer.
(B) A substance containing two or more kind of
4. What do you understand by the terms? atoms
(i) Atom (ii) Molecule (C) A substance with constant boiling point
5. Explain the significance of a chemical formula. (D) A substance with a definite melting point
6. Define "Gram atomic mass". What is the gram 2. Which of the following is an element?
atomic mass of (i) Hydrogen atom and (ii) Oxygen
atom? (A) Glucose (B) Ammonia
7. Carbon and oxygen react with each other in the (C) Carbon dioxide (D) Chromium
ratio 3: 8 by mass. What weight of carbon should
be used to react completely with 40 g of oxygen?
3. Concept of an element was given by
8. Differentiate between an atom and an ion.
(A) Boyle (B) Democritus
Long answer type questions (C) Dalton (D) Lavoisier

26 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - I Chemistry

4. The cation of an element has


(A) The same number of electrons as its neutral
atom (C) P (D) S

11. A sample of pure water, irrespective of its


(B) More electrons than its neutral atom source contains 11.1 % hydrogen and 88.9 %
(C) Less proton than its neutral atom oxygen. The data supports
(A) Law of constant proportions
(D) Less electrons than its neutral atom
(B) Law of conservation of mass
5. The element having atomicity four is most likely (C) Law of reciprocal proportions
to be (D) Law of multiple proportions.
12. Which of the following is a triatomic molecule?
(A) Argon (B) Fluorine
(A) Carbon dioxide (B) Ammonia
(C) Phosphorus (D) Calcium (C) Helium (D) Sugar
13. The number of atoms present in a molecule of
6. The Latin name of potassium is
a substance is called
(A) Ferrum (B) Cuprum (A) Molecularity (B) Atomicity
(C) Natrium (D) Kalium (C) Valency (D) Reactivity
14. Which of the following represents a polyatomic
7. The atomicity of ozone, sulphur and argon is ion?
respectively (A) Sulphide (B) Chloride
(A) 8, 3, 1 (B) 1, 8, 3 (C) Sulphate (D) Nitride
15. Valency of silver in Ag2S is
(C) 3, 8, 1 (D) 8, 1, 3 (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3
8. The molecular mass of ethane (C2H6) is 16. Atomicity of sulphur is
(A) 8 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 1
(A) 32 u (B) 31 u (C) 30 u (D) 35 u 17. A chemical equation is always balanced to fulfil
9. Which of the following pair exists in free state? the condition of
(A) Dalton’s atomic theory
(A) H & He (B) Ar & O (B) Law of constant composition
(C) Ne & N (D) He & Ne (C) Law of multiple proportions
(D) Law of conservation of mass.
10. In a science project, Aditya has to make a chart, 18. Chemical formula of ferric oxide is
illustrating various elements and their atomicity. (A) FeO (B) Fe2O3
Aditya decided to show elements of different (C) Fe3O4 (D) FeO2
atomicity by different shapes. 19. In which of the following the valency of each of
the constituent elements is equal to the total
number of atoms in one molecule of the
Monoatomic  compound?
(A) HCl (B) H2S
(C) CaO (D) MgCl2
Diatomic 
20. Molecules of phosphorus and ammonia are
respectively
(A) Monoatomic and triatomic
Triatomic 
(B) Monoatomic and diatomic
(C) Tetratomic and triatomic
(D) Tetratomic and tetratomic.
Tetratomic 
*****
Polyatomic 
Pick the element which is shown incorrectly.

(A) Cl (B) Ar

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 27


Chapter - 3

ATOMS AND
MOLECULES

Level - II
(For CBSE & Olympiad)
Class - IX Level - II Chemistry

ATOMS AND

MOLE CONCEPT
MOLECULES CHAPTER
THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
3
In everyday life, we buy things in terms of number or in Mole concept
terms of mass (for weight). Further, generally a bigger Mole in terms of mass
unit for counting numbers such as dozen (for 12), score
(for 20) or gross (for 144) is used and similarly, a bigger Mole in terms of number
unit for mass like kilogram or quintal etc. is used. For Molar mass
example, we buy eggs, bananas, oranges, etc. in doz-
Mole in terms of volume
ens whereas we buy wheat, rice, sugar etc. in kilograms.
There is a very close analogy or similarity between the Concept of molar volume
terms mole and dozen. A dozen always represents 12 Stoichiometry
articles. They may be apples, oranges, pens, etc. In a
Limiting reagent
similar way, a mole represents 6.022 × 1023 particles.
They may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, pro- Assignment
tons, etc.
Gram atomic mass of an element contains 6.022 × 1023

