Data

Management
Collection and
Organization of Data
 Identify and differentiate the types of data.

Identify and differentiate the methods of

collecting data.

Objectives Determine the sample size,

Identify the appropriate sampling technique to

be used in gathering data

Organize data
 Statistics

Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that involves the

collection, description, analysis, and inference of
conclusions from quantitative data.
• The two major areas of statistics are descriptive and
inferential statistics.
• Statistics can be communicated at different levels ranging
from non-numerical descriptor (nominal-level) to numerical
in reference to a zero-point (ratio-level).
• Several sampling techniques can be used to compile
statistical data.
 1. Types of Data

Data can be categorized broadly

into Qualitative and Quantitative
data.

In a business context,
understanding these distinctions
helps in choosing the right
analytical approach.
 This type of data describes characteristics or
attributes and is non-numerical. It’s often
Qualitative Data grouped into subcategories for ease of analysis.

(also known as Nominal Data: Data is classified into distinct categories

without any order.
Categorical Example: Customer loyalty program tiers (e.g., "Gold,"
"Silver," "Bronze").

Data)
Ordinal Data: Data is grouped into categories with a
meaningful order or rank, but the intervals between
categories are not equal.
Example: Satisfaction ratings from a survey on a scale of
1-5 (1 being "Very Dissatisfied," 5 being "Very Satisfied").
Quantitative Data (Numerical Data)
Quantitative data is measurable and usually expressed in numbers.
It provides information about quantities and can be further classified
based on the level of measurement.
Interval Data: Numeric data with meaningful intervals between
values, but no true zero point. This allows for the comparison of
differences but not ratios.

Example: Temperature of storage facilities measured in Celsius.

Ratio Data: Numeric data with both meaningful intervals and a true
zero point, allowing for comparison of ratios.

Example: Monthly sales revenue (e.g., ₱50,000, ₱100,000).

Differentiating Types of Data in
Practice
2. Methods of
Collecting Data

Choosing the right method to

collect data is essential to
ensure accuracy and
reliability. The two primary
categories are primary and
secondary data collection
methods.
 Primary Data Collection -
Data is collected directly for the specific research purpose, often
through first-hand means.

1 2 3 4

Surveys and Interviews: Allows for in- Observation: Observes Experiments: Tests
Questionnaires: Used to depth qualitative insights subjects in a natural hypotheses under
gather both qualitative through direct interaction. setting to gather data controlled conditions to
and quantitative data. Example: Conducting unobtrusively. establish cause-and-
Example: Surveying interviews with business Example: Observing effect relationships.
shoppers to rate their clients to understand shopping patterns in-store Example: Testing two
online shopping brand perception (nominal to identify peak hours and website layouts to see
experience on an ordinal and ordinal data). average transaction times. which drives more
scale from "Very conversions.
Unsatisfied" to "Very
Satisfied."
Secondary Data Collection
This involves using pre-existing data from sources like industry
reports, government publications, and company records.

External Sources: Data from third

Internal Records: Internal databases parties such as government agencies,
can provide historical and operational market research firms, or industry
data useful for analysis. reports.
Example: Reviewing past sales data Example: Using data from the
to analyze month-to-month revenue Philippine Statistics Authority to
changes (ratio data). analyze consumer spending trends in
various regions.
Different data collection methods and
their application in Philippine business
 Choosing the right sample size is crucial in making sure
that the data collected accurately represents the larger
population. The sample size depends on several factors:
1.Population Size. The total number of individuals or units from
which the sample will be drawn.
Example: A survey targeting all registered online shoppers in a major
3. Determining Philippine e-commerce platform.
2. Margin of Error. This indicates how much the results are expected
Sample Size to differ from the actual population parameter.
Example: A ±5% margin of error for a customer satisfaction survey at
a local supermarket chain.
3. Confidence Level. This reflects the probability that the sample
results match the actual population.
Example: A 95% confidence level means there’s a 95% chance the
results will reflect the true population values.
4. Sample Size Calculation. Using formulas or online calculators,
sample sizes can be calculated based on these factors.
4. Identifying
the
Sampling techniques determine
Appropriate how the sample is chosen from the
Sampling population. The choice of technique
Technique depends on the objectives,
population characteristics, and
resources available.
Probability Sampling
Each member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being
selected, making the sample more representative.

