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Protection

Training Course
For Transmission Engineers
And Distribution Engineers
At NEC Training Center

07-10-20 – 07-10-27

By:
Mashair Abdou, NEC Protection
and Rolf Gorzolla, NEC Transmission
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Content

Chapter Content Page

1 Protection, general aspects 3
Primary and backup protection
Short history of the function principle 7
Block diagram of a numerical protection relay 8
2 OCEF 9
3 DOC/DEF 11
4 DIFF 12
5 PW- DIFF 17
6 REF 19
7 UV/OV 21
8 <f/>f 21
9 DIST 21
10 AR 23
11 Aided trip 25
12 BBP 26
12A BBP HI 27
12B BBP LI 36
13 BFP 39
14 Protection signaling 42
15 Generator Protection 47
16 CT coordination 48
17 ANSI Devices 50
18 Relay types and signals 52
19 BCU 56
20 TCS 58
21 List of abbreviations 59
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- Protection, general aspects –

→ Continuous supervision of current / voltage / current & voltage

→ No reaction under healthy network conditions
→ Reaction when a fault occurs (fault = breakdown of isolation phase to
ground or phase to phase)
→ Reaction should be selective (to trip only the faculty area = minimum
possible)
→ Reaction should be as fast as possible (15ms – 1 sec)

Protection in HV systems has

→ Primary protection (with “instantaneous” trip)

→ Back Up Protection (with “time delayed” trip)

→ Example Transformer:

DIFF, REF HV, REF MV = Prim. Prot. = inst. trip

(additionally Pressure relief, Buchholz, Temp. trips)

OCEF HV, OCEF MV, OCEF LV = Back Up Prot. = time delayed trip

→ Example OHL:
(Pilot ware)
DIST or PW- Prot = Prim. Prot. = inst. trip

OCEF or DOC/DEF, SDEF = Back Up Prot. = time delayed trip

→ Example Generator:

Gen DIFF, Stator EF, Rotor EF, LoE = Prim. Prot. = inst. trip

OCEF = Back Up Prot. = time delayed trip

→ Example Busbar:
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BBP = Prim. Prot. = inst. trip

Remote end DIST = Back Up Prot. = time delayed trip

Current operated Protection

OC, EF, SEF, SBEF, BFP ( all nondirectional)

DIFF, REF (to be installed with correct CT polarity!, therefore relative to

directional)

TCS as special application

Voltage operated Protection

OV, UV, <f, SC

Current & voltage operated Protection

→ “directional protection”

DIST, DOC, DEF, SDEF, Min Imp (Generator Protection)

Logic operated additional protection systems

(without current or voltage application)

AR, DTT, Pole discrepancy (circuit breaker)

Nonelectrical protection systems (power transformer)

Pressure relief device (PRD)

Buchholz (BH)
Oil temperature (OT)
Winding temperature (WT)
Oil level (OL)
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Short history of the function principle:

The early beginning: protection with fuses (today up to 36kV)

- 1980 (…today) electromechanical relays, distance relays

“high sophisticated”, but each function within separate “box”

1970 - 1985 electronic (analogue) relays, modular components

1980 Start with digital (numerical) relays

Today: “one box design”

e.g. Dist, AR, SC, PSB, DTT, Logic, LOR, +backup OCEF or
DOC/DEF or SDEF: all within one relay box, all functions by
SW.
Another example: modern BCU may content Control &
Protection (e.g. REF542+)

Functional Block diagram of a numerical protection relay

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2. Overcurrent / Eartfault (OCEF) Protection

→ Current connection in Holmgreen

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→ Basic protection in NEC 33kV- and 11kV networks