atoms. Similarly, the gram molecular mass of a compound also contains the same number of molecules.
This is known as Avogadro's number or Avogadro's constant and is denoted by either 'NO' or 'NA'. A mole
denotes Avogadro's number of particles.
One mole of H- atom = 6.022 × 1023H - atom
One mole of O2 - molecules 6.022 × 1023 O2 - molecules
One mole of sodium ions (Na+) = 6.022 × 1023 sodium ions.
Hence, a mole can be defined in the following ways
Mole interms of mass
A mole of an atom is defined as the amount of the substance which has a mass equal to its gram atomic
mass. It is equal to one gram atom of an element.
Similarly, A mole of a molecule is defined as the amount of the substance which has a mass equal to its
gram molecular mass. It is equal to one gram molecule of an element.

Given weight (in grams) w


No. of moles (n) = 
Molecular or atomic weight (in grams) M

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 29


Chemistry Level - II Class - IX

Exam le - 01

Calculate the number of moles in 100g of glucose [C6H12O6], given C = 12amu, H = 1amu,
O = 16amu.
Solution :
Molecular mass of glucose = M
= 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16
= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180g

w
Number of moles =
M

W = 100g
M = 180g

100 5
Number of moles    0.55 mol
180 9

Exam le - 02
Calculate the mass of 4 moles of aluminium atom. (Atomic mass of Al = 27amu)
Solution :
We have,

W
Number of moles 
M

Number of moles = 4
W = ?, M = 27g
So, W = Number of moles × M
= 4 × 27 = 108g
Mole in terms of number
A mole of particles is defined as the amount of substance that contains Avogadro’s number of par-
ticles.

No.of atoms or molecules or ions N


No. of moles (n) = 
Avogadro number(NA ) NA

30 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - II Chemistry

1 mole of carbon
atoms

23
6.022 x 10 atoms of C 12 g of carbon

1 mole of
hydrogen atoms

23
6.022 x 10 atoms of H 1g of H atoms

1 mole of any
particle (atoms,
molecules, ions)

6.022 x 1023 Relative mass of those


number of that particle particles in grams

1 mole of
molecules

23
6.022 x 10 Molecular mass in
number of molecules grams

Fig- Relationship between mole, Avogadro number and mass

Exam le - 03

Calculate the number of moles for 12.044 × 1023 number of He atoms.


Solution :
1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 particles

Given number of particle (atoms or molecules)


Thus, number of moles = Avogadro number

12.044  10 23
 = 2 mol
6.044  1023

Exam le - 04

How many molecules and atoms of sulphur are present in 0.1 mole of S8 molecule?
Solution :
1 mole of S8 molecule = 6.022 × 1023 molecules

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 31


Chemistry Level - II Class - IX

 0.1 mole of S8 molecule = 6.022 × 1023 × 0.1


= 6.022 × 1022 molecules
One molecule of S8 contains = 8 atoms of S.

 6.022 × 1022 molecules will contain = 6.022 × 1022 × 8 = 4.816 × 1023 atoms

Extra Shots

Gram atom = Mole


Gram molecule = Mole
THE MOLE FORMULA

N = n × NA
N
Number of particles
n = N/NA

n
Moles (mol)
NA
-1
NA = N/n
Avogadro’s number (mol )

Molar mass :
The mass of 1 mole of the substance is called Molar mass of that substance.
For atomic substance, Molar mass (M) = Gram atomic mass
For molecular substance, Molar mass (M) = Gram molecular mass,
Example :
Molar mass of iron (Fe) = 56 g mol-1
Molar mass of H2 = 2.0 g mol-1
Molar mass of O2 = 32.0 g mol-1
Summary of the relations :

Mass of element (in g)


Mole of atoms 
Atomic mass
Atomic mass
Mass of one atom 
6.022  1023

One mole of molecule = 6.022 × 1023 molecules


= Gram molecular mass of the substance
Mass of compound (in g)
Moles of a compound 
Molecular mass
Molecular mass
Mass of one molecule 
6.022  1023

32 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - II Chemistry

Exam le - 05

Calculate the number of particles in 0.1 mole of C - atoms.


