final project

Submitted to: Professor Dr.Attiya Haider.

Date of submission: 2 December 2024.
Submitted by:
Aliza Asif (F24BPSY006)
Eman Bukhari (F24BPSY001)
Rabab Hassan Jawa (F24BBAM043)
Aimen Khurshid (W20BECO019)
Aylia Fatima (F24BBAM038)
Topic: Shiraz the cultural capital of Iran.
 Shiraz the cultural capital of Iran.

History of Shiraz
Pre-Islamic times
Shiraz is founded in Pars Province, a central area for Persian civilisation. The earliest
reference to Shiraz is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BC, found in June 1970 during
digging for the construction of a brick kiln in the southwest corner of the city. The tablets,
written in ancient Elamite, name a city called Terzis. Phonetically, this is interpreted as tiracis
or ciracis. This name became Old Persian sirajis through regular sound change comes the
modern Persian name Shiraz. The name Shiraz also appears on clay sealings found at Qasr-i
Abu Nasr, a Sassanid ruin, east of the city, (2nd century AD). As early as the 11th century
several hundred thousand people inhabited Shiraz. Its size has decreased through the ages.
Cuneiform records from Persepolis show that Shiraz was a significant township
in Achaemenid times.
There is mention of a city at Shiraz during the Sassanid era, (2nd to 6th century AD) in the
10th century geographical treatise Hudud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maghrib, which
reports the existence of two fire temples and a fortress called "Shahmobad". In the 14th
century the Nozhat ol-Qolub of Hamdollah Mostowfi confirmed the existence of pre-Islamic
settlements in Shiraz.
Islamic period
The city became a provincial capital in 693, after the Arabs conquered Istakhr, the
nearby Sassanian capital. As Istakhr fell into decline, Shiraz grew in importance under the
Arabs and several local dynasties. The Buwayhid dynasty (945 - 1055) made it their capital,
building mosques, palaces, a library and an extended city wall.

The city was spared destruction by the invading Mongols when its local ruler offered tributes
and submission to Genghis Khan. Shiraz was again spared by Tamerlane when in 1382 the
local monarch, Shah Shoja agreed to submit to the invader. In the 13th century, Shiraz
became a leading center of the arts and letters, thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and
the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. For this reason, the city was named by
classical geographers Dar al-Elm, the House of Knowledge. Among the important Iranian
poets, mystics and philosophers born in Shiraz were the poets Sadi and Hafiz the mystic
Roozbehan and the philosopher Mulla Sadra.

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 Figure: Bazar of Shiraz as seen by Jane Dieulafoy in 1881

As early as the 11th century, several hundred thousand people inhabited Shiraz. In the 14th
century Shiraz had sixty thousand inhabitants. During the 16th century it had a population of
200,000 people, which by the mid-18th century had decreased to only 50,000.
In 1504 Shiraz was captured by the forces of Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.
Throughout the Safavid empire (1501-1722) Shiraz remained a provincial capital and Emam
Qoli Khan, the governor of Fars under Shah Abbas I, constructed many palaces and ornate
buildings in the same style as those built in the same period in Isfahan, the capital of the
Empire. After the fall of the Safavids, Shiraz suffered a period of decline, worsened by the
raids of the Afghans and the rebellion of its governor against Nader Shah; the latter sent
troops to suppress the revolt. The city was besieged for many months and eventually sacked.
At the time of Nader Shah's murder in 1747 most of the historical buildings of the city were
damaged or ruined, and its population fell to 50,000, a quarter of that of the 16th century.[3]
Shiraz soon returned to prosperity under the enlightened rule of Karim Khan Zand who made
it his capital in 1762. Employing more than 12,000 workers he constructed a royal district
with a fortress, many administrative buildings, a mosque and one of the finest covered
bazaars in Iran. He had a moat built around the city, constructed an irrigation and drainage
system, and rebuilt the city walls. However, Karim Khan's heirs failed to secure his gains.
When Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Qajar dynasty, eventually came to power,
he wreaked his revenge on Shiraz by destroying the city fortification and moving the national
capital to Sari. Although lowered to the rank of provincial capital, Shiraz maintained a level
of prosperity as a result of the continuing importance of the trade route to the Persian Gulf
and its governorship was a royal prerogative throughout the Qajar dynasty. many of the
famous gardens, buildings and residences built during the nineteenth century, contribute to
the actual outlook of the city.

