GROUP 1 Refuse - nonhazardous solid waste that

requires collection and transport to a

GREENHOUSE EFFECT - is the process processing or disposal site.
through which heat is trapped near Earth's
surface Trash generally encompasses non-
perishable waste that cannot be composted
Greenhouse gases consist of : or recycled easily.
1. carbon dioxide
GROUP 2
2. methane
3. ozone I. Sustainable Waste Management
4. nitrous oxide
5. chlorofluorocarbons  Core Principles:
6. water vapor. o Minimizes waste generation
o Enhances resource recovery
Water vapor, which reacts to temperature
o Focuses on public safety,
changes, is referred to as a 'feedback'
economic feasibility, and
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - a greenhouse gas, environmental protection
absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation,  Key Aspects:
trapping heat in the atmosphere and o Public Safety:
contributing to global warming.  Proper landfill site
selection
Methane (CH4) - is a potent greenhouse  Minimizing health
gas that absorbs and re-emits infrared risks
radiation, contributing significantly to global  Safe waste
warming, particularly in the short term. transportation and
handling
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) - is a potent o Economic Feasibility:
greenhouse gas with a high global warming  Cost-effective
potential, contributing significantly to solutions
climate change, primarily through  Balanced operational
agricultural and industrial activities. costs
 Long-term financial
Fluorinated Gases - are potent greenhouse benefits
gases, often thousands of times more o Environmental Protection:
powerful than carbon dioxide, contributing  Pollution reduction
significantly to global warming, particularly  Resource
due to their long atmospheric lifetimes and conservation
high heat-trapping capacity.  Environmental impact
assessment
Garbage is mostly decomposable food  Innovative Practices:
wastes which are highly putrescible. o Low- and medium-
technology solutions
Rubbish also means worthless, useless and
o Community participation
unwanted matter that is to be disposed of. o Supportive policies
II. Landfill Site Selection  Medium-Technology: Practical
solutions with moderate investment
 Key Factors:
o Proximity to built-up areas
o Topography
GROUP 3
o Soil properties
o Hydrology
I. Remediation Techniques
o Geology
o Wind direction
- Methods to clean up contaminated
o Climate
environments (soil, water).
o Transportation access
o Proximity to resources
 Key Techniques:
o Phytoremediation: Using
III. Resource Conservation Methods plants to absorb/degrade
pollutants.
 Low-Technology:  Effective for:
o Composting
o Manual recycling Heavy metals
 Medium-Technology: pesticides
o Biogas generation organic pollutants.
o Mechanical sorting

IV. Waste Management Techniques  Advantages: Cost-

effective,
 Landfills: environmentally
o Waste burial friendly.
o Environmental isolation
o Risk management
 Composting:
o Organic waste recycling o Bioremediation: Using
o Soil amendment creation microorganisms to break
 Manual Recycling: down pollutants.
o Hand-sorting recyclables  Can be applied in situ
o Material reuse/sale (on-site) or ex situ
 Biogas Generation: (off-site).
o Anaerobic digestion  Suitable for: Oil
o Renewable energy production spills, sewage
 Material Recovery Facilities treatment, industrial
(MRFs): waste.
o Mixed waste sorting and o Vapor Extraction:
processing Removing volatile
o Efficient waste processing contaminants from
soil/groundwater using
V. Technology Levels vacuum systems.

 Low-Technology: Limited resources

  Often used in  Key Aspects:
conjunction with o Government Regulations:
other methods. Establish legal requirements
 Importance of Remediation: for waste management,
o Protect Human Health: ensure public
Reduces exposure to health/environmental
hazardous substances, protection.
prevents health issues. o Waste Characterization:
o Preserve Natural Identifying waste properties
Resources: Restores and composition for proper
contaminated land/water, disposal.
enhances biodiversity. o Waste Generator
o Support Sustainable Knowledge: Understanding
Development: Promotes responsibilities related to
responsible resource use, waste generation, accurate
minimizes environmental reporting/documentation.
impact.
IV. Hazardous Waste
II. Waste Management Steps
- Waste materials posing significant threats
- Series of steps to handle waste effectively. to public health/environment.