Solution :
We have,
Number of particles = Number of moles × 6.022 × 1023
= 0.1 × 6.022 × 1023 = 6.022 × 1022 particles

Exam le - 06

Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8) present in 16g of solid sulphur.
Solution :
Given, w = 16g
Atomic mass of S = 32amu
Molar mass of S8 = 32 × 8 = 256g
So, number of molecules (N) = number of moles × 6.022 × 1023

w
Number of moles 
M

w
So, N   6.022  1023
M

16
  6.022  1023
256
 N  3.763  1022 molecules

Exam le - 07

Calculate the number of moles in 22 grams of CO2.


Solution :

Molar mass of CO2  12  2  16  44 g


Mass of CO 2
Number of moles 
Molecular mass of CO2
22 1
   0.5 mol
44 2

Exam le - 08

Express 1 mole of oxygen (O2) in different ways.

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 33


Chemistry Level - II Class - IX

Solution :
1 mole of oxygen can be represented in the following ways :
(i) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen.
(ii) 2 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen.
(iii) 32g of oxygen.
(v) 2 mole atoms of oxygen.
(v) 1g molecule of oxygen.

Exam le - 09
How many moles are present in 5g of calcium?
Solution :
Gram atomic mass of calcium = 40g

Mass of element (in grams)


Number of moles of Ca atom 
Gram atomic mass of element
5 1
   0.125 mol
40 8

Thus, 5g of calcium contain 0.125 mole of calcium.

Exam le - 10
If one mole of carbon atom weighs 12 grams, what is the mass (in gram) of 1 atom of carbon?
Solution :
1 mole of carbon has 6.022 × 1023 atoms.
1 mole of carbon atom weighs 12 grams
6.022 × 1023 atoms of carbon has mass = 12g
So,

12
1 atom of carbon has mass  g
6.022  1023
 1.99  1023 g

34 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - II Chemistry

Do it yourself

1. The number of molecules in 4g of oxygen molecules is


(1) 6.022 × 1023 molecules (2) 7.528 × 1022 molecules
(3) 1.201 × 1022 molecules (4) 2.446 × 1020 molecules
2. The mass of 3 moles of ethanol (C2H5OH) is
(1) 138g (2) 40g (3) 146g (4) 100g
3. The mass of one molecule of a substance is 5.32 × 10-23g. What is its molecular
mass?
(1) 23g (2) 42g (3) 32g (4) 60g
4. The mass (in g ) of 0.2 mole of water (H2O) is
(1) 3.8g (2) 4.8g (3) 9.4g (4) 3.6g
5. How many moles are there in 5g of sodium?
(1) 8.23 moles (2) 0.217 moles (3) 9.26 moles (4) 0.176 moles

Ans: 1) 2 2) 1 3) 3 4) 4
5) 2

Mole in terms of volume


In case of gaseous substances, it is found that Avogadro’s number of molecules of any gases occupy the
same volume, i.e., 22.4 litres at STP (standard temperature and pressure i.e., 0ºC and 1 atm pressure).
Hence, one mole of a gaseous substance is defined as that amount of the substance which has volume
equal to 22,400 mL or 22.4 L at STP conditions.
Thus,
1 mole of N2 gas = 28g = 6.022 × 1023 molecules = 22.4L at STP
1 mole of CO2 gas = 44g = 6.022 × 1023 molecules = 22.4L at STP

Given volume (in L) V V


Number of moles n    inL   22400 in mL
22.4  L  22.4

So overall,

V W N
n  
22.4 M NA

Exam le - 11
Calculate the number of molecules and number of atoms present in 11.2 litre of oxygen at STP.
Solution :
One mole of O2 at STP = 22.4L

