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GSES Technical Papers

Inverter Power Factor Modes: How do

they affect voltage rise calculations?

As Australia continues to see the trend to increase Fixed Power Factor & Reactive Power Modes
system capacity to medium or large scale Grid- (AS/NZS 4777.2:2015)
connected PV system, it becomes valuable for
AS/NZS 4777.2 :2015 Clause 6.3.3 prescribes the
Inverter Energy Systems (IES) to have ways to
behaviour of the two inverter response modes
support the power quality of the grid. The most
which allows inverter to output reactive power.
recent revision of the Australian Standard AS/
These are the Fixed Power Factor mode and Reactive
NZS 4777.2: Grid connection of energy systems
Power mode. While these functions are disabled
via inverters Part 2: Inverter requirements reflects
by default, the local distributed network service
this sentiment.
provider (DNSP) may require them to be enabled as
AS4777.2 introduced inverter functions which part of connection conditions.
controls the way inverter produces reactive power
Fixed Power factor mode
to demand, known as the fixed power factor mode
and reactive power mode, and outlines their If this mode is enabled, then the inverter will be
required operational behaviour. Local distributed required to operate between the range of 0.8
network service providers (DNSPs) may require leading to 0.8 lagging and no lesser. When the
these functions to be enabled. For a refresher on inverter power output changes, the inverter will
what power factor is, take a look at the previous vary the reactive power output to ensure that the
GSES article Power Factor and Grid-Connected target power factor is met.
Photovoltaics System.
Reactive Power mode
A factor to consider when these modes are enabled
If this mode is enabled in an inverter, then the
is their effect on the voltage rise calculations; while
maximum ratio of the reactive power (Vars) to the
leading power factors will reduce voltage rise
rated apparent power (VA) should be 100%. The
compared to a power factor of unity, a lagging
electrical distributor can fix the reactive power at a
power factor will increase the voltage rise, and may
constant value depending on the grid requirement.
result in the system requiring bigger cables ensure
This means that the power factor may fall below
that the expected voltage rise of the system falls
0.8 leading/lagging to supply a fixed amount of
within the voltage rise requirements outlined by AS/
reactive power.
NZS 4777.1:2016 Grid connection of energy systems
via inverters Part 1: Installation requirements. Voltage rise requirement
This article highlights the power factor modes (AS/NZS 4777.1:2016)
requirements and voltage rise requirements, AS/NZS 4777.1:2016 specifies that the overall voltage
explains how voltage drop calculations is affected by rise from the point of supply to the inverter AC
enabling power factors, and demonstrates methods terminal to be 2% or less of the nominal voltage at
for carrying out the voltage rise calculations for the point of supply.
different power factors as per AS/NZS 3008.1.1 :2017
Figure 1 below illustrates how the 2% voltage rise
Electrical installations—Selection of cables.
allowance is a combination of voltage rise between
the point of supply and the main switchboard

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GSES Technical Papers

L × I × VC
(Consumer mains) and voltage rise between the Vr =
1000
main switchboard and the inverter AC terminal
(Sub-mains). Where:
Electricity distribution
network single-phase
• Vr = Voltage rise
overhead service lead PV ARRAY
• L = Route length
• I = Rated Current of the inverter
Point of
supply (AU)
Point of
supply (NZ)
Consumer MAIN
SWITCH INVERTER
• Vc = Voltage rise of the cable.
mains
BOARD

