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Radioactivity

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14 views

Radioactivity

Uploaded by

shaikhsaiphun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 18

a series by INVISIBLE MECHANICS

(i) Radius of nucleus


It is proportional to the cube root of the mass number of element.
1/3
R = R0 x A

where,
A = mass number,
R = radius of nucleus
-13
R0= proportionality constant = 1.4 x 10 m
1. Neutron-proton Ratio or n/p Ratio
It is the main factor for determining the stability of nucleus. The nuclei
located in the zone of stability or belt of stability are stable.

Nuclei lying above this zone, have higher n/p ratio


and undergo b-emission to get the zone of stability.

Nuclei lying below this zone, have low n/p ratio and
undergo positron emission or K-electron capture, to
get the zone of stability.
K-electron capture
During K-electron capture, p is converted into n 0 and X-rays are emitted.
e.g
55 0 55
Fe + e 25
Mn
26 -1

2. Magic Numbers
Nuclei having 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126 protons or neutrons are stable,
hence these numbers are called magic numbers. Nuclei with even numbers
of both proton and neutron are generally more stable than those with their
odd numbers.
In these reactions, the nuclei of atoms interact with other nuclei or
elementary particles such as α,β,etc. and results in the formation of a new
nucleus and one or more elementary particles.
Example
9 4 12 1
4
Be + 2
He 6
C + 0
n
α-particle neutron

9 12
is represented as 4
Be (α,n) 6
C
All Radioactive decays are first order reactions.

N0 λ= decay constant
λt=2.303log
Nt N0 =Initial nuclei
N t= Nuclei at 't'

A t = rate of decay
Activity = A t =
Nt =λN
t

t 1/2 = 0.693
λ
2
He particles at high velocity
4 Z-2
Z
A
X A-4
Y + α

PURPOSE:
To decrease size of large nuclei
0
-1
e particles at high velocity
Z Z+1
0
A
X A
Y + -1
e

PURPOSE:
To decrease n/p ratio
Nuclear change in β-decay:
1 1
0
0
n 1
P + -1
e
Photons from excited nuclei after α or β decay
No change in n/p ratio
High energy gamma radiation
t
Mean life = avg = 1
λ
Those nucleus which have low value of of n/p ratio
(lie below the stability belt) undergoes positron decay.
0
p n + +1
β
Electron capture can occur when ever the mass of
original neutral atom is larger than that of final atom.
Those nucleus having low n/p ratio can capture K shell
electron.
X-rays are emitted during the process.
Z Z-1
0
A
X + -1 e A
Y

p + e n
t=o N=N0
t=t N=N0 - x - y

λ eff = λ1 + λ2

λ has no dependence on Temperature

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