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EE05464Notes-10

PDC NOTE 10

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Sanapala RAJENDRA PRASAD
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7 views

EE05464Notes-10

PDC NOTE 10

Uploaded by

Sanapala RAJENDRA PRASAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLOSEDLOOP OPEREATION OF A DC MOTOR

The thyristor d.c. drive remains an important speed-controlled industrial


drive, especially where the higher maintenance cost associated with
the d.c. motor brushes (c.f. induction motor) is tolerable. The controlled
(thyristor) rectiWer provides a low-impedance adjustable ‘d.c.’ voltage
for the motor armature, thereby providing speed control.
Until the 1960s, the only really satisfactory way of obtaining the
variable-voltage d.c. supply needed for speed control of an industrial
d.c. motor was to generate it with a d.c. generator. The generator was
driven at Wxed speed by an induction motor, and the Weld of the generator
was varied in order to vary the generated voltage. The motor/generator
(MG) set could be sited remote from the d.c. motor, and multi-drive sites
(e.g. steelworks) would have large rooms full of MG sets, one for each
variable-speed motor on the plant. Three machines (all of the same power
rating) were required for each of these ‘Ward Leonard’ drives, which was
good business for the motor manufacturer. For a brief period in the 1950s
they were superseded by grid-controlled mercury arc rectiWers, but these
were soon replaced by thyristor converters which oVered cheaper Wrst
cost, higher eYciency (typically over 95%), smaller size, reduced maintenance,
and faster response to changes in set speed. The disadvantages of
rectiWed supplies are that the waveforms are not pure d.c., that the
overload capacity of the converter is very limited, and that a single
converter is not capable of regeneration.
Though no longer pre-eminent, study of the d.c. drive is valuable for
several reasons:
. The structure and operation of the d.c. drive are reXected in almost all
other drives, and lessons learned from the study of the d.c. drive

. The d.c. drive tends to remain the yardstick by which other drives are
judged.
. Under constant-Xux conditions the behaviour is governed by a relatively
simple set of linear equations, so predicting both steady-state
and transient behaviour is not diYcult. When we turn to the successors
of the d.c. drive, notably the induction motor drive, we will Wnd
that things are much more complex, and that in order to overcome the
poor transient behaviour, the strategies adopted are based on emulating
the d.c. drive.
The Wrst and major part of this chapter is devoted to thyristor-fed drives,
after which we will look brieXy at chopper-fed drives that are used
mainly in medium and small sizes, and Wnally turn attention to small
servo-type drives.

THYRISTOR D.C. DRIVES – THEOORY


For motors up to a few kilowatts the armature converter can be
supplied from either single-phase or three-phase mains, but for larger
motors three-phase is always used. A separate thyristor or diode
rectiWer is used to supply the Weld of the motor: the power is much less
than the armature power, so the supply is often single-phase, as shown
in Figure
The arrangement shown in Figure is typical of the majority of d.c.
drives and provides for closed-loop speed control. The function of the
two control loops will be explored later, but readers who are not familiar
with the basics of feedback and closed-loop systems may Wnd it helpful
to read through the Appendix at this point.
The main power circuit consists of a six-thyristor bridge circuit (as
discussed in Chapter 2), which rectiWes the incoming a.c. supply to
produce a d.c. supply to the motor armature. The assembly of thyristors,
mounted on a heatsink, is usually referred to as the ‘stack’. By altering
the Wring angle of the thyristors the mean value of the rectiWed voltage
can be varied, thereby allowing the motor speed to be controlled.
We saw in Chapter 2 that the controlled rectiWer produces a crude
form of d.c. with a pronounced ripple in the output voltage. This ripple
component gives rise to pulsating currents and Xuxes in the motor, and
in order to avoid excessive eddy-current losses and commutation problems,
the poles and frame should be of laminated construction. It is
accepted practice for motors supplied for use with thyristor drives to
have laminated construction, but older motors often have solid poles
and/or frames, and these will not always work satisfactorily with a
rectiWer supply. It is also the norm for drive motors to be supplied
with an attached ‘blower’ motor as standard. This provides continuous
through ventilation and allows the motor to operate continuously at full
torque even down to the lowest speeds without overheating.
Low power control circuits are used to monitor the principal variables
of interest (usually motor current and speed), and to generate appropriate
Wring pulses so that the motor maintains constant speed despite

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