11.-Data-Management
11.-Data-Management
Management
Collection and
Organization of Data
Identify and differentiate the types of data.
Organize data
Statistics
In a business context,
understanding these distinctions
helps in choosing the right
analytical approach.
This type of data describes characteristics or
attributes and is non-numerical. It’s often
Qualitative Data grouped into subcategories for ease of analysis.
Data)
Ordinal Data: Data is grouped into categories with a
meaningful order or rank, but the intervals between
categories are not equal.
Example: Satisfaction ratings from a survey on a scale of
1-5 (1 being "Very Dissatisfied," 5 being "Very Satisfied").
Quantitative Data (Numerical Data)
Quantitative data is measurable and usually expressed in numbers.
It provides information about quantities and can be further classified
based on the level of measurement.
Interval Data: Numeric data with meaningful intervals between
values, but no true zero point. This allows for the comparison of
differences but not ratios.
Ratio Data: Numeric data with both meaningful intervals and a true
zero point, allowing for comparison of ratios.
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Surveys and Interviews: Allows for in- Observation: Observes Experiments: Tests
Questionnaires: Used to depth qualitative insights subjects in a natural hypotheses under
gather both qualitative through direct interaction. setting to gather data controlled conditions to
and quantitative data. Example: Conducting unobtrusively. establish cause-and-
Example: Surveying interviews with business Example: Observing effect relationships.
shoppers to rate their clients to understand shopping patterns in-store Example: Testing two
online shopping brand perception (nominal to identify peak hours and website layouts to see
experience on an ordinal and ordinal data). average transaction times. which drives more
scale from "Very conversions.
Unsatisfied" to "Very
Satisfied."
Secondary Data Collection
This involves using pre-existing data from sources like industry
reports, government publications, and company records.
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Simple Random Sampling - Each Stratified Sampling- Divides the Cluster Sampling - Divides the
member has an equal chance of population into subgroups (strata) population into clusters, randomly
selection. and randomly samples from each selecting some clusters, and
Example: Selecting 500 random subgroup. surveying all members within
customers from a list of all Example: A bank might divide them.
subscribers of a Philippine mobile clients into strata based on Example: A supermarket chain
provider. income level to ensure with branches across the
proportional representation in Philippines may randomly select
customer satisfaction surveys. branches (clusters) and survey all
customers within those branches.
Non-Probability Sampling
Not every member has a known chance of being included. This method is
often more convenient and less costly but may introduce bias.
1. Bar Chart
• Purpose: Shows comparisons among
categories.
• Example: Displaying monthly sales revenue
for a retail business in the Philippines, with
each bar representing a different month.
• Good for: Nominal or ordinal data.
Types of Data
Visualizations
2. Line Chart
3. Pie Chart
• Purpose: Shows proportions of a whole.
• Example: Representing the market share of
different brands in a specific product
category in the Philippines.
• Good for: Categorical data with parts of a
whole.
Types of Data
Visualizations
4. Histogram
• Purpose: Shows the distribution of a continuous
data set.
• Example: Displaying the distribution of
customer ages for a retail brand.
• Good for: Interval or ratio data.
5. Scatter Plot