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 Fig: Eram Garden

Shiraz is the birthplace of the founder of the short-lived Babi movement, the Bab (Sayyid
`Ali-Muhammad Shirazi, 1819-1850). In this city, on the evening of 22 May 1844, he began
discussions that led to his claiming to be an interpreter of the Qur'an, the first of several
progressive claims between then and 1849. Since the Báb is considered a 'forerunner' of
the Bahai Faith, Shiraz is a holy city for Bahais, where the Báb's House (demolished in 1979
by the Islamic regime) was a putative pilgrimage site.
Further information 1910 Shiraz blood libel
In 1910 a pogrom of the Jewish quarter started after false rumours that the Jews had ritually
killed a Muslim girl. In the course of the pogrom, 12 Jews were killed and about 50 were
injured, and 6,000 Jews of Shiraz were robbed of all their possessions.
The city's role in trade greatly diminished with the opening of the trans-Iranian railway in the
1930s, as trade routes shifted to the ports in Khuzestan. Much of the architectural inheritance
of Shiraz, and especially the royal district of the Zands, was either neglected or destroyed as a
result of irresponsible town planning under the Pahlavi dynasty. Lacking any great industrial,
religious or strategic importance, Shiraz became an administrative centre, although its
population has grown considerably since the 1979 revolution.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Shiraz, Iran.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness.
You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Prior to 14th century
 1100 -Shiraz becomes capital of the Songhorid dynasty of Turkish origin (Attabak-
ane Fars).
 1100 – Although they promote Sunni Islam on behalf of Baghdad, the Songhorid also
eventually become die hard Persians. They settle in and rebuild Shiraz as their home.

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 1105 – A wall is restored to encircles the city with Eight gates. Influence of the
Abbasid Caliphate is contained to mostly ceremonial terms.
 ca.1110 – Sunni Muslims rule the region from Shiraz. Although Judaism, Christianity
and Zoroastrianism are still freely practiced among a large minority in the city and the
region. This tolerance promotes another migration wave into the city and the region.
Many tribes of Turkish and Cacauss regions move to Shiraz, and surrounding areas.
Many still live in the region (Qashqai, Lurs).
 ca.1115 – Shiraz is a center of the pious and the Jurists of the nation. Number of
religious shrines are built, many of which are still standing, among them: Masjid Atiq,
Masjid Now.
 1170 – Ruzbihan Baqli (1128–1209), establishes own Sufi sect in Shiraz.
 1150–1195 – Decline of Shiraz as dynastic feuds among the various ruling tribes and
a famine ruin the city.
 1195 – Saad ibn Zangi, a local Attabak, establishes rule and restores the city.
 1210 – Future poet Saadi Shirazi born in Shiraz (approximate date).
 1280 – Shiraz saved from Mongol invasion by diplomacy of Abu Bakr ibn
Saad. Genghis Khan is so enamoured by the Persian ruler that names him Ktlug Khan
and considers him a friend.
 1281 – Grave site of Ahmad-ibn-Musa (son of the 7th imam of the shiites) is
identified by Amir Moqarrab-alDin a Vazir of Abu Bakr, during excavation for a
palace.
 1282 – A shrine is built on the grave site. Today it is the holiest Muslim site in the
city and the region, (Shah Cheragh).
 1284 – Decline of Shiraz due to the high Taxes imposed by Mongols. Corruption and
feuds resume.
 1287 – Drought and Famine kills approximately 100,000 people in Shiraz.[4]
 1291 – Saadi Shirazi dies and is buried in his garden next to an artesian well.
Currently the beautiful gardens are a major tourist attraction, with a still flowing well
and stream next to Saadi's tomb.
 1297 – Measles and Plague kill another 50,000 people in Shiraz and surrounding area.
[5]

 1297 – Female ruler Abish and her daughter Kurdujin save lives and the city by their
charitable foundations. They were Salghurids who had married into the Mongols.

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14th–19th centuries
 1304 – Injuids dynasty takes over and rebuild Shiraz, but their in-fighting eventually
causes more destruction.
 1325
 Future poet Hafez born in Shiraz.
 Ilkhanate period. Their rule is marked by warfare and destruction.
 1353 – The Muzaffarid dynasty captures Shiraz. Once again Shiraz is the capital for
Persia.
 ca.1350 – Traveller Ibn Battuta visits Shiraz and documents a great city, rich with
gardens, streams, bazaars, and cleanly clothed people.
 1357 – Muzaffarid Shah Shuja takes reign and revives the city.
 1360 – Hafiz (1310–1380) is patronized by Shah Shuja and settles in Bage-Mossalla
where he establishes a great following. His tomb in the same garden is a revered and
major tourist attraction for world travellers and Iranians alike.
 1382 – Shah Shuja gives Timur's army with gifts and saves the city from Pillage
again.
 1384 – After the death of Shah Shuja in-fighting flares up among the Muzaffarids and
leads to several battles in Shiraz and eventual city decline.
 1387 – Shiraz is occupied for a short period by Timur.
 1393 – Timur occupies Shiraz for the second time and spent a month there "rejoicing
and feasting". He appoints his grandson who has adopted the Persian culture as
governor. Rebuilding of the city resumes.
 1400 – Shiraz is known as the city of Saadi and Hafez. Their tombs, still intact today,
become shrines.
 1410 – Shiraz prospers with a population of 200,000. For a few years it is the capital
of the Turkmen Aq Qoyunlu rulers.
 1470 – Mongols and Turkmen, the invaders, are soon ousted from the city.
 1503 – Saffavid ruler Shah Ismaeel captures Shiraz and kills or exiles most Sunni
leaders to promote Shiism.
 1550 – Allah-verdi Khan and his son Emam-Qoli-Khan governors of the Saffavid
rebuild city.