 Key Steps:  Characteristics:

o Identification: Recognize o Toxicity: Harmful to
different waste types humans/animals.
(hazardous, non-hazardous), o Ignitability: Easily catches
assess characteristics/risks. fire.
o Separation: Sort waste into o Reactivity: Unstable, reacts
appropriate categories violently.
(recyclables, organics, o Corrosivity: Corrodes
general waste). metals/damages tissue.
o Disposal: Choose suitable  Waste Identification: Determining
disposal methods (landfilling, if a waste is hazardous based on its
incineration, recycling). characteristics.
o Documentation: Maintain
records of waste generation, V. Removal Techniques
handling, and disposal.
- Methods to eliminate or relocate
III. Regulatory Guidance materials/contaminants.

- Frameworks and recommendations to  Key Techniques:

ensure compliance with environmental o Excavation: Digging out
regulations. soil, rock, etc.
o Dismantling: Taking apart
structures/equipment.
 o Containment: Enclosing  Emphasis on legal and regulatory
hazardous materials to compliance.
prevent spread.  Involvement of all levels of the
organization.
GROUP 4  Implementation Steps:
1. Initial environmental review.
Core Concepts
2. Environmental policy development.
- A structured framework for managing an 3. Objective and target setting.
organization's environmental impacts. 4. Action plan development.
5. Training and awareness programs.
o Involves planning, implementing, 6. Monitoring and measurement.
monitoring, reviewing, and improving 7. Audits and reviews.
environmental performance.
III. Implementation Challenges
 Benefits:
 Time Consumption: Lengthy processes,
 Cost savings (waste reduction, resource
project delays.
efficiency)  Cost: Financial constraints, budget
 Regulatory compliance overruns.
 Environmental protection (pollution  Employee Resistance: Fear of change,
prevention, resource conservation) lack of understanding.
 Sustainable growth (innovation,  Complexity: Complicated procedures,
stakeholder trust) confusion.
 Paperwork: Excessive documentation,
 Operational efficiency (streamlined
inefficiency.
processes, improved employee
GROUP 5
awareness)
 Historical Context: Impact Assessment
o Emerged in response to growing
environmental concerns in the late 20th  Key Concepts:
century. o Systematic evaluation of
o Influenced by environmental legislation and project/policy effects on
the rise of corporate social responsibility. environment, society, and
o ISO 14001 played a pivotal role in economy.
standardizing EMS practices. o Baseline data crucial for pre-
and post-implementation
comparison.
ISO 14001
o Impact analysis involves both
- International standard for EMS. quantitative and qualitative
o Provides a framework for organizations to methods.
establish, implement, maintain, and o Significance assessment
continually improve their environmental prioritizes impacts based on
performance.1 magnitude and likelihood.
 Key Features: o Understand the distinction
 Focus on continuous improvement. between direct and indirect
 Integration with other management effects.
systems.
II. Public Participation  Key Concepts:
o Systematic approach to
 Key Concepts: evaluating environmental
o Involves community input, impacts of proposed projects.
public involvement, and o Eight key steps: screening,
iterative feedback. scoping, impact analysis,
o Aims to ensure diverse mitigation, reporting, review,
perspectives are considered decision-making, monitoring.
in decision-making. o Importance: identifies
o Methods include workshops, potential impacts early,
forums, surveys, and written promotes sustainable
submissions. development, enhances
o Emphasizes continuous transparency.
engagement and response. o Emphasizes public
participation and legal
III. Mitigation Measures compliance.