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 35


Chemistry Level - II Class - IX

11.2 L of O2 at STP contains

11.2
  0.5 mol
22.4

Now,
1 mole of O2 contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
0.5 mole of O2 contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecule
= 3.011 × 1023 molecules
1 molecule of O2 = 2 atoms of O
3.011 × 1023 molecules of O2 = 3.011 × 1023 × 2 = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
1 molecule of O2 = 2 atoms of O
3.011 × 1023 molecules of O2 = 3.011 × 1023 × 2 = 6.022 × 1023 atoms

Exam le - 12

The mass of 64.5mL of a gas at STP is found to be 0.2231 g. Calculate its molecular mass.
Solution :
We have,

V  in mL 
w
Number of moles n  
22400 M
w  22400 0.2231 22400
Molar mass  M    52.88gmol1
V( in mL) 94.5
Molecular mass  52.88u

Concept of Molar volume :


The volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP is always same and equal to 22400mL or 22.4L or
22.4dm3. This volume is called molar volume or gram molecular volume.
e.g.,
1 mole of oxygen (O2) = 22.4dm2 of oxygen at STP
To convert given number of moles into volume

V  in L 
n
22.4  L 

Stoichiometry
The chemical reactions are represented in the form of chemical equations which are balanced according to
the law of conservation of mass. A quantitative relationship can be established between the various reac-
tants and products. The study of the quantitative relationship between reactants and products is called

36 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - II Chemistry

stoichiometry. A balanced chemical provides:


Weight-weight relationship
Weight-volume relationship (in reactions involving at least one gaseous substance.)
Volume-volume relationship (in reactions involving all gaseous substances.)
Calculations Based on Weight-Weight Relationship

Exam le - 13
Calculate the weight of Zn required for the liberation of 10g of H2 gas, on its reaction with dil HCL.
[Molar mass (M) of Zn = 65.4g / mol]
Solution :

10
Number of moles of H2 gas  5 mol
2

Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2 
1 mole 1 mole
5 mole 5 mole
Number of moles of Zn = 5 mole
Weight of Zn required = 5 × 65.4 = 327 g
Calculations Based on Weight-Volume Relationship

Exam le - 14
Calculate the weight of NaHCO3 to be dissociated to give 0.56 L of CO2 gas.
[Molar mass (M) of NaHCO3 = 84 g / mol]
Solution :

V 0.56 1
Number of moles of CO2    mol
22.4 22.4 40
Δ
2NaHCO3   Na2 CO3  H2 O  CO2
 2 mole NaHCO3  1 mole CO2 
1 1
2 mol mol
40 40
Given mass (w)
Number of moles 
Molar mass(M)

2 1
w  MNaHCO3   84  4.2g
40 20

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 37


Chemistry Level - II Class - IX

Calculations Based on Volume - Volume Relationship

Exam le - 15
Calculate the volume of CO gas required to react with oxygen to give 11.2L of CO2 gas.
Solution :

V 11.2 1
Number of moles of CO2    mol
22.4 22.4 2

2CO  O2  2CO2
2mol 2mole
1mol 1mole
1 1
mole mol
2 2
1
 Volume of CO required  n  22.4   22.4
2
= 11.2L
Limiting Reagent
The reactant which is present in lesser quantity, gets totally consumed during the reaction and decides the
amount of products formed in a reaction is called the limiting reagent.
e.g. In the manufacture of water following chemical reaction is involved.
2H2 + O2  2H2O
According to this chemical equation
2 mol of hydrogen gas combines with 1 mol of oxygen gas to form 2 mol of water.
For this reaction, if 1 mol of hydrogen and 1 mol of oxygen reacts then hydrogen gets consumed during the
course of reaction and it is considered as limiting reagent and oxygen which is in excess (here 0.5 mol) will
be considered as excess reagent.