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 1575 – Shiite followers grow in numbers, schools and shrines are built. Many are still
standing, Madrese Khan.
 ca.1590 – Period of relative prosperity. Arts flourish. Shiraz artists and craftsmen are
famous and utilized worldwide. See Taj Mahal
 ca.1600 – Shiraz wine discovered by the British and reported to be one of the best in
the world.
 1621 – British and French merchants frequent the city. Grapes are taken to Europe.
 1630 – A flood destroys large parts of the town.
 1634 – Mulla Sadra, a well-known philosopher from Shiraz is prosecuted for heretical
writings and opinions. He promotes the idea of a free-thinking Moslem and writes
against the practice of blindly following the edicts of the clergy (Thaghlid).
 1668 – Another flood hits Shiraz.
 1724 – Shiraz is sacked by Afghan invaders.
 1744 – Nader Shah of the Afsharid dynasty captures Shiraz. Large sections of the city
destroyed during wars.
 1747–1800 – Three way power struggle in Iran between Afsharid dynasty, Zand, and
the Qajars
 1750s
 Karim Khan Zand moves to Shiraz and takes the title People's Representative,
(Vakil-ol-Roaya). He establishes the Zand Dynasty.
 Shiraz becomes capital of the Zand dynasty. City is rebuilt. Structured into 11
quarters (10 Muslim and one Jewish). Huge moat and wall surround the city,
with six gates. Culture, Arts and minorities flourish.
 1794 – End of the Zand dynasty, and Shiraz' status as capital.
 1794 – Shiraz captured by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, pillaged and destroyed.
 1800 – Decline of the city under the Qajar dynasty
 1822 – Plague and Cholera epidemics kill thousands.
 1824 – An earthquake destroys parts of the town.
 1830 – Plague of locusts destroys the crops, local agriculture and creates famine. Tens
of thousands die and many more move out of the city. Population decreases to only
about 19000 by diseases and outmigration.
 1844 – A young merchant, Sayyid `Ali Muhammad and given the title of 'The Bab
(Arabic, meaning 'The Gate'), declared His Messianic mission and founded the Babi
Faith.

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  1853 – Another major earthquake hits Shiraz.
 1860 – British influence prevails in southern Iran and Shiraz. The British are actively
opposed by the native Qashqai tribes in the mountains outside the city.
 1869 – Shiraz economy affected by opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt.
 1872 – Fars newspaper begins publication.
 1880 – Qavam family suppresses local unrests with the help of the British Indian
Rifelmen.
 1883 – First official census shows a population of 53,607.

20th century

 1903 - Becomes the residence of a British consul.[1]

 1907 – Sur-e Esrafil, a widely circulated newspaper published in Shiraz by Mirza
Jahangir Khan Shirazi, supports the Persian Constitutional
Revolution. Qashqai leaders support Mirza Jahangir Khan in revolt against the
government.
 1908 – Mirza Jahangir Khan is executed and his paper shut down.
 1910 – Shiraz blood libel: local people destroy the entire Jewish quarter during
a pogrom
 1911 – Seyyed Ziaeddin Tabatabaee, a local shiite leader publishes newspaper
Banaye-Islam with the help of the British consulate in Shiraz.
 1913 – The Fars newspaper begins publication.
 1918 – Qashqai tribesmen with leader Naser Khan besiege the city. Central
government power declines in Iran. British influence increases with the discovery of
oil. They help local associates to suppress tribal revolts throughout the region.
 1919 – Influenza epidemic kills 10,000. Iran is falling apart with Russian and British
invasions from the north and south respectively. Shiraz belongs to the British.
 1921 – Qajar dynasty ends. Reza Shah Pahlavi takes over, with Seyyed Ziaeddin
Tabatabaee at his side.
 1945 – Shiraz University opens.
 1962 – Pahlavi University founded.
 1963 – Population: 229,761 (estimate).
 1967 – Shiraz Cultural Festival begins.
 1982 – Population: 800,000 (estimate).

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  1996 – Population: 1,053,025.

21st century

 2005 – Census reports show a population of 1,255,955.

 2011 – Population: 1,460,665.[17]
 2013 – 14 June: Local election held.
 2014
 City becomes part of newly formed national administrative .
 Shiraz Metro officially commenced operations.

Shiraz, city, capital of Fars ostan (province), southwestern Iran. It is located in central Fars in
the southern part of the Zagros Mountains, on an agricultural lowland at an elevation of 4,875
feet (1,486 metres). Famous for its wine, it is both a historic site and an attractive modern
city, with gardens, shrines, and mosques. Shiraz is the birthplace of the Persian poets Sadi
and Hafez, whose garden tombs, both resplendently renovated, lie on the northern outskirts.
Despite calamitous floods (1630, 1668), pestilences, famines, and earthquakes (chiefly 1824,
1853), much of the city has survived.
Shiraz was important during the Seleucid(312–175 BCE), Parthian (247 BCE–224 CE), and
Sasanian (c. 224–651 CE) periods. In the early 13th century, the Mongols built the New
Mosque and the fortress Bagh-e Takht. In 1387 and again in 1393, Timur (Tamerlane), the
Turkic conqueror, occupied Shiraz, which—with its Congregational Mosque (894), Shah
Cheragh shrine (1344–49), and Great Library (later the Madrassah, or theological school;
1615)—had become a Muslim centre rivalling Baghdad. In 1724 the city was sacked by

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Afghan invaders. Shiraz became capital of the Zand dynasty (1750–94), whose founder, the
Vakil (regent) Karim Khan Zand, adorned the old city with many fine buildings, including his
mausoleum (an octagonal tiled kiosk, now a museum); the Ark, or citadel (now a prison); and
the Vakil Bazaar and Mosque. Buildings in the new city include the Persian Church of St.
Simon the Zealot and the university (1945).
women Cloth being woven by Qashqai women in the area of Shiraz, Iran.