01 02 03
Simple Random Sampling - Each Stratified Sampling- Divides the Cluster Sampling - Divides the
member has an equal chance of population into subgroups (strata) population into clusters, randomly
selection. and randomly samples from each selecting some clusters, and
Example: Selecting 500 random subgroup. surveying all members within
customers from a list of all Example: A bank might divide them.
subscribers of a Philippine mobile clients into strata based on Example: A supermarket chain
provider. income level to ensure with branches across the
proportional representation in Philippines may randomly select
customer satisfaction surveys. branches (clusters) and survey all
customers within those branches.
Non-Probability Sampling
Not every member has a known chance of being included. This method is
often more convenient and less costly but may introduce bias.

Convenience Sampling - Quota Sampling - Ensures

Purposive Sampling - Selection
Sampling from members of the representation of specific groups
based on specific characteristics
population who are easiest to by setting quotas.
relevant to the study.
reach. Example: Surveying 200 male
Example: Interviewing only
Example: A mall retailer surveys and 200 female consumers to get
business owners in a study on
customers in-store about their gender-based insights on
entrepreneurial challenges.
product preferences. product choices.
 5. Organizing Data
•Data Cleaning - Ensuring the data is accurate and complete by identifying
and handling missing values, outliers, or errors.
Example: Reviewing survey responses to remove duplicate entries or
incomplete answers.

•Data Coding - Converting qualitative responses into a numerical format for

easier analysis.
Example: Coding "Very Satisfied" as 5, "Satisfied" as 4, and so on in a
satisfaction survey.

•Data Tabulation -Structuring data in tables for easy visualization and

summarization.
Example: Using frequency tables to show the number of respondents in each
age group for a consumer demographic study.

•Data Visualization -Creating charts or graphs to summarize key findings

visually.
Example: Using bar charts to represent the number of purchases per product
category.
 6. Data Visualization
in Business Research

• Data Visualization is the graphical representation of data and

information.

Purpose of Data Visualization:

1. Simplifies complex data, making it accessible and
interpretable.
2. Highlights trends, comparisons, and correlations that
support decision-making.
3. Helps communicate data insights effectively to diverse
audiences.

In a business context, data visualization allows stakeholders to

grasp critical information quickly and make data-driven
decisions.
Types of Data
Visualizations

1. Bar Chart
• Purpose: Shows comparisons among
categories.
• Example: Displaying monthly sales revenue
for a retail business in the Philippines, with
each bar representing a different month.
• Good for: Nominal or ordinal data.
Types of Data
Visualizations
2. Line Chart

•Purpose: Illustrates trends over

time.
•Example: Tracking the daily
temperature in storage facilities to
monitor conditions for sensitive
products.
•Good for: Continuous data (e.g.,
interval or ratio data).
Types of Data
Visualizations

3. Pie Chart
• Purpose: Shows proportions of a whole.
• Example: Representing the market share of
different brands in a specific product
category in the Philippines.
• Good for: Categorical data with parts of a
whole.
Types of Data
Visualizations
4. Histogram
• Purpose: Shows the distribution of a continuous
data set.
• Example: Displaying the distribution of
customer ages for a retail brand.
• Good for: Interval or ratio data.
 5. Scatter Plot

Types of Data • Purpose: Displays relationships between two variables.

• Example: Visualizing the correlation between advertising spending and
Visualizations sales revenue for a business.
• Good for: Ratio or interval data to reveal trends or relationships.
Types of Data
Visualizations
6. Heatmap
• Purpose: Uses color to represent
data values in a matrix.
• Example: Visualizing customer
satisfaction levels across multiple
branches of a retail chain.
• Good for: Identifying patterns, often
in large data sets.
Types of Data Visualizations
7. Box Plot (Box-and-Whisker Plot)
• Purpose: Summarizes data by showing
its distribution, central value, and
variability.
• Example: Analyzing monthly sales
distribution to find outliers in a dataset.
• Good for: Comparing distributions of
continuous data across multiple groups.
Types of Data
Visualizations
8. Geographical Map Visualization
• Purpose: Shows data distribution
across geographical locations.
• Example: Representing sales data
across different regions in the
Philippines.
• Good for: Showing location-based
patterns.
Choosing the Right Data
Visualization