Exam le - 16
What is the amount of NH3 formed when 14g of N2 combines with 6g of H2 ?
Also find the amount of excess reagent in the reaction.
Solution
N2 + 3H2  2NH3
1 mole 3 mole 2 mole
28g 6g 34g
28g of N2 reacts with 6g of H2 to give 34g of NH3. The amount of nitrogen provided is lesser than that
required for the complete reaction with H2. Hence, N2 is limiting reagent and H2 is the excess reagent.
As 28 g of N2 formed 34 g of NH3,
 14g of N2 will form 17g of NH3.
As 14 of N2 reacts with 3g of H2. So, the excess amount of hydrogen = 6 – 3 = 3g of hydrogen.

*****

38 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - II Chemistry

ASSIGNMENT
SECTION - A SECTION - B

Subjective type questions Objective type questions


22
1. What will be the volume of 6.022 x 10 molecules 1. If one mole of nitrogen molecules weighs 28 g,
of H2S at STP? the mass of one molecule of nitrogen in grams is
(A) 1.264 X 1022 g (B) 1.298 X 1020 g
2. If 5 L of gas weight 7.14 g at STP, then find out
(C) 6.023 X 1023 g (D) 4.649 X 10-23 g
the molar mass of gas.
2. Calculate the mass of 6.022 x 1023 molecules of N2
3. What is the volume of ammonia produced on
(A) 96 g (B) 42 g (C) 89 g (D) 28 g
reacting 10 g of nitrogen with 10 g of hydrogen?
3. What is the mass in grams of 4 moles of N?
4. Methane burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide (A) 56 g (B) 92 g (C) 42 g (D) 102 g
and water vapour. Calculate the amount of water
4. How many atoms are there in 10 g of Ne?
formed when 8 g of methane is burnt completely.
(A) 6.35 × 10-23 (B) 3.011 ×1023
5. In the given reaction, (C) 4.98 × 1023 (D) 6.022 × 1023
5. The number of atoms of oxygen present in 0.2
Mg + 2 HCI  MgCl2 + H2  Calculate the moles of Na2CO3 will be
volume of hydrogen released from 18g of (A) 6.02 × 1022 (B) 12.04 × 1022
magnesium. (C) 3.613 × 1023 (D) 31.8 × 1024
6. Calculate the volume occupied by 2.8g of N2 at 6. The mass of one molecul e of water is
approximately
STP.
(A) 2.98 X 10-23 g (B) 18 g
7. Calculate the number of moles in 12.044 × 1023
-23
(C) 1.5 X 10 g (D) 4.5 X 10-23 g
helium atoms.
7. Which of the following represents 1 g molecule
8. How many particles are represented by 0.25 mole of the substance?
of an element?
(A) 6.02 x 1024 molecules of NH3
9. The molecular formula of ferric sulphate is (B) 4 g of helium gas
Fe2(SO4)3. (C) 40 g of calcium oxide
(Atomic mass: Fe = 56, S = 32, O = 16) (D) 127 g of iodine gas

(a) Calculate the molar mass of Fe2(SO4)3. 8. The mass of 0.5 moles of sucrose (C12H22O11) is
(A) 171 g (B) 145 g (C) 342 g (D) 125 g
(b) How many moles of each element are there
9. Which has the highest mass?
in 40g of ferric sulphate?
(A) 50 g of iron