The city, a trading and road centre for the central Zagros Mountains, is linked to Bushire, its
port on the Persian Gulf. It has cement, sugar, and fertilizer factories and textile mills.
Traditional inlay work flourishes, as does weaving in the surrounding region.

The culture of Shiraz concerns the arts, music, museums, festivals, many Persian
entertainments and sports activities in Shiraz, the capital of Fars Province. Shiraz is known as
the city of poets, gardens, wine, nightingalesand flowers. The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid
mosaic work of triangular design; silver-ware; carpet-weaving, and the making of the rugs
called gilim (Shiraz Kilim), and blankets called Jajim found in the villages and among the
tribes.According to some sources, Shiraz is the heartland of Persian culture.[3]

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The garden is an important part of Iranian culture. There are many old gardens in Shiraz such
as the Eram Garden and the Afif abad garden. According to some people, Shiraz "disputes
with Xeres (or Jerez) in Spain the honour of being the birthplace of sherry."[4]Shirazi wine
originates from the city; however, under the current Islamic regime, alcohol is prohibited
except for religious minorities.[5]

Shiraz is proud of being mother land of Hafiz Shirazi, Shiraz is a center for Iranian culture
and has produced a number of famous poets. Saadi, a 12th- and 13th-century poet was born in
Shiraz. He left his native town at a young age for Baghdad to study Arabic literature and
Islamic sciences at Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. When he reappeared in his native Shiraz, he
was an elderly man. Shiraz, under Atabak Abubakr Sa'd ibn Zangy (1231–1260) was
enjoying an era of relative tranquility. Saadi was not only welcomed to the city but he was
highly respected by the ruler and enumerated among the greats of the province. He seems to
have spent the rest of his life in Shiraz. Hafiz, another famous poet and mystic was also born

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in Shiraz. A number of scientists also originate from Shiraz. Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, a 13th-
century astronomer, mathematician, physician, physicist and scientist were from Shiraz.

With its lovely atmosphere and historical and cultural attractions like the nostalgic Vakil
Bazaar, the Pink Mosque and many lush gardens, Shiraz is one of the most charming cities of
Iran. Apart from its attractions, what makes this city more amazing are the mild heavenly
weather especially during spring and early autumn, and the hospitality of its locals. Because
of its location, Shiraz has always been a hub for people traveling or migrating from other
regions like Bushehr, and Khuzestan and even Bakhtiari and Qashqai nomads, therefore in
Shiraz you’ll witness a diversity in the culture and society, which has led to the rich food
culture and diverse cuisines of Shiraz.

Chaharshanbe Suri (fire festival)

Chaharshanbeh Suri or Charshanbeh Suri (Persian: ‫چهارشنبه‌سوری‬, romanized: Čahāršanbe
suri; lit. 'Scarlet Wednesday'), is an Iranian festival of the fire dance celebrated on the eve of

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the last Wednesday of the year, of ancient Zoroastrian origin. It is the first festivity of
Nowruz, the Iranian New Year.

 Sizdah Be-dar : On this Nature Day, Shirazis often head outdoors for picnics and
nature walks, enjoying the beautiful gardens and green spaces the city has to offer.
 Mehregan : This autumnal celebration is a time for Shirazis to come together with
family and friends, often sharing traditional foods and drinks in cozy
gatherings.Shiraz, with its rich history and cultural heritage, is a wonderful place to
experience these traditional Persian celebrations!

Fig: Museums in Shiraz.

Best Museums in Shiraz (Celebrities Museum) Best Museums in Shiraz. Shiraz, a city with a
rich history spanning thousands of years, is one of the most popular tourist destinations in
Iran. The numerous museums in Shiraz showcase the city’s ancient heritage, serving as
symbols of Iranian history, culture, and civilization. In this article by SURFIRAN, we
provide a detailed list of Shiraz’s museums along with their descriptions. Continue reading to
explore this cultural treasure.

Fig: Persepolis Museum

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Persepolis, Shiraz, Iran

Persepolis is one of the most famous museums in Shiraz. The building is located within the
2,500-year-old Persepolis complex in the Marvdasht region. The construction was ordered by
Xerxes I and completed during the reign of Artaxerxes I. Formerly known as the Queen’s
Palace, it is now recognized as the oldest restored building in the country. The Persepolis
Museum features a large hall, two galleries, and a veranda. Visitors can admire stone and
metal statues, Elamite clay tablets, inscriptions from Xerxes’ harem, gold and silver jewelry,
ancient musical instruments, pottery, metal sculptures, stone pillars, spears, and more.