→ different tripping characteristics available:
 Definite Time
The current exceeds the setting value: the relay will trip after preset time.
Example: CT ratio 300/1A, relay rated current 1A, current setting of relay: 1,5 x
In, time setting of relay: 0,8sec: any primary current above 450A will initiate a trip
after 0,8sec! This protection is mainly used in Central Europe. Advantage:
increasing short circuit levels don’t require for recalculation and readjustment of
settings. Disadvantage: less time steps in rural networks.
 Inverse Time (IDMT= Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
The function: the more current, the shorter the tripping time
→ many subcharacteristics acc. to British and US Standard available: SI =
Standard Inverse, VI = Very Inverse, EI = Extremely Inverse, LT = Long time
Inverse….
Example: CT ratio 300/1A, relay rated current In= 1A, chosen characteristic: SI,
current setting of relay : Is= 1,5 x In, time multiplier setting (TMS) of relay: 40%
(or 0,40):

Prim. 675A 900A 2250A 4500A 9000A

current
Trip time 6,88s 4,01s 1,71s 1,19s 0,91s

This protection is used in all English or American influenced countries.

Disadvantage: increasing short circuit levels require for recalculation and
readjustment of settings. Advantage: more time steps in rural networks.
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Standard Inverse Time (SI)

Formula to calculate the tripping time:

t = 0,14 x k / ( I / Is ) 0,02 - 1 (sec)

t: tripping time in sec

k: TMS (Time Multiplier Setting) in p.u.
Is: basic current (current setting)

Formula to calculate the TMS for given current and tripping time:

K =  ( I / Is) 0,02 - 1  x t / 0,14 (p.u.)

3. Directional Overcurrent / Directional Earth Fault Protection

(DOC/DEF)

In the past the directional relays have been added to the OCEF, three single
phase directional units or one three phase unit to the OC unit and one single
phase directional unit to the EF unit. With the current flow in forward direction the
directional element enables the current relay to trip. With the current flow in
reverse direction the directional element blocks the current relay.
Each OC directional element is “polarized” by one current (e.g. red phase) and
the two voltages rectangular to the current (e.g. yellow to blue).
Each EF directional element is “polarized” by the zero sequence current (of
Holmgreen) and the zero sequence voltage. This zero sequence voltage may be
available either from an open delta connected VT winding, or from a separate set
of three interposing VTs (110V/110V) with primary connection to star and
secondary connection to open delta. Advanced numerical DEF relays generate
the zero sequence voltage by calculation.

Special EF applications as SEF, SBEF or aided SDEF will be mentioned later.

4. Differential Protection (DIFF)

→ Standard protection for all transformers >5MVA

→ DIFF Protection compares what is coming in and what is going out, if the
difference exceeds a preset level, the DIFF protection will trip instantaneously.
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→ Selective tripping for “inzone faults” between current transformers, stable for
faults “outside”, “through faults”!
→ Due to the fact that the power transformer shifts the angle (vector group) and
the amplitude (CT- mismatch) of the currents phase shift- and amplitude
matching interposing current transformers are necessary. Only numerical relays
perform the angle and amplitude shift by Software
→ Energizing of transformer produces harmonics and single side inrush currents
(and therefore differential currents, also called “spill currents”). DIFF relays must
be stabilized against unwanted inrush- current trips.
→ The setting calculation has to consider the spill current producing effect of the
tap changer extreme positions (additional current unbalance).
→ Transformer differential schemes connected to a “one and a half breaker
system” (e.g. at 500kV) need both sets of CT to be connected to separate inputs
of the differential relay
→ Usually differential schemes are “low impedance schemes” with nearly
adapted CT ratio on each voltage level.

→ In some countries also “high impedance differential schemes” are used. But
this requires for special CT cores: all voltage levels must have identical CT-
cores with identical data:
 CT ratio identical to LV (three winding DIFF: to tertiary V)
 Class X acc. to BS
 Identical knee point voltage
 Identical magnetizing current (magnetising curve)
 Identical secondary resistance

→ During protection commissioning the differential protection stability is checked

with injection of 3 x 400V to one side of the transformer with a 3-ph short at the
other side.