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 39


Chemistry Level - II Class - IX

(B) 1.5 moles of N2


(A) 22.4 L (B) 5.6 L
(C) 0.1 g atom of Ba (Atomic mass = 137 amu) (C) 11.2 L (D) 44.8 L
(D) 6.02 x 1023 atoms of carbon
20. Which of the following molecules has the highest
10. The number of atoms in 20 g of SO3 is number of particles?
approximately (A) 8g of CH4 (B) 4.4g of CO2
23 23
(A) 1 × 10 (B) 1.5 × 10
(C) 34.2 g of C12H22O11 (D) 2g of H2
23
(C) 2 × 10 (D) 6 × 1023 21. Which one of the following pairs of gases contains
11. What weight in grams is represented by 1.5 moles the same number of molecules?
of sulphur dioxide?
(A) 16g of O2 and 14g of N2
(A) 60 g (B) 140 g (C) 96 g (D) 91 g (B) 8g of O2 and 22g of CO2
12. Volume of CO2 obtained at STP by the thermal (C) 28g of N2 and 22g of CO2
decomposition of 50 g CaCO3 is
(D) 32g of O2 and 32g of N2
(A) 22.4 L (B) 2.24 L
22. Weight of 6.022 × 1020 atoms of silver
(C) 5.6 L (D) 11.2 L
(at. Mass 108u) is
13. The weight of oxygen required for the burning of
12 g of magnesium ribbon is (A) 108 × 103g (B) 108g
(A) 16 g (B) 32 g (C) 8 g (D) 48 g (C) 0.108g (D) 10.8g
14. The volume of O2 gas required to react with 5.6 L 23. Which one of the following statements is true?
of hydrogen gas to give H2O is (at STP conditions) (A) Mass of 0.5 mole of N2 gas > Mass of 0.5
(A) 22.4L (B) 11.2 L (C) 5.6 L (D) 2.8 L mole of N atoms
15. The amount of Sulphurous acid formed when 48 (B) Mass of 0.5 mole of N2 gas = Mass of 0.5
g of sulphur dioxide combines with 9 g of water is mole of N atoms
(A) 41 g (B) 82 g (C) 98 g (D) 57 g (C) Mass of 0.5 mole of N2 gas < Mass of 0.5
mole of N atoms
16. The atomic mass of sodium is 23. The number of
moles in 46g of sodium are (D) Mass of 0.5 mole of N2 gas = Mass of 0.5
mole of O2 gas
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2.3 (D) 4.6
24. The mass of one C atom is
17. How many molecules are present in one gram of
hydrogen? (A) 6.023 × 1023g (B) 1.99 × 10-23g
(A) 6.022 × 1023 (B) 6.022 × 1022 (C) 2.00g (D) 12g
(C) 3.01 × 1023 (D) 3.0125 × 10-12
SECTION - C
18. W hich one of the following statements is
incorrect?
ASSERTION & REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
(A) One gram atom of carbon-12 contains
Avogadro's number of atoms. Directions: In the following questions, a statement of
assertion is followed by a statement of reason, Mark
(B) One mole of oxygen gas contains Avogadro's
the correct choice as :
number of molecules.
(C) One mole hydrogen gas contains Avogadro's (A) If both assertion and reason are true and
number of atoms. reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(D) One mole of electron stands for 6.02 × 1023 (B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason
electrons. is not the correct explanation of assertion.
19. The volume occupied by 1 mole atom of a (C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
diatomic gas at STP is

40 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX Level - II Chemistry

(D) If both assertion and reason are false. 9. Assertion: 18 grams of water vapour and 18 grams
of ice will not contain the same number of
1 Assertion : When 10g of CaCO3 is decomposed, molecules.
5.6g of residue is left and 4.4g of CO2 escapes. Reason : Number of molecules present in a
compound are temperature and pressure
Reason : Law of conservation of mass is followed. dependent.

2 Assertion : Pure water obtained from different 10. Assertion : Atomic mass of Mg is 24.

sources such as river, well, spring, sea etc. Reason : An atom of magnesium is 24 times
heavier than 1/12th of the mass of carbon atom
always contains hydrogen and oxygen combined C-12.
in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass.
SECTION - D
Reason : A chemical compound always contains
same elements combined in same f ixed MATCH THE FOLLOWING TYPE QUESTIONS
proportion by mass. 1. Match the following :
Column-I Column-II
3 Assertion : Molecular weight of SO2 is double to
P. Compound (i) Carbon
that of O2.
Q. Atom (ii) Calcium carbonate
Reason : One mole of SO2 contains double the R. Molecule (iii) Soil
number of molecules present in one mole of O2. S. Mixture (iv) Oxygen
4. Assertion : One atomic mass unit (amu) is mass (A) P(ii), Q(i), R(iv), S(iii)

of an atom equal to exactly one-twelfth of the (B) P(i), Q(ii), R(iii), S(iv)

mass of a carbon-12 atom. (C) P(iii), Q(iv), R(ii), S(i)