Fig: Pars Museum

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Pars Museum, Shiraz

The Pars Museum is another captivating destination in Shiraz. The building, dating back to
the Zand dynasty, also houses the tomb of Karim Khan Zand in its western royal section.
Located in the Nazar Garden of Shiraz, this museum has been operational since 1936. It
contains invaluable artifacts from various historical periods, including paintings by Lotf Ali
Khan Suratgar, Karim Khan Zand’s sword, a collection of precious handwritten Qurans,
decorative enamel works, inscriptions, and bronze items from Lorestan.

Afif-Abad Military Museum

Fig: Afif-Abad Military Museum, Shiraz

Afif-Abad Military Museum, Shiraz

As the name suggests, the Afif-Abad Military Museum is located in the Afif-Abad Garden
and showcases an extensive collection of weapons and military equipment. The two-story
building has an arms museum on the first floor and a historical museum on the
second.Visitors can view various cold and firearms, hunting rifles, muzzleloaders, pistols,
machine guns, automatic and semi-automatic weapons, swords, armor, spears, helmets,
shields, and more, from the Safavid era to the present day. Noteworthy items include personal
rifles belonging to Fath-Ali Shah, Naser al-Din Shah, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah, Reza Shah, and
Mohammad Reza Shah.

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Vakil Bathhouse Museum

The Vakil Bathhouse Museum was built by Karim Khan during the Zand dynasty and is
considered a masterpiece of Iranian architecture. The museum houses 30 wax statues that
depict the bathing customs, culture, and attire of the people from that era, making it a popular
attraction for tourists.

● Address: Lotf Ali Khan Zand Street, Taleghani Street

● Operating Hours: 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM.
Narenjestan Ghavam Museum

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The Narenjestan Ghavam Museum is a large mansion with stunning architecture, making it a
major tourist attraction in Shiraz. The building dates back to the Qajar era and was
constructed by Mohammad Ali Khan and Mohammad Reza Khan. The museum’s intricate
mirror work, stucco, brickwork, woodwork, and traditional paintings are sure to captivate
visitors. Be sure to explore the section featuring ancient artifacts discovered over the
centuries.

Fig:House of Music – Manteghi Nejad Museum

The Manteghi Nejad House of Music Museum is a specialized museum dedicated to music
enthusiasts. Also known as the Museum of Sounds and Melodies, it is housed in the beautiful
Manteghi Nejad House, dating back to the Qajar era. Visitors can explore the listening room,
viewing room, audio-visual archive, world music section, teaching area, and a gallery of
musical instruments from various regions of Iran. The museum’s audio archive contains
2,000 hours of music that visitors can listen to in equipped cabins.

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Daryaye Noor Stone and Gem Museum

The Daryaye Noor Stone and Gem Museum in Shiraz is the second of its kind in Iran, after
the one in Tehran. Established in 2011, the museum is located on the ground floor of the
Eram Garden in Shiraz. The museum displays 140 types of precious and rare stones. The
galleries feature various handcrafted stone items such as jewelry, earrings, rings, necklaces,
and bracelets, which are sure to captivate visitors. The museum also offers demonstrations on
how stones are carved.

Homa 5-Star Hotel

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Homa Hotel stands as one of Shiraz’s finest accommodations, set against a scenic backdrop
of lush green gardens. This eight-story establishment welcomes guests with 212 rooms and
22 suites, each offering a serene view of the vibrant flower garden and the majestic
mountains beyond. It presents a golden opportunity to experience the captivating city of
Shiraz in a peaceful and warm environment.

Guests are invited to dine in the hotel’s multiple restaurants, where an array of Iranian and
international dishes are crafted to perfection. Beyond dining, the Homa Hotel’s amenities
further include private parking, a conference room, complimentary wireless internet
throughout the hotel, self-service breakfast, a free safe deposit box at the reception and in
rooms, and round-the-clock reception and settlement services.

The Distance Between the Hotel and the Important Tourist and Service Centers of Shiraz

● Distance to Shah Cheragh Mausoleum: 10 minutes by car

● Distance to Hafez Tomb: 9 minutes by car
● Distance to Jahannama Garden: 6 minutes by car
● Distance to Hamam Vakil: 7 minutes by car
● Distance to Aftab Mall: 17 minutes by car
● Distance to the Railway Station: 27 minutes by car
● Distance to the Bus Terminal: 6 minutes by car
● Distance to Shiraz Airport: 23 minutes by car
● Address: Meshkinfam St., next to Azadi Park, Shiraz.

Gardens of Shiraz

1. Eram garden
Eram garden Related to Shiraz city (Fars Province) Also known as: Baagh-e Eram, Bagh
Eram the historic Eram Garden is one of the best attractions of Shiraz with an old pavilion
inside and one of the best examples of Persian Gardens in Shiraz near the Khoshk (dry)
River. The world-famous poet of Shiraz, Hafiz points to this garden in some of his poems.
The garden was given to Shiraz University in 1963 by the government. itto.org And then