Stability:
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5. Pilot wire differential protection (PW DIFF)

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→ for lines (OHL or cable or mixed), usually short lines

→ one relay on each side
→ direct communication via special 15kV pilot cable (max 30km) or fiber optic
link (not limited)

Transf. DIFF PW- DIFF

Protect Transformer Line
No. of CTs 2W: 2, 3W: 3 2 (T-off: 3)
CT requirements Diff. cores acc. Identical cores at booth
calculation sides
No. of relays 1 2 (T-off: 3)
CT sec to relay 4x4 or 4x6mm2 4x4 or 4x6mm2
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Pilot wire n.a. 15kV special or fiber

optic
Function Phase segregated Translay with mixing tr.
or
3x Translay, numerical:
phase segregated with
AR if nec.
Practical limits Distance from relay to 15kV pilots up to max
CT should not exceed 30km. Fiber optic
400m (Calc. necess.) connections not limited

→ fiber optic direct or via multiplexer

6. Restricted Earth Fault (REF)

→ Very fast protection for one (solidly grounded) transformer winding (or delta
winding with earthing transformer)
→ performed with high impedance protection relays
→ uses the three main CT´s and one CT in the transformer neutral to ground
connection
→ Identical CT- cores for neutral CT and main CT:
 Identical ratio
 Class X acc. to BS
 Identical knee point voltage
 Identical magnetizing current (magnetising curve)
 Identical secondary resistance
→ Connection of high impedance relay between “∑inside” and “∑outside”
→Stabilizing resistor adjustable (value acc. to calculation: e.g. 0 - 1200Ω) in
series with relay
→ Voltage dependent resistor (VDR) to protect the high impedance relay
against overload, in parallel to relay
→ REF relay to trip the transformer lockout relay (LOR)
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7. Undervoltage / Overvoltage (UV / OV)

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UV and OV in generator protection

OV in long OHL with DTT (Ferranti effect)

8. Underfrequency / Overfrequency (<f / >f)

<f and >f in generator protection

<f in substations for load rejection

9. Distance protection (DIST)

→ For lines (OHL or cable or mixed), usually long lines >5km up to extremely
long lines (2x more km as kV)
→ Directional protection (DIST “looking into the line”)
→ Impedance measurement with different characteristics (quadrilateral, offset-
MHO circular, offset- MHO lenticular), most of the relays offer different settings
for phase to ground and for phase to phase faults
→ DIST provides time graded backup protection by additional distance “zones” in
forward direction and one long time delayed “backward zone)

→ DIST (usually) has a protection signaling (=communication) channel to remote

end DIST by PLC (Power Line Carrier) or fiber optic equipment, different “Carrier
schemes” are available: Acceleration, PUTT, POTT and different blocking
schemes. NEC distance relays use PUTT (Permissive Underreach Transfer
Trip) only.
→ DIST works together with an autorecloser (AR) or has an AR- module,
numerical DIST have a SW- implemented AR.
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→ Modern DIST have a lot of additional features: fuse failure blocking (FF),
switch onto fault (SOTF), power swing blocking (PSB), block from external side
(VT- MCB trip), FIFO event recording, fault recording and fault location
calculation. Numerical DIST offer a comprehensive amount of service data, all
currents and voltages and her phase angles, current MVA, MVAr, cos phi…
Provided the relay has a communication card or may be optionally equipped with,
it may be linked to a RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and from there to SCADA
(System Control and Data Acquisition) or to PDMS (Protection Data
Management System).