(D) P(ii), Q(iii), R(iv), S(i)
Reason : Carbon-12 isotope was selected as
2. Match the following :
standard.
Column-I Column-II
5. Assertion : Atomicity of O3 is 3 . P. Sodium (i) K

Reason : 1 mole of an element contains 6.023 × Q. Potassium (ii) Cu

1023 atoms. R. Copper (iii) Fe


S. Iron (iv) Na
6. Assertion : Both 44g CO2 and 16g CH4 have same
number of carbon atoms. (A) P(i), Q(ii), R(iii), S(iv)
Reason : Both contain 1g atom of carbon which (B) P(iv), Q(i), R(ii), S(iii)
contains 6.023 × 1023 carbon atoms. (C) P(iv), Q(ii), R(iii), S(i)
7. Assertion: Molecule is the smallest particle of a (D) P(ii), Q(iii), R(iv), S(i)
compound which exists freely.
Reason: Atom is the smallest particle which
takes part in the chemical reaction.
8. Assertion: Chemical formula is the symbolic
representation of the composition of a compound.
Reason : H2O is the chemical formula of water.

Foundation Program Atoms & Molecules 41


Chemistry Level - II Class - IX

3. Match the following :


Column - I Column - II
P. 32 g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) (i) 6.022 × 1023 molecules
Q. 1.8 g of water (H2O) molecules (ii) 6.022 × 1022 molecules

1
R. 17 g of ammonia (NH3) (iii) mole
2
S. 11 g of carbon dioxide (CO2) (iv) 5.6 L
(A) P(i), Q(ii), R(iii), S(iv) (B) P(i), Q(iii), R(ii), S(iv)
(C) P(iii), Q(ii), R(i), S(iv) (D) P(iii), Q(i), R(ii), S(iv)
4. Match the following:
Column-I Column-II
P. Carbonate (i) CO23 

Q. Oxide (ii) NO3

R. Phosphate (iii) N3 

S. Nitrate (iv) O 2 

(v) PO34
(A) P(i), Q(ii), R(iii), S(v) (B) P(i), Q(iv), R(v), S(ii)
(C) P(i), Q(iii), R(ii), S(iv) (D) P(i), Q(iv), R(ii), S(iii)
5. Match the following:
List – I List – II
(P) 52g of He (1) 2 mole
(Q) 8g of O2 (2) 1 mole
(R) 2g or H2 (3) 0.25 mole
(S) 56g of N2 (4) 13 moles
(A) P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1 (B) P-1, Q-4, R-3, S-2
(C) P-2, O-3, R-1, S-4 (D) P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1
6. Match the following:
List – I List – II
(P) K2CO3 (1) 62 u
(Q) Na2O (2) 138 u
(R) HNO3 (3) 64 u
(S) SO2 (4) 63 u
(A) P-1, Q-4, R-3, S-2 (B) P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1
(C) P-2, O-1, R-4, S-3 (D) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4

*****

42 Atoms & Molecules Foundation Program


Class - IX KEY & SOLUTIONS PCB

CHEMISTRY
5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A
ATOM & MOLECULES 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. D
13. C 14. D 15. A 16. B
17. C 18. C 19. A 20. D
KEY 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B

LEVEL - 1 SECTION - C

Assertion and reason type questions


SECTION - A
1. A 2. A 3. C 4. A
Very short answer type questions
5. B 6. A 7. B 8. B
4. Aluminium ion (Al3+), Ferric / Iron (III) ion (Fe3+) 9. D 10. A
5. Al2S3, SnF2, MgSO4, NH4NO3
SECTION - D

6. Hydrogen sulphide, Carbon monoxide, Match the following type questions


1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B
Dinitrogen tetraoxide, Phosphorous
pentachloride 5. A 6. C

7. O2, F2, Cl2

SECTION - B

Objective type questions


1. B 2. D 3. D 4. D
5. C 6. D 7. C 8. C
9. D 10. C 11. A 12. A
13. B 14. C 15. A 16. A
17. D 18. B 19. C 20. D

LEVEL-II

SECTION - B

Objective type questions


1. D 2. D 3. A 4. B

Foundation Program 77

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