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it was transformed into a botanical garden with various species from all over the world.
The beautiful Eram Garden was registered as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011 as
the symbol of Persian gardens and fond a worldwide fame. At present it attracts visitors
from all walks of life not only for its historical identity but also for its beauty and as a
botanical research center. undefined the pond and its fountains give this beautiful garden
the nicest views especially during the night when the play with lights is functioning.
itto.org These features along with the present elements of Persian Gardens in Iran has
converted this garden to one of the best and top places worth a visit in Iran. Eram
Garden, Bagh-é Eram (Garden of Paradise) is a famous historic Persian garden in Shiraz,
Iran. Thus, this attractive attraction attracts many Persian and foreigner visitors to enjoy
its scenic views and its nice atmosphere.
The garden bears a favourable environment for over 45 plant species and many cultivars
to be grown identified and labelled accordingly. copyright itto.org It has a vast area
allocated to fruit trees including pomegranates, sour oranges, persimmons, olives and
walnuts. In the rock garden part, a wide range of beautiful sub-tropical plants are on
display. The beautiful 200-year-old towering cypress trees are globally known as (Sarv-e-
Naz) attract visitors from around the world to the garden. And over 300 rose species
create a panoramic view in April. Its building is regarded as a masterpiece of Qajar era
with respect to its architecture, painting, tiling, chiselling, lithography and tori. copyright
itto.org The edifice is a three-storey building with a metal roof. itto.org There is a portico
in front of the building which has a flat roof supported by two columns.
Seven coloured tiles are used throughout the building with scenes representing the Iranian
national and religious stories. copyright itto.org The columns of the building are covered
by monolithic Gaydamak slabs of more than two meters high on which poems by famous
Iranian literary figures Hafiz, Saadi, and Shourie Shirazi are carved. The panoramic views
of the garden, the aroma of flowers, the splendid view of old cypress trees and the
grandeur of ancient building enchants visitors from all over the world and these are some
of the reasons this unique garden has become one of the most visited attractions of Shiraz
and is included in the itineraries of almost all travel packages of Iran tours.
During the late Zand Dynasty, the garden was owned by Qashqai tribal chiefs. read more
on itto.org A Qashqai tribal chief, Mohammad Qoli Khan ordered the construction of the
original mansion in the early eighteenth century, planting the garden with different trees
including cypress, pine, orange and persimmon trees. Both the building and the garden

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 were built during the middle of thirteenth century by the Ilkhanate or a paramount chief
of the Qashqai tribes of Pars.

The original layout of the garden however, with its quadripartite Persian Paradise Garden
structure was most likely laid in eleventh century by the Seljuqs, and was then referred to as
Baagh-e Shaah ("The emperor's garden" in Persian) and was much less complicated or
ornamental. copyright itto.org Over its 150 years the structure has been modified, restored or
stylistically changed by various participants. It was one of the properties of noble Shiraz
Qavami Family. The building faces south along the long axis. itto.org It was designed by a
local architect, Haji Mohammad Hasan. The structure housed 32 rooms on two stories,
decorated by tiles with poems from the poet Hafez written on them. copyright itto.org The
structure underwent renovation during the Zand and Qajar dynasties. read more on itto.org
The garden with its beautiful flowers, refreshing air, tall cypresses (a stately, beautiful
cypress tree there known as sarv-e naz which is said to go back to 3000 years ago) and
fragrant myrtles is a major tourist destination especially in the spring. read more on itto.org In
1965, Sir Denis Wright, a British ambassador in Iran, was invited by the Chancellor of Shiraz
University, Asadollah Alam, to a party in Eram Garden for Princess Alexandra of the Oglivy.
The compound came under the protection of Pahlavi University during the Pahlavi era, and
was used as the College of Law. The building also housed the Asia Institute. undefined
Today, Eram Garden and building are within Shiraz Botanical Garden (established 1983) of
Shiraz University. undefined They are open to the public as a historic landscape garden. They
are World Heritage Site, and protected by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization. Undefined.

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2. Delgosha Garden is one of the historical gardens in Shiraz, Iran near Tomb of Sa’di and
it belongs to the pre-Islamic era of the Sassanian Empire. Jahan Nama Garden is located
almost at the entrance of Shiraz between the Quran Gate and Hafezieh Crossroads.
Between Nader Shah period and Zandieh dynasty, this garden suffered a lot of damage
and was rebuilt during the reign of Karim Khan Zand.The water that flows from the
aqueduct spring of Saadi's tomb passes through this garden.Delgosha Garden is located in
the northeastern part of Shiraz, on the southern side of Tang Ab Khan, at the foot of a
mountain.
3. Jahan Nama Garden:
Almost the first garden that Shiraz welcomes you with is the Jahan Nama Garden. Jahan
Nama Garden is one of the gardens that was built during the Khan Zand period. The garden
was fenced and a mansion built in it in the Zandieh dynasty (in the twelfth century AH) and
under the order of Karim Khan Zand. Of course, some sources say that Jahan Nama Garden
belongs to the seventh century AH and was founded in the Safavid period. After that, it
rebuilt and improved during the Karim Khan period. This garden was renovated in 2004 and
was inaugurated by the president of that time.

Jahan Nama Garden is built on the slopes of a mountain, and the view covers the whole of
Shiraz. Maybe that's why it's called a worldview because the garden overlooks the entire city.
This garden is surrounded by a brick wall, and there is a Kolah Farangi (pergola) with four
ponds at its center. One of the characteristics of Iranian gardens is the mansion in them. It is
the residence of kings and a place to host governmental quests.