10. Autorecloser (AR)

Autoreclosers work on overheadlines only, where a line fault may be transient (a
cable fault destroys the insulation and the fault is persistent).
The autorecloser will be start from DIST trip in zone1, that means the fault is in
forward direction between the substation and the remote substation. Distance
relay trip in Zone 2 will not start the AR, Zone 2 is overlapping the next
substation, the fault may be “behind” the next substation and should be cleared
from next substation distance protection.
To accept a starting signal from DIST, the AR must be “ready”! This has at least
two conditions: the CB must be closed (= the line is in service) and the drive of
the CB must send the signal “CB ready for O-CO” to the AR (the drive must be
loaded for a full cycle Open- Close- Open).
The 110kV CB usually have one operating mechanism, all three poles are
operated from one mechanism. (Exception: one type of Magrini CB), therefore
110kV autoreclosures are “threepole”. The 220kV line breakers have one
operating mechanism per pole and “singlepole” autoreclosures are possible.
NEC 110kV:
Any fault (phase to ground = single phase or phase to phase = multiphase) will
initiate a distance relay trip and the CB will trip all three poles. Some of NEC
110kV distance relays are equipped with AR and SC (Synchrocheck). The SC
releases than the AR to close the CB again. Assume the fault was transient, the
line is not more disturbed and normal service takes place. Assume the fault was
persistent (broken conductor, crane, tree…) the DIST will operate again and trip
again. But now the second fault was within the “reclaim time” of the autorecloser,
the autorecloser is blocked and the second trip is a “definite trip”.
NEC 220kV:
Line protection with LZ96a:
Acc. to the chosen AR program (WT96a selector switch in pos. 3) the DIST trips
for Zone1 faults either single pole for phase to ground faults and the AR closes
this CB- pole when the AR- dead time has elapsed or the DIST trips three pole
and definite without AR for multiphase faults.
Line protection with REL316:
The latest edition of NEC 220kV switchgear have BB- VTs, than the DIST will trip
three pole for multiphase faults and the AR may close the CB provided the built
in synchrocheck relay (SC) releases the autoreclosure.
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11. Carrier aided trips in PUTT

As mentioned the distance relay is working in PUTT: zone1 settings cover 80%
of the line. For a zone1 instantaneous trip the distance relay not only trips his CB,
also a “Communication Send” (CS) signal will be transmitted to remote end
distance relay (older name “HF send” = high frequency send by carrier). At
remote end the incoming signal will be evaluated as: “Communication Receive”
(CR), older name “HF receive”. The distance relay has a very simple logic, an
and- gate with two inputs: CR + Start Forward = trip instantaneous

The results:
Substation A: DIST trip in zone1 + CS, start AR, AR operated, CB closed
Substation B: Start FWD + CR = inst. trip, start AR, AR operated, CB closed

The consequence: despite the fault was in zone2 for Substation B distance relay
(with no AR start), the aided trip logic operated, tripped and start the AR. After
transient fault, the line is back to normal service. Both distance relays will show
the signals: DIST operated, AR operated.
12. Busbar protection (BBP) in general

→ Very fast (primary) protection

→ current operated (differential) scheme, each feeder need CTs
→ selective: tripping area “inside CTs”
→ selective: trip only to faulty busbar
→ sensitive: pickup < min. short circuit current (min. SHC)
→ stable for max. SHC through faults
→ lockout function to inhibit reclosure of CB
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→ CT- supervision or differential current alarm to detect CT connection failures

(open circuit)
→ isolator image alarm for double busbar systems available within advanced
BBP

12A High Impedance Busbar Protection (HI BBP)

→ Need identical CT- cores for all feeders and the bussection / buscoupler:
 Identical ratio (usually the highest ratio available from bussection /
buscoupler)
 Class X acc. to BS
 Identical knee point voltage
 Identical magnetizing current (magnetising curve)
 Identical secondary resistance

→ Cheapest system for single busbar schemes (all voltage levels), e.g. with
MCAG34 from AREVA
→ Need CT supervision, e.g. MVTP31 from AREVA
→ Need lockout relay, e.g. MVAJ25 from AREVA

→ has disadvantages with double busbar schemes:

 Need one “check zone” additionally to the “discriminating zones” (to
prevent unwanted trips during busbar changes).
 Need two CT cores per phase and feeder. One core for the “discriminating
zone” and one core for the “check zone)
 Large changeover contactors are necessary for busbar isolator image
 CT secondaries are switched with changeover contactors (problems may
arise with weak isolator aux. contacts)
 Tripping logic (via changeover contactors) is very complex!
 Extension feeders are difficult to add.

