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SA1 - MATHS Formulae

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SA1 - MATHS Formulae

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:Important Formulae for SSLC students:

CHAPTER – 1: Real numbers

1. Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be


expressed as a product of primes and this factorisation is unique except for the
order in which the prime factors occur.
2. If a prime number ‘p’ divides ‘a2’, then ‘p’ divides ‘a’ also.
3. The product of the H.C.F and L.C.M of two expressions is equal to the product
of the expressions.
A × B = H × L

௔௑௕
4. H C F =
௅஼ெ

௔௑௕
5. H C F =
௅஼ெ
CHAPTER – 2: Polynomials
1. Types of polynomial:-
• Constant polynomial:- f(x) = a, where a is a constant
• Linear polynomial:- f(x) = ax+b, a ≠ 0
• Quadratic polynomial:- f(x) = ax2+bx + c, a ≠ 0
• Cubic polynomial:- f(x) = ax3+bx2+cx+d, a ≠ 0
2. If p(x) is a polynomial and ‘k’ is any real number such that p(k)=0 then ‘k’ is
called a zero of the polynomial p(x).
3. If α and β are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial
f(x) = ax2+bx + c, then
ି௕
• Sum of the zeros = α + β = ௔
௖
• Product of the zeroes = αβ = ௔
8. Given the sum of the zeros and product of the zeros, the
quadratic polynomial is (‫ݔ‬2 – ‫ݐ ݂݋ ݉ݑݏ(ݔ‬ℎ݁ ‫ )ݏ݁݋ݎ݁ݖ‬+ ‫ݐ ݂݋ ݐܿݑ݀݋ݎ݌‬ℎ݁ ‫)ݏ݋ݎ݁ݖ‬
= ൫x2 – (α + β) x + αβ൯
9. If α, β and γ are the zeros of the cubic polynomial
f(x) = ax3+bx2+cx+d then

GURURAJU Page 1
ି௕
α + β + γ =
௔
௖
 αβ + βγ + γα =
௔
ିௗ
 αβγ =
௔
CHAPTER – 3: Pair of Linear Equations in two variables

 A Pair of LE in two variables x, y is a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

Relation Type of the Number of Nature of the


graph solutions equation
ܽ1 ܾ1 ܿ1 Coinciding lines Infinitely many Dependent
= =
ܽ2 ܾ2 ܿ2 solutions (consistent) pair
ܽ1 ܾ1 ܿ1 Parallel lines No solution Inconsistent pair
= ≠
ܽ2 ܾ2 ܿ2
ܽ1 ܾ1 Intersecting lines Exactly one Consistent pair
≠
ܽ2 ܾ2 solution (unique
solution)

CHAPTER – 4: Quadratic Equation

1. The standard form or General form of quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ; a≠0


-b± b2 - 4ac
2. Roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are x =
2a
3. Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation depends upon the value of b2 - 4ac and it
2
is called as the discriminate and is denoted by ∆ (delta) i.e. ∆ = b - 4ac
(i) If ∆ = 0 then roots are real and equal (coincident roots)
(ii) If ∆ > 0 (+ve) then Roots are real and distinct
(iii) If ∆ < 0 (-ve) then Roots are imaginary (No real roots)
CHAPTER – 5: Arithmetic Progression

Arithmetic Progression and Arithmetic Series:

 The General form of an A.P is a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d,………. …..,a+(n-1)d


Where ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common difference.
 The nth term of an A.P is an = a + (n-1)d
GURURAJU Page 2
 a =a +d
n+1 n
 a =a -d
n-1 n
n n+1 )
 The sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers is ∑ n = Sn = ( ,
2
 The Sum of the first ‘n’ odd natural numbers is n2
 The Sum of the first ‘n’ even natual numbers is n(n+1)
 The sum of a finite arithmetic series is Sn = n 2a+ ( n - 1 ) d 
2
n
 Sn = a+ l  , where a= first term of A.P., l = last term of A.P.
2
 If a is a constant term then a + 2a + 3a + ……..+ na = a ∑ n
 S1 = a1 (first term) ;
 S2 = a 1 + a 2 ;
 S3 = a1 + a2 +a3 and so on
 S2 – S 1 = a 2
 S3 – S 2 = a 3
 In General Sn – Sn-1 = an
A.M between two numbers:
a+ b
The Arithmetic mean of two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ is ΑΜ =
2
CHAPTER – 6: Triangles

Key points:

 Two figures are similar if and only if they have same shape, but not necessarily the same
size.
 Similar triangles: Two triangles are said to be similar if their corresponding angles are
equal or their corresponding sides are proportional.
 Congruent triangles are always similar but similar triangles are not necessarily congruent.
 Basic proportionality theorem (Thales theorem)
Statement: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the two sides in
two distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
 Converse of BPT: ‘If a line divides any two sides of triangle in the same ratio then the line
is parallel to the third side.
 Corollary of BPT: “If a line is drawn parallel to a side of a triangle then the sides of
intercepted triangle will be proportional to the sides of given triangle.

GURURAJU Page 3
 (AAA similarity criterion)
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in
the same ratio (or proportional) and hence the two triangles are similar.
 (SSS similarity criterion)
If in two triangles, Sides of one triangle are proportional (or in the same ratio)
to the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal
and hence the two triangles are similar.
 (SAS similarity criterion)
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the
sides including these angles are in the same ratio(or proportional ) then the
triangles are similar.

CHAPTER – 7: Coordinate Geometry


→ Analytical Geometry or Co-ordinate Geometry is a Branch of Mathematics which is based on
rectangular, Co-ordinate system which treats geometry algebraic.
→ Co-ordinate geometry was mainly developed by a French philosopher and Mathematician
Rene Des Cartes.
→ The distance of a point from y axis is called the x-coordinate or abscissa.
→ The distance of a point from x axis is called the y-coordinate or ordinate.
→ Any point on the x-axis will be of the form (x,0)
→ Any point on the y-axis will be of the form (0,y)
→ Distance formula:
2 2
The distance between two points (x, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by d= ( x2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 )

→ The distance of p(x, y) from the origin of a circle is given by OP = x2 +y2


→ Distance of a point p(x,y) from the x-axis is |y| units.
→ Distance of a point p(x,y) from the y-axis is |x| units.
→ Section formula:
If p(x, y) divides the line segment AB, joining the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) in the ratio
m:n then the co-ordinates of P is given by,
 mx2 +nx1 my2 +ny1 
Co- ordinates of P(x, y) =  ,
 m+n m+n 
 x + x1 y2 + y1 
→ The midpoint formula, P(x,y) =  2 ,
 2 2 

GURURAJU Page 4

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