21
4. Jannat Garden
Jannat-e Bahg or Jannat Garden, also known as Delgosha Garden, is a beautiful and historic
garden in Shiraz, Iran.
Features
1. Safavid Dynasty Architecture: The garden dates back to the Safavid dynasty (16th-
18th centuries) and features stunning architecture from that era.
2. Lush Greenery and Flowers: The garden is renowned for its beautiful greenery,
vibrant flowers, and tranquil atmosphere.
3. Historic Mansion: The garden is home to a historic mansion, which has been
converted into a museum.
4. Walking Paths and Seating Areas: Visitors can stroll along the garden's winding
paths and enjoy the scenery from comfortable seating areas.

History
Jannat Garden has a rich history, dating back to the Safavid dynasty. It was originally built as
a royal summer residence and was later converted into a public garden.
Visitor Information
1. Location: Jannat Garden is located in the Delgosha neighborhood of Shiraz, Iran.
2. Opening Hours: The garden is open daily from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM.
3. Admission: Admission to the garden is free, although there may be a small fee to
enter the historic mansion.
Jannat Garden is a must-visit destination in Shiraz, offering a glimpse into the city's rich
history and culture amidst beautiful natural surroundings.

22
There is a flat, well-maintained bike trail in the garden, perfect for cycling enthusiasts.
Those who love playing volleyball, football, or some kind of team sport will understand the
allure of playing them in nature in the eastern area of the garden. Don’t worry about children,
because there’s a small playground right next to it so little ones can play their favorite games.

Garden Haghighat

Garden Haghighat is a stunning oasis in the heart of Shiraz, Iran. This beautiful garden is a
popular destination for both locals and tourists, offering a serene escape from the hustle and
bustle of city life.
Main Features
1. Lush Greenery: The garden boasts an impressive array of flora, with lush green
trees, vibrant flowers, and meticulously manicured lawns.
2. Peaceful Atmosphere: The garden's tranquil ambiance makes it the perfect spot to
relax, unwind, and enjoy quality time with family and friends.

23
 3. Walking Paths and Seating Areas: Meandering walking paths and comfortable
seating areas invite visitors to take a leisurely stroll or simply sit and soak up the
surroundings.
4. Cultural Significance: Garden Haghighat is a significant cultural landmark in Shiraz,
hosting various events and exhibitions throughout the year.
Things to Do
1. Picnics: Pack a basket and enjoy a relaxing picnic amidst the beautiful gardens.
2. Walking and Jogging: Take a leisurely stroll or go for a jog along the garden's
winding paths.
3. Photography: Capture the garden's stunning beauty and vibrant flora through
photography.
4. Cultural Events: Attend cultural events, exhibitions, and festivals hosted in the
garden throughout the year.
Visitor Information
1. Location: Garden Haghighat is located in the heart of Shiraz, Iran.
2. Opening Hours: The garden is open daily from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM.
3. Admission: Admission to the garden is free, although some cultural events and
exhibitions may require a ticket.
4. Amenities: The garden offers amenities such as restrooms, drinking water, and snack
vendors.
Garden Haghighat is a must-visit destination in Shiraz, offering a serene and culturally rich
experience amidst beautiful natural surroundings
Shiraz, Iran is home to several prestigious universities, offering a wide range of academic
programs. Here are some of the top universities in Shiraz:
5. Shiraz University

24
Shiraz University (‫ )دانشگاه شیراز‬is a public research university located in Shiraz, Iran.
It is one of the largest and most prestigious universities in Iran, with a rich history dating
back to 1946.
Academic Programs
Shiraz University offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs
across various disciplines, including:
1. Engineering: Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical, Mechanical, and Petroleum
Engineering
2. Sciences: Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, and Physics
3. Humanities: English Language and Literature, French Language and Literature,
German Language and Literature, History, and Philosophy
4. Social Sciences: Economics, Geography, Law, Political Science, and Sociology
5. Agriculture: Agricultural Engineering, Agronomy, Animal Science, and Horticulture
6. Veterinary Medicine: Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
Research Centres
Shiraz University is home to several research centers, including:
1. Shiraz University Research Center: Focuses on interdisciplinary research projects
2. Center for Excellence in Computational Sciences: Conducts research in computational
sciences and engineering
3. Shiraz University Institute of Biotechnology: Focuses on biotechnology research and
development
4. Center for Nanotechnology: Conducts research in nanotechnology and its applications
Facilities and Resources
Shiraz University offers a range of facilities and resources to support students' academic
and personal growth, including:
1. Libraries: Several libraries with extensive collections of books, journals, and digital
resources
2. Computer Centers: State-of-the-art computer centers with internet access and
software applications
3. Laboratories: Well-equipped laboratories for research and experimentation
4. Sports Facilities: Sports complexes with facilities for football, basketball, volleyball,
and other sports
5. Student Housing: On-campus housing for students, including dormitories and
apartments