Final subcircuit to inverter

AS/NZS 3008.1.1 Tables 40 to 51 provides pre-
calculated Vc values for various conductor cross
Point of supply Consumer mains Final subcircuit to inverter section areas.
MAIN
SWITCH
BOARD
INVERTER
Non-unity Power Factor
253.0 V 255.3 V 257.6 V
For non-unity power factor operation, the
2% max voltage rise - see AS/NZS 4777.1:2016 Clause 3.3.3 calculation of the voltage rise becomes a bit more
complex. The two vector diagrams below illustrate
Figure 1: Figure C1 from AS/NZS 4777.1:2016 showing
how the supply voltage, Vs, can be affected by
example of application of voltage rise for IESs.
lagging and leading power factor.
IZC
This definition of voltage rise means that a larger
cable can be used between the inverter and the VS
main switchboard to reduce the overall voltage rise.
IXC
VL
Calculating Voltage Rise Accounting for Power θ
IRC
Factor (AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017)
I
The voltage rise experienced at any one site is
affected by the length of the route, the anticipated
load current, the conductor voltage rise per unit of Figure 2: Vector diagram with Cos Θ = 0.8 lagging
distance, and the power factor experienced at site.
The cable voltage rise per unit of distance is VS IXC
dependent on the conductor cross section area. I θ IZC
AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017 Selection of Cables provides
equations for the calculation of voltage rise/drop IRC
VL
across cables as well as pre-calculated voltage rise
values, cable resistance values, and cable reactance
values for different conductor cross section areas. Figure 3: Vector diagram with Cos Θ = 0.8 leading

Note that while AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017 refers to

the calculations as voltage drop, mathematically Where:
voltage drop and voltage rise are the same thing. • I = Current flowing in cable
Unity Power Factor • VS = Voltage at supply
For unity power factor operation, the formula for • VL = Voltage at load
calculating voltage rise is given as follows:
• IRC = cable resistance multiplied by current
• IXC = cable reactance multiplied by current
• IZC = voltage drop associated with impedance
of the cable

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RAY RRAY
PV AR PV A
• θ = phase angle corresponding to the power
factor experienced Three-phase final
subcircuit to inverter
The voltage rise is the difference in length Point of supply
(pillar/LV kiosk)
60 metre cable

between VS and VL. Electricity distribution

network three-phase
Three-phase
consumer mains
MAIN
SWITCH
BOARD
INVERTER
30 KVA
underground service 35 metre cable

The equations for calculating three phase voltage

rise given the power factor are: 3Ø 3Ø 3Ø

Point of Three-phase consumer mains Three-phase final subcircuit to inverter

supply 35 metre cable 60 metre cable
Equation 2 3Ø
MAIN
SWITCH
3Ø
INVERTER
30 KVA
BOARD

I × L × [ √3 × (Rc × cos θ + Xc × sin θ)] 2% max voltage rise

Vr3Φ = Figure 4: 30kVA Grid-Connected Installation

1000
Case 1 - Unity power factor
Equation 3
The electrical distributor has asked for the inverter
I × L × [ √3 × (Rc × cos θ − Xc × sin θ)] to operate at unity power factor
Vr3Φ =
1000 From AS/NZS 4777.1,
• Vr3ф= Vr3фsub-mains + Vr3ф consumer mains
Where:
• Vr3ф = 2% of 400V
• L = route length of circuit, in metres
= 8V
• Rc = cable resistance, in ohms per metre
• Xc = cable reactance, in ohms per metre 30,000
Inverter rated current (unity pf) =
• θ = phase angle corresponding to the power 3 × 230
factor experienced = 43.47 A
Values of Rc and Xc are given in units of ohms
Using equation 1,
per kilometre (Ohms/km) in Tables 30 to 39 of
AS/NZS 3008.1.1 L × I × VC
Vr3Φ=
Worked example 1000

Consider the installation below: a 3 phase Grid- • Vr3ф sub-mains = 4.04 V (Vc = 1.55 mV/A.m for
Connected inverter is installed on a commercial sub-mains from table 41 column 6)
building. The sub-mains (with max output of 30kVA
• Vr3ф consumer mains = 3.69 V (Vc = 2.43 mV/A.m
and AC nominal output of 30kW) run from the
from table 41 column 6)
inverter AC terminal to the Main Switchboard is 60
metres and the consumer mains run from the Main • Vr3ф = Vr3ф sub-mains + Vr3ф consumer mains
Switchboard to the Point of Supply is 35 metres. The • Vr3ф= 4.04 + 3.69
size of the installed sub-mains cable is 25 mm2 (PVC
insulation) and the size of the existing consumer • Vr3ф= 7.73 V
mains cable is 16 mm2 (PVC insulation). Since this value is below 8V, the selected cable
size will be compliant with the 2% Voltage rise
requirement.