 Key Concepts: GROUP 6

o Strategies to reduce the
severity of adverse events. I. Understanding of Environmental
o Hierarchy of mitigation: Compliance
avoidance, minimization,
compensation.  Basic Concepts:
o Involves management plan o Define and differentiate
development, monitoring between ECPs, ECAs, ECC,
programs, and stakeholder and CNC.
engagement. o Explain the purpose of EIA
and its key stages.
IV. Monitoring and Compliance o Identify the roles of key
government agencies
 Key Concepts: (DENR-EMB, MENRE, EIA
o Systematic processes to Review Committee).
ensure adherence to  Project Categorization:
regulations. o Classify projects into
o Involves monitoring categories A, B, C, and D
programs, compliance audits, based on their potential
and public reporting. environmental impact.
o Adaptive management o Determine the necessary
adjusts strategies based on environmental compliance
monitoring results. requirements for each
category (e.g., ECC, CNC, no
V. Environmental Assessment Process permit required).
(EAP)  Application Procedures:
o Outline the general steps in
the application process for an
ECC.
 o Explain the significance of a V. Legal and Regulatory Framework
Letter of Request and
Authorization from the LGU.  Knowledge of Environmental
o Describe the importance of Laws:
project description and o Test understanding of key
environmental monitoring. environmental laws and
regulations (e.g., Philippine
III. Critical Thinking and Problem- Environmental Code, other
Solving relevant legislation).
o Analyze how these laws
 Ethical Considerations: apply to specific project
o Present ethical dilemmas scenarios.
related to environmental
compliance (e.g., balancing GROUP 7
economic development with
environmental protection). Mitigation Strategies
o Ask the test taker to analyze
the situation and propose  Goal: Reduce or prevent greenhouse
solutions that address both gas emissions and pollution.
environmental and social  Key Approaches:
concerns. o Protective Coatings:
 Policy Analysis:  Shield surfaces from
o Evaluate the effectiveness of environmental
existing environmental laws damage.
and regulations.  Enhance material
o Suggest potential lifespan by reducing
improvements to the corrosion and wear.
environmental compliance  Minimize release of
system. harmful substances.
o Emissions Reduction:
IV. Communication and Documentation  Transition to
renewable energy
 Report Writing: sources.
o Assess the ability to write  Improve energy
clear and concise reports on efficiency.
environmental impact  Promote cleaner
assessments or project transportation and
proposals. industrial processes.
o Evaluate the quality of data o Sustainable Practices:
presentation and analysis.  Resource
 Technical Writing: conservation
o Assess the ability to write (recycling, waste
technical documents such as reduction).
Letters of Request or project  Responsible
descriptions. consumption.
  Protect biodiversity o Corrosion: Electrochemical
and natural degradation of metals.
ecosystems. o Erosion: Wearing away of
material surfaces.
II. Environmental Factors o Biodeterioration:
Decomposition by biological
 Influence: Shape living organisms agents.
and ecosystems. o Weakening: Loss of strength
 Key Factors: and structural integrity.
o Moisture: Affects plant o Fading/Discoloration:
growth, water availability, Changes in color due to light,
and ecosystem types. heat, or chemicals.
o Temperature Variations:
Determines climate zones, V. Air Pollution
impacts metabolism, and
influences  Presence of harmful substances in
breeding/migration. the atmosphere.
o Sunlight Exposure:  Sources:
Essential for photosynthesis, o Industrial emissions,
affects energy flow, and o vehicle exhaust,
influences animal behavior. o agriculture,
o residential activities,
III. Pollutant Mechanisms o natural sources.
 Pollutant Types:
 How pollutants interact with the o PM10,
environment. o PM2.5,
 Key Mechanisms: o NO2,
o Corrosion: Material o SO2,
deterioration due to chemical o CO,
reactions (moisture, o O3,
temperature, chemicals). o VOCs.
o Erosion: Soil and rock  Health Impacts:
removal by wind, water, or o Respiratory diseases,
other forces (accelerated by o cardiovascular problems,
human activities). o neurological effects,
o Photochemical Reactions:
o premature death.
Chemical reactions triggered  Economic Impacts:
by light, leading to secondary o Increased healthcare costs,
pollutants (ozone, smog). o productivity loss,
o ecosystem damage.
IV. Material Deterioration
 Severe Episodes:
o Historical smog events,
 Degradation of materials over
o recent air quality crises.
time.
 Key Types:
Testing Focus:

 Understanding of concepts:
Mitigation strategies, environmental
factors, pollutant mechanisms,
material deterioration, air pollution.
 Application of knowledge:
Identifying and explaining
relationships between concepts (e.g.,
how environmental factors influence
material deterioration).
 Analysis and evaluation:
Evaluating the effectiveness of
different mitigation strategies.
 Problem-solving: Applying
knowledge to analyze real-world
pollution scenarios.