The function is easy to understand:

All the CTs of the feeders are in parallel and the high impedance relays are
connected between “∑inside” and “∑outside”
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The parallel connections of all CTs are called “buswires”

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The upper figure shows the solution for MV feeders, the lower figure shows the
solution for HV (e.g. Wod Elbeshir Substation)

Double busbar:
→ current changeover to another discriminating zone (through isolator image
contactors)
→ check zone necessary
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During busbar change of one feeder- the buscoupler must be closed to close the
second busbar isolator- both isolator- image contactors are closed and the
current of this feeder is connected to zone I and to zone 2. Booth zone
discriminating relays may trip but the check zone remains stable and inhibit the
operation of the lockout relays:
 Flag indication on MCAG34 from zone I and zone II, no flag on check
zone MCAG34, no flag on any MVAJ = indication of a busbar change.
 Flag indications on one zone MCAG34 plus check zone MCAG34 plus
one MVAJ = BBP trip.

12B Low impedance busbar protection BBP LI

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In general:
Analogue electronic type (BBC INX2 and INX5) or today: numerical type (ABB
REB 500, Siemens…)
 Very low burden
 No need for special CTs, may be connected in series with any backup
protection
 CTs of different feeders may have different CT ratio
 No switching of CT secondary circuits (the switching takes place at
electronic level)
 Implemented breaker failure available with factory tested tripping logic
 Differential current alarm available
 Isolator image alarm available
 Self testing facilities available

INX2 with high sophisticated measurements, to trip three conditions must be

fulfilled:
 At least in one feeder the pickup level must reached
 There must be a differential current
 The currents of all feeders must have same direction
INX2 / INX5 with backside wiring “AMP Minithermipoint”

Latest technology: numerical BBP

 Available with NEC: ABB REB500 and Siemens 7SS520

 Each feeder is equipped with a “bay” unit
 The bay units are interconnected with the “Central Unit” by fiberoptic
cables
 The bay unit processes all the bay related inputs (currents, isolator image)
and transfer this to the central unit.
 The central unit is equipped with a “star coupler” for all the fiber optic
connections
 The central unit processes the busbar configuration (which feeder is
connected to which busbar), calculates the differential currents, generates
the trips, the alarms and transfer the feeder related information (trip,
blocking signals) to the bay units
 The bay units execute the trip command and alarm indications (e.g.
isolator image alarm or differential current alarm).
 The tripping logic of very complex configuration (such like Magirus!) may
be factory tested (standard for ABB REB500)
 Numerical BBP may be “centralized” (central unit and bay units within one
or two panels) or “decentralized” (the small bay units within the feeder
protection panel and the large central unit usually within a buscoupler
protection panel.
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 The BBP also provides differential current alarms (CT supervision) and a
wide range of self supervision features (watchdog, data transfer between
central and bay unit)
 Internal event recorder as standard (switching operations, protection
events, system events, test events)
 Breaker failure protection as an option (was not specified for Gaili- and Eid
Babiker- REB500, available now within Siemens BBP (KNPS, Kuku,
KiloX).
 Future feeders may be pre-engineered and pre-wired (REB500 only), at
the time only the bay unit has to be inserted and released by SW
 Numerical BBP is practically maintenance free
 Optional time synchronization with GPS
 Optional communication card to SCADA or PDMS
 Communication to laptop

13. Breaker Failure Protection BFP

If one circuit breaker fails by any reason (broken isolated activator rod, trip coil
burnt out, spring charge failure…) an existing protection trip will be transferred
to all adjacent feeders of this busbar and an intertrip will be sent to remote end
(line breakers) or to MV (transformer breakers)

In the past the BFP was included in the feeder protection panel: 1x MCTI39 (or
MCTI40) three phase current detector relay plus 1x (or 2x) MVTT14 time relay(s)
plus 1x MVAJ25 lockout relay for single (two) step BFP. The tripping logic for
single busbar switchgears was hard wired within protection panels. The BFP-
tripping logic for double busbar switchgears must be routed through busbar
isolator image contactors. For switchgears like Magirus 110kV with BB1A, BB1B,
BB2 and only one bus coupler at one end this BFP- tripping logic is very
complex.

Today more and more implemented solutions are available: either the BFP is
integrated within a protection relay (within DIST P441 at Chinese 110kV line
feeders in Faroug, Mugren, with DOC/DEF P142 at Schneider line feeders at
110kV Wod Elbeshir) or the BFP is integrated as a SW package within a
numerical BBP

The function principle: each protection trip of one feeder (…main protection trip,
back up protection trip, BBP trip, DTT received trip…, single pole trips from DIST
as well as all three phase trips) has to be sent to a starting input of the BF-
current detector relay. If the CB didn’t do his job and the feeder current is still
available, the current detector relay will close his contact and energize a timer.
When the time of the timer has elapsed (usually after 100ms) the timer will close
his contact and will energize the BF- lockout relay. This lockout relay sends the
trip to all adjacent CBs.
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14. Protection Signaling

Some protection devices need communication with remote end:

 Direct Transfer Trip (DTT). BFP of a line feeder and “Bypass isolator
closed conditions” must intertrip the remote CB in remote substation, so
called “direct trip”
 DIST relays communicate with remote end relay to enable change from
time delayed zone 2- trip without AR to instantaneous trip with AR. So
called “permissive trip”. It was already described how this works, pls. refer
to “Aided trip in PUTT”
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 Aided SDEF relays communicate with the remote relay to define a

“through fault” without trip or an “in zone fault” with trip at booth sides, pls.
refer to “Aided SDEF”. This is also called a “permissive trip”
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Protection signaling used in the past “Power Line Carrier” equipment to

exchange signals with remote substation. For safety reasons a simple “1” signal
has to be encoded to a HF- signal and to be sent over the conductor of the OHL
to remote end. At remote end the signal has to be decoded. To introduce the
coded signal to the HV conductor either coupling condensers or capacitive
 - 31 -

voltage transformers (CVTs) are used. To inhibit that the HF signals waste the
complete network, the OHL is closed at booth ends with a “wavetrap”, a 50 Hz
bandpass. The PLC must be powerful enough to push the signal to remote end
also during a lightning stroke interconnecting phase to ground. A broken
conductor- condition usually inhibit the transfer of signals. On double OHLs
things are better: the protection signaling signals of line 1 are crossed over to line
2 and vice versa.

Fiber optic equipment is used today to transmit different signals: analogue

electrical signals (like 0 – 20mA Transducer signals) and all kind of electrical
digital signals, all are “muxed / demuxed” (multiplexed / demultiplexed),
transferred from electrical signals to optical signals and send/received via glass
fibers to/from remote end. Power Utilities networks use “optical ground wires
(OPGW)” to transfer the signals from one substation to the next one.
- 32 -
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15. Generator protection

Preventive measures (electrical)

 Overvoltage. When the machine is running away or when a failure in the
excitation or regulation occurs.
 Thermal overload for failures in the excitation system.
 Negative phase sequence. Usually in two stages, one alarm and one trip
stage. Protect the generator rotor against overheating during unconditional
network conditions.
 Reverse power switches off the generator, when running as a motor.

Preventive measures (others)

 Overspeed
 Vibration
 Thermal sensors in various places
 Loss of lubrication
 Boiler trip

Protective devices against faults

 Generator differential protection. Neutral side CTs are necessary,
identical to network side CTs.
 Block differential protection for large units as backup.
 Stator earth fault. One of the most important devices. Usually a voltage
relay connected to a VT across the neutral resistor. Cover max. 95% of
the stator windings. For a full 100% protection (for large machines) special
devices are necessary.
 Rotor earth fault.
 Loss of excitation

Back up protection
 Underfrequency
 Overfrequency
 Overcurrent (voltage restraint)
 Minimum impedance

16. CT coordination
Usually, the contractor of a new switchgear has to prepare a CT calculation for
each CT core, for identical equipped feeders the worst case has to be applied,
e.g. for OHL the shortest line. Depending on each relay connected to one core,
the requirements of the relay manufacturer have to be fulfilled, to ensure the
 - 34 -

proper function of the relay. Whenever two different relays are connected to one
CT, the worst case has to be applied or a combination of two conditions.
Example: a transformer feeder CT core is used for the differential- and the REF-
protection. The DIFF requests for a DIN/IEC core (like 5P20, 30VA), the high
impedance REF relay requests for a class X CT according to BS. The result of
booth calculations has to be checked with the CT manufacturer for feasibility.
The result may be a very special CT 400/1A, with 5P105, 2.2VA, max. 2.8 Ohms.
The supplier has to calculate with either short circuit currents after 20 years or
simply with the specified SHC level of the equipment (31,5kA for 3s). Estimated
SHC levels have to be confirmed by NEC.

17. ANSI Devices

ANSI Device IEC Remark

No. 60617
12 Overspeed relay ω>
14 Underspeed relay ω<
21 Distance relay Z< DIST
26 Overtemperat. relay θ>
27 Undervoltage relay U< UV
32 Directional overpower relay

37 Underpower relay P<

46 Negative phase sequence relay I2> NPS
47 Neg. phase sequ. voltage relay U2>
49 Thermal relay

50 Instantaneous over- I>> OC inst

current relay
51 Time delayed over- I> OC
current relay
51 Inverse time over- current relay OC IDMT

51G Inverse time earth fault overcurrent EF IDMT

relay
51N Definite time EF overcurrent relay

51V Voltage restraint / controlled

overcurrent relay
 - 35 -

52 Circuit breaker CB
55 Power factor relay cosφ
59 Overvoltage relay U> OV
59N Neutral displacement relay Ursd NDR
64 Earth fault relay Used for REF
64N
67 Directional over- current relay DOC

67N Directional earth fault relay DEF

78 Phase angle relay φ>

79 Autoreclose relay AR

81U Underfrequency relay f< UF

81O Overfrequency relay f> OF
86 Lockout relay LOR
87 Differential relay Id> DIFF

18. Relay types and signals:

LZ96 Distance Relay Indications

3 green LED´s available Relay available

3 green LED´s off MCB F301 tripped
or main DC tripped

TL 96 Indications (Reset with white push button)

„Mode“ Window:
R Red Phase Fault
S Yellow Phase Fault
T Blue Phase Fault
E Earth Fault
2,3 or 4 Fault in Zone 2, 3 or 4
ERR8 BLEX VT MCB tripped

„Value“ Window:
D Trip
B Trip blocked
H Trip with HFR (PLC)
3P Three Pole Trip
 - 36 -

1P Single Pole Trip

RE 93 Indications (Reset with white push button)

„Mode“ Window:
D Trip
H Trip with HFR (PLC)
I Trip of Back Up Protection
F RE93 started (Current Release)
FUSE VT MCB tripped

---------------------------------------------------------

Q´mho Distance Relay Indications

Green LED on Relay available

Green LED off Relay ext. blocked
or MCB F301 tripped
A Trip Red Phase
B Trip Yellow Phase
C Trip Blue Phase
Z2 Trip Zone2
Z3 Trip Zone 3
Aided Trip with HF Receive
SOTF Switch onto Fault
V~fail VT MCB trip in VTC
or VT failure

REx316 (REL316, RET316, REG316) have 16 LEDs for indication:

1 (green): Relay ready

2 (red): General trip
3 (yellow): General Start
4 – 16 (yellow): free programmable incl. latching

Example: New Izergab, feeder E2 to Eid Babiker

REL316

1 Relay ready 9 Dist trip

2 Gen trip 10 VT-S/PSB/Dist.bloc
3 Gen start 11 Backup trip SCU
 - 37 -

4 Dist start L1 12 DTT received

5 Dist start L2 13 AR not ready
6 Dist start L3 14 SDEF trip
7 Dist start E 15 AR close command
8 Higher time steps 16 Test output block

Example: New Izergab, feeder E8 Tr. No.2

RET316

1 Relay ready 9
2 Gen trip 10
3 Gen start 11
4 Diff trip L1 12
5 Diff trip L2 13
6 Diff trip L3 14
7 15
8 Backup trip SCU 16 Test output block

(ALSTOM) AREVA MICOM relay indications

Left hand side four fixed function LED´s:

Trip, Alarm, Out of service, Healthy

Right hand side eight user programmable LED´s: to be programmed with MICOM
S1 SW inside PSL (programmable switching logic)

19. Bay Control Units (BCU)

 Control (and protection) device for one HV feeder

 Replaces conventional control with control switches, interlocking with
contactors, measurements with conventional elements

Conventional BCU
Control of devices (CB, Is, ES) with Choose device on display and operate
 - 38 -

push button or selector switch close or trip command

Interlocking by contactors The SW blocks or releases the devices
Position indication with discrepancy Position visible on SLD (incl.
light disturbances)
Selected measurement with Full range of measurements incl.
transducers and instruments (today phase angles, f, cosφ
with multifunctional meters)
Many pieces within the control may fail Wide range of internal supervision and
without indication, fault clarification different alarms, e.g. “Interlocking
requires for full details of drawings error”, fault clarification requires for
HMI- SW
Supervisory control by LDC: every Datapoints are programmed within
signal (device positions, commands, BCU and transferred to RTU by fiber
measurements) is hardwired to RTU optic or by wires (by BCU
communication card with defined
protocol)

Available within NEC:

REF542 ABB SCUconf V2c02
SCUconf V2c04b
REF542plus ABB SCUconf V4c01c
P139 AREVA T&D MICOM S1
V2.11
7SJ632 Siemens Digsi V4
SEPAM… VATec ?
FCK-801 XJ Electric Corp ?

-----------------------------------------------------

REF542 >40
REF542plus >140
P139 14
7SJ632 11
SEPAM ?
FCK-801 5?

20. Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS)

- 39 -
 - 40 -

21. List of abbreviations

Abbreviation Explanation
 - 41 -

2W Two winding (transformer)

3W Three winding (transformer)
AR Autorecloser
BBP Busbar protection
BCU Bay control unit
BFP Breaker failure protection
BH Buchholz
BS British Standard
CB Circuit breaker
CT Current transformer
CVT Capacitive voltage transformer
DEF Directional earth fault protection relay
DIFF Differential protection relay
DIST Distance protection relay
DOC Directional overcurrent protection relay
DOC/DEF Directional overcurrent and earth fault protection relay
DTT Direct transfer trip
EF Earth fault protection relay
EI Extremely inverse (IDMT characteristic)
H = HV High voltage side (of a transformer), highest voltage level
HI High impedance
HV High voltage side (of a transformer), highest voltage level
IDMT Inverse definite minimum time (-lag relay)
L = MV Low voltage side (of a transformer), medium voltage level
LI Low impedance
LOR Lockout relay
LT Long time inverse (IDMT characteristic)
LV Third voltage side (of a transformer), lowest voltage level
MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker
MV Second voltage side (of a transformer), medium voltage level
N Neutral
OC Overcurrent protection relay
OCEF Overcurrent and earth fault protection relay
OHL Overhead line
OL Oil level
OT Oil temperature
OV Overvoltage protection relay
PDMS Protection data management system
PLC Power line carrier
PRD Pressure relief device
PSB Power swing blocking relay
PW Pilot wire protection relay
REF Restricted earth fault protection relay
RTU Remote terminal unit
SBEF Stand by earth fault protection relay

/conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/838645210.doc
 - 42 -

SC Synchrocheck
SDEF Sensitive directional earth fault
SI Standard inverse (IDMT characteristic)
SOTF Switch on to fault (→ DIST)
T = LV Tertiary voltage side (of a transformer), lowest voltage level
TCS Trip circuit supervision
TMS Time multiplier setting (IDMT characteristic)
UV Undervoltage protection relay
VDR Voltage dependent resistor
VI Very inverse (IDMT characteristic)
VT Voltage Transformer
WT Winding temperature

/conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/838645210.doc