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Case 2 - 0.8 Leading Power Factor Using equation 2,

The electrical distributor has asked the site owner to
set the inverter to 0.8 leading operation. I × L × [ √3 × (Rc × cos θ + Xc × sin θ)]
Vr3Φ =
From AS/NZS 4777.1, 1000
• Vr3ф= Vr3ф sub-mains + Vr3ф consumer mains • Vr3ф sub-mains = 4.38 V (Rc = 0.884 ohm/Km
• Vr3ф = 2% of 400V from table 34 column 4; Xc = 0.116 ohm/Km
from table 31 column 6)
= 8V
• Vr3ф Consumer mains = 3.92 V (Rc = 1.4 ohm/
30,000
Inverter rated current (at 0.8 leading pf) = Km from table 34 column 4; Xc = 0.120 ohm/Km
3 × 230 × 0.8
from table 31 column 6)
= 54.33 A
• Vr3ф = 4.38 + 3.92
Using equation 3, • Vr3ф= 8.3 V

I × L × [ √3 × (Rc × cos θ − Xc × sin θ)] As this value is above 8V, the selected cable size
Vr3Φ = will not be compliant with the 2% Voltage rise
1000 requirement. This means that the cable size will
need to be increased to keep the voltage rise value
• Vr3фsub-mains = 3.60 V (Rc = 0.884 ohm/Km below 2%.
from table 34 column 4; Xc = 0.116 ohm/Km
from table 31 column 6) Conclusion
• Vr3фConsumer mains = 3.45 V (Rc = 1.4 ohm/ With the introduction of power factor mode and
Km from table 34 column 4; Xc = 0.120 ohm/Km fixed factor mode in AS/NZS 4777.2:2015, inverters
from table 31 column 6) may be asked to operate at varying power factors.
As power factor affects voltage rise calculations,
• Vr3ф = 3.60 + 3.45 additional caution needs to be taken to ensure the
• Vr3ф = 7.05 V 2% voltage rise requirement specified by AS/NZS
4777.1:2016 is met.
As this value is below 8V, the selected cable size will
be compliant with the 2% Voltage rise requirement. As shown in the worked examples, while
leading power factors can reduce the voltage rise
experienced at a site, a lagging power factor will
Case 3 - 0.8 Lagging Power Factor increase the voltage rise. This means that a larger
cable may need to be sized if it is anticipated
The electrical distributor has asked the site owner to
that the inverter will be operating with a lagging
set the inverter to 0.8 lagging operation.
power factor.
From AS/NZS 4777.1,
Keeping on top of changes in the industry
• Vr3ф = Vr3ф sub-mains + Vr3ф consumer mains
To assist PV installers in keeping on top of changes
• Vr3ф = 2% of 400V in the industry, the Clean Energy Council have put
= 8V in place a continuous professional development
(CPD) program. In response to this, GSES provide
30,000
Inverter rated current (at 0.8 lagging pf) = Professional Development Days at locations around
3 × 230 × 0.8
Australia, which give installers the opportunity
= 54.33 A
to achieve their yearly required 100 CPD points
in a single day. Topics covered in recent GSES
Professional Development days include:

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GSES Technical Papers

• Updates to AS/NZS 4777.1, AS/NZS 4777.2, Draft

AS/NZS 5033, and the Wiring Rules
• Microsoft Excel for Solar Designers
• Large Scale PV Systems
For the current topics, schedule and locations visit
https://www.gses.com.au/product/cpd/

GSES welcomes feedback on technical papers and other

resources available on www.gses.com.au, please contact
GSES by email at [email protected] or by telephone
on 1300 265 525.

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