25
 International Collaborations

Shiraz University has established international collaborations with several universities

and research institutions worldwide, including:
1. University of California, Berkeley: Collaboration in engineering and computer
science
2. University of Cambridge: Collaboration in physics and mathematics
3. University of Oxford: Collaboration in humanities and social sciences
4. Max Planck Institute: Collaboration in nanotechnology and materials science
Admission
Admission to Shiraz University is competitive and based on academic merit. Applicants
must meet the following requirements:
1. High School Diploma: Applicants must hold a high school diploma or equivalent
2. Entrance Exam: Applicants must pass the national entrance exam (Konkur)
3. Language Proficiency: Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in Persian (Farsi)
and English

6. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

26
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) is a prestigious medical university located
in Shiraz, Iran. Established in 1946, SUMS is one of the oldest and most respected
medical universities in Iran.
History
SUMS was founded in 1946 as the Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University. Over the
years, the university has undergone significant expansion and development, with the
establishment of new faculties, research centers, and hospitals.
Academic Programs
SUMS offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs in various
fields, including:
1. Medicine: Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology
2. Dentistry: Dentistry, Orthodontics, Pediatric Dentistry
3. Pharmacy: Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Toxicology
4. Nursing and Midwifery: Nursing, Midwifery, Community Health Nursing
5. Health Sciences: Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics
6. Rehabilitation Sciences: Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy
Research Centers
SUMS is home to several research centers, including:
1. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Research Center: Focuses on interdisciplinary
research projects
2. Center for Excellence in Clinical Research: Conducts research in clinical sciences and
translational medicine
3. Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research: Focuses on cancer research and treatment
4. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Institute of Biotechnology: Conducts research
in biotechnology and its applications in medicine
Hospitals and Clinics
SUMS has several affiliated hospitals and clinics, including:
1. Namazi Hospital: A 900-bed teaching hospital and one of the largest hospitals in Iran
2. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Dental Hospital: A specialized dental hospital
3. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Cancer Institute: A specialized cancer
treatment center

International Collaborations

27
 SUMS has established international collaborations with several universities and research
institutions worldwide, including:
1. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA): Collaboration in medical research
and education
2. University of Toronto: Collaboration
in medical research and education
3. University of Oxford: Collaboration
in medical research and education
Admission
Admission to SUMS is competitive and based on academic merit. Applicants must meet
the following requirements:
1. High School Diploma: Applicants must hold a high school diploma or equivalent
2. Entrance Exam: Applicants must pass the national entrance exam (Konkur)
3. Language Proficiency: Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in Persian (Farsi)
and English
Student Life
SUMS offers a range of student services and activities, including:
1. Student Housing: On-campus housing for students
2. Student Clubs: Various student clubs and organizations, including cultural, sports,
and recreational clubs
3. Library and Information Services: Access to a vast collection of books, journals,
and digital resources

4. Shiraz University of Technology

Shiraz University of Technology (SUTECH) (‫ )دانشگاه صنعتی شیراز‬is a public research
university located in Shiraz, Iran. Established in 2004, SUTECH is one of the youngest and
most dynamic universities in Iran.
Academic Programs
SUTECH offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs in
various fields, including:
1. Engineering: Aerospace, Biomedical, Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical,
Mechanical, and Petroleum Engineering
2. Computer Science: Computer Science, Information Technology, and Software
Engineering

28
3. Mathematics and Statistics: Pure and Applied Mathematics, Statistics, and Actuarial
Science
4. Physics: Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Nuclear Physics, and Materials
Science
5. Chemistry: Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and
Physical Chemistry
Research Centers
SUTECH is home to several research centers, including:
1. Shiraz University of Technology Research Center: Focuses on interdisciplinary
research projects
2. Center for Excellence in Aerospace Research: Conducts research in aerospace
engineering and related fields
3. Center for Excellence in Materials Science: Conducts research in materials science
and nanotechnology
4. Shiraz University of Technology Institute of Biotechnology: Conducts research in
biotechnology and its applications
Facilities and Resources
SUTECH offers a range of facilities and resources to support students' academic and
personal growth, including:
1. Libraries: Several libraries with extensive collections of books, journals, and digital
resources
2. Computer Centers: State-of-the-art computer centers with internet access and
software applications
3. Laboratories: Well-equipped laboratories for research and experimentation
4. Sports Facilities: Sports complexes with facilities for football, basketball, volleyball,
and other sports
5. Student Housing: On-campus housing for students, including dormitories and
apartments
International Collaborations
SUTECH has established international collaborations with several universities and
research institutions worldwide, including:
1. University of California, Berkeley: Collaboration in engineering and computer
science
2. University of Cambridge: Collaboration in physics and mathematics

29
3. University of Oxford: Collaboration in engineering and computer science
Admission
Admission to SUTECH is competitive and based on academic merit. Applicants must
meet the following requirements:
1. High School Diploma: Applicants must hold a high school diploma or equivalent
2. Entrance Exam: Applicants must pass the national entrance exam (Konkur)
3. Language Proficiency: Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in Persian (Farsi)
and English

4. Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch

Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch ( ‫ )دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد شیراز‬is a
branch of the Islamic Azad University system, located in Shiraz, Iran. Established in
1985, it is one of the largest and most prestigious universities in Iran.
Academic Programs
Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch offers a wide range of undergraduate,
graduate, and doctoral programs in various fields, including:
1. Engineering: Aerospace, Biomedical, Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical,