J. Electrical Systems 20-10 (2024): 7731-7738 " Rohit P Pati Innovative Machine Learning 2 Kamalakar R.Desai | Approaches for Prediction of G3 Weather Parameters =] ‘Erecircal ‘Systems Abstract: - Machine Leeming (MD) has experienced sonificant growth in research n recent decades. Anticipated i substantial impact ofthis technology on many facets ofmmen exitence. ML has revolutionized oar intrectons with the world, pacing industries ‘ranging fom healthcare to commerce, and ffom entertainment to trensporation, Researchers are coming yp with new algoritims and ‘techniques to deal with complex ses, which mean that Mian sees tool in todays technological landscape. Ae ML develops, applications ae projected to grow further leading o innovations and improved efficiency across various domains. This paper Jook into recent andtelevant seisatific aisle on ML approaches for weather vanables analysis and mamencal weather prediction As meteorological data fhom several decades is reconded, we can predict wind sped, pressure, precipitation and temperature that se common staied metsorologicl paemeters by uhlizing ML techniques such ar Deep Laaming, Rendom Forest, Arfcal Neutal ‘Networks, Support Vector Machine tc. Tis i eracal for improving the accuracy and dependability of weather forecast. As it hasbeen ound an Ieee review the diversity end complonity of metsorology deta seas that thts is no any single ME. technique which serves alprameters hence diferent methods shouldbe used to make accra analysis and predictions. This demonstrates the ality and xiii ‘of ML ast tackles various problems thas making i key tol in modem sveattc suds an technological developaneat. Keywords: Weather Forecast, Machine Learning, Weather Parameters, Neural Networks, Numerical Weather Prediction, Predictive Modeling, Artificial Intelligence in Meteorology, Meteorological Data Analysis, Deep Learning, ‘Climate Prediction I. INTRODUCTION ‘Weather prediction is gaining popularity very rapidly in the current era of Artificial Intelligence and “Technologies. Making accurate and effective weather forecasts has been one of the important isues in human history. Its importance is further increased by its direct impact on economic areas such as agriculture and ‘tourism, and its effects on saving people's lives by predicting high-level weather disasters [7] ‘Over the most recent decade, machine learning has been introduced and implemented in atmospheric science. With the support of the relative predictors and accessible data, weather information is calculated by ‘machine learning. A large percentage of the weather forecasts we see today come from some of the world’s ‘most powerfll computers [15]. Producing weather forecasts such as temperature, wind, rain tc. requires these supercomputers to undergo millions of calculations using mathematical equations that describe the physical processes governing the atmosphere and produce results. The development speed is a combination of speed and accuracy, even in modem computers. ‘The future of predicting weather may take an entirely different approach with new technologies like ‘machine learning and artificial intelligence, ML techniques can discover and exploit nonlinear relationships between variables without requiring explicit analytical treatment, by analyzing large quantities of unstructured ‘and heterogeneous data [3]. Through this feature they facilitate more accurate forecasts. ‘This paper aims at providing a broad review on machine learning methods for analyzing and predicting weather parameters. We will explain how commonly analyzed meteorological parameters such as ‘wind speed [19], pressure [9][21], precipitation [1][4][9], and temperature (14][7] are being predicted via ML ‘techniques such as Deep Learning, Random Forest, Artificial Neural Neworks, and Support Vector Machines. This section will also discuss the advantages and limitations of different ML. methods for various instances thereby calling for multifaceted approaches in ML design. Although outlining a number of concems conceming the current stream of research in this paper, their purpose is to contribute to the reinforcement of the reasons for applying machine learning to meteorology. “Therefore, itis formally stated that this academic paper is relevant to the existing scholarly research to this important field, as it provides information that will be helpful when conducting subsequent research and 2 scorresponding author: Research scholar ERTC Engg, DoT, Shiva University, Kolhapur 2 Professor, Flectonics and Telecommmunication Enginecting, Bharat Vidyapeeth’ Collegeof Frgineering, Kolhapur Copyright © JES 2024 entine: ourralesrgroups.0%8 734J. Electrical Systems 20-10 (2024): 7731-7738 implementing the findings emerging from researching the matter under discussion. The forure and challenges for the advancement of the knowledge included within this area will also be highlighted. Some challenges inchide; procuring accurate raw data that is in large volume, computational cost of the model and transferability Of the models from one geographical area to another with different weather conditions [6]. Since weather forecast contributes significantly in the chosen subject, the upcoming studies will perhaps focus the issues cconceming the stability of models, the utilization of real-time data and the topic of the explainability of the applied ML models. TL Liveratrur Review In the domain of data science, machine leaming has come to be known as an important field tht contains various ways that support in uncarthing insights from complex datasets, Different ways to look at ‘machine leaming are supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, reinforcement learning, deep learning, artificial neural networks, ensemble learning and statistical methods, Supervised training isa training technique in which models are given data that contain labels and such type of data is used in the exercises of regression and classification s0 as to predict values that are of a continuous or category nature, On the other hand, unsupervised learning is concemed with finding pattems in ‘the data that is not classified or pre-labeled, and these include; clustering and dimensionality reduction. Semi- supervised systems combine both labelled and unlabelled data in improving model performance whereas on the other hand reinforcement leaming focuses on the interactions between an agent and environment to ‘maximize rewards Deep learning is driving ML innovations by making use of neural networks having multiple layers allowing intricate modeling of relationships in data especially when it comes to image analysis ot sequence recognition. Deep learning uses this for tackling several issues regarding regression as well as classification ‘through Artificial Neural Networks which mimic biological neuron processes. In addition, another approach known as ensemble learning where a number of models are built and results from the models combined to improve the performance of the model has also shown effectiveness. Finally, basic statistical methods remain relevant in the machine learning environment to this day and can become the basis for many modern approaches. Consequently, the following review intends to discuss these basic types with regards fo their uses and importance in the field of machine learning. Fig. 1: Fundamental Classification of Machine Leaming A. Prediction Based on Supervised Learning ‘Wanie M. Ridwan et al. [1] This paper focuses on two methods; (1) Forecasting rainfall using Autocorrelation Function (ACF) based on the historical rainfall data and (2) Forecasting rainfall using Projected Error based on historical and projected rainfall data. The results show coefficient between 0.5 and 0.9 with the highest of each scenario for daily (0.9739693), weekly (0.989461), 10-days (0.9894429) and ‘monthly (0.998085), ‘Qingzhi Zhao eta. [4] in this paper authors developed the Hourly Rainfall Forecast (HRF) mode! based on the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. In this study, the GNSS satellite derived Precipitable water vapor (PWV) and meteorological data are used as input parameters. Average root-mean-square error (RMSE) and relative RMSE of the proposed HRF mode! are 1.36/1.39 mm/h and 1,00/0.67, respectively. 7732J. Electrical Systems 20-10 (2024): 7731-7738 Hiyam A et al. [9] In this paper, authors have used multiple linear regression model to prediet the rate of precipitation (i2., rainfall rate) for Khartoum state, based on some weather parameters taken as the independent variables Those weather parameters are the mean temperature, maximum temperature, minimam ‘temperature, Dew point, sea level pressure, station pressure, mean visibility and wind speed. The average of ‘the mean square error between the actual and predicted value during training and testing phase was calculated. It has been found to be 85% when the amount of test data equals the amount of training data, and 59% when more test data is used, ‘Yaseen Essa et al, [2] used the obtained dataset to predict the number of lightnings for the three-hour interval for the territory of South Adica. Some of the areas of research pointed out that the effectiveness of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model is higher than Auto Regression (AR) and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models depending on the defined Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values. The performance of the two models was almost similar according to the MAPE values that were obtained as 15,312 for the AR model while 15,080 for the ARIMA model. The RMSE values were 8579 and 8301 respectively. The LSTM model had MAPE and RMSE values of 3705 and. (9426, indicating it had outperformed AR and ARIMA considerably. ‘Ma. Arif Rizvee et al. [7] This paper investigates the machine leaming-based weather forecasting ‘model for the north-western part of Bangladesh to enhance the accuracy of forecasting results in short periods using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Extreme Machine Leaming (ELM) model performs better thaa Anficial Neural Network and the accuracy rate is 95%. Pradeep Hewage et al. [12] In this article, authors introduced a novel lightweight data-driven weather forecasting model by exploring temporal modelling approaches of long short-term memory (LSTM) and ‘temporal convolutional networks (TCN) and compare its performance with the existing classical machine learning approaches. Their experiment shows that the proposed lightweight model produces better results ‘compared to the well-known and complex Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, demonstrating its potential for efficient and accurate weather forecasting up to 12 h Shilpa Hudnurkar et al, [14] in this paper authors used ANN predict the day ahead maximum ‘temperature to study the effect of various parameters on the forecasts in an attempt to come up with an ‘optimized modal for temperature forecasting. It is found that the developed model, using only one input parameter, exhibits better results than models using even up to eleven inputs parameters and these results are ‘validated for forecasting of temperature of different years. Pengwei Du et al. [17] this paper preseats an ensemble machine learning-based method to forecast ‘wind power production, which uses both the wind generation forecasted by a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model and the meteorological observation data from weather stations. Three machine leami algorithms (artificial neural network, support vector regression, Gaussian process) are proposed to synthesize the meteorological data and the prediction from NWP. An ensemble forecast is then created by blending the results derived from three algorithms through a Bayesian model average. N. Sravanthi et al. [8] Ensemble approaches use different learning algorithms to achieve better predictive efficiency. Their proposed system is trained to include the approaches such as lincar regression, bayes classifier, support vector machine and decision trees. In this the bagging, boosting, decision tree, random. forest and stacking algorithms are used to predict the efficient accuracy. Their proposed research work has developed a model for weather prediction that can be utilized to provide better performance without much additional cost and also prediction variance can be reduced Li Diao et al. [16] based on the datasets of Beijing Meteorological Administration, a short-term ‘westher forecasting model based on wavelet denoising and Catboost is proposed. The correlation-heatmap, recursive feature elimination and tree models are combined for feature selections. The test results demonstrate ‘that the proposed model can achieve shorter convergence time and higher accuracy comparing with many deep learning or machine learning methods such as LSTM, Seq2Seq and Random Forest (RF). 7733J. Electrical Systems 20-10 (2024): 7731-7738 ‘Xiaoyan Shao et al. [21] report the development of a machine-learning based multi-model blending approach for statistically combing multiple meteorological models to improve the accuracy of solar power forecasting. The system leverages upon multiple existing physical models for prediction including numerous ‘atmospheric and cloud prediction models based on satellite imagery as well as numerical weather prediction (NWP) products. B. Based on Unsupervised Learning ‘Menglin Li et al. [19] This paper proposes a wind power probabilistic forecasting (WPPF) method by correcting the wind forecasting (WF) obtained from the weather research and forecasting (WRF) simulation Short term wind power forecasting highly depends on the aumerical weather prediction (NWP), wind forecasting especially, which contributes the most error of the predicted wind power. This method is based on the WRF, it frst analyses the performance on wind forecasting and the relationship between the predicted wind and the observed one. Second, the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) ameliorated by the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is introduced to extract the association of the predicted wind and forecasting error Steven Dewitte et al. [3] authors used new Deep Learning (DL) techniques as enhancements to ‘taditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Methods like NWP, Artificial Intelligence (AD) which are used for (1) a reduction of human development effort, (2) 2 more efficient use of computing resources and (3) an increased forecast quality ‘Mohammad Hossain ct al. [10] In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to exploit the time series processing qualities of LSTM Nural Networks along with the proposed synthetic irradiance forecast to predict Photovoltaic (PV) power generation, It is shown that using this synthetic radiance forecast can achieve up to 33% improvement in accuracy in comparison to that when the hourly type of sky forecast is used, and up to 44.6% in comparison to that when the daily type of sky forecast is used Orlando Micolini etal. [13] this paper addresses the analysis of the influence of these variables on rain condition in order to complement the WRF model precipitation forecast, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), used in the field of image processing, were applied to develop a machine learning model that takes the data generated by the WRF model as an input and capture the relationship with measured precipitation data, ‘This process resulted in two models that achieved a rain prediction with an accuracy of about 80%. T.G. Preduna et al. [20] in this article, author present the eapabilities, advantages and shortcomings of neural networks in the context of weather prediction. The tools consist of open source machine learning libraries, frcely available data and two off the shelf computers for all the experiments, in order to show that ‘weather forecasting can be done in a cost-efficient manner. C. Other methods Guillaume Roussel et al, [5] Authors has set optimal cloud index binarization thresholds for several climate types, and then show that this short-term cloud forecasting method was the most pertinent choice for a short-term Earth observation satellite planning process. Methods used Cloud motion vector extraction extrapolation and now casting satellite application facilities. ‘Nilay S. Kapadia etal. [11] Author’s uses advent of new satellite imaging technologies which made satellite images more accessible. These images can be wilized for weather predictions. This work proposes a simple approach for weather prediction that relics on satellite images and segmentation results are provided ‘quickly and with potentially enough accuracy to be integrated into a complete automated weather interpretation system or for cloud cover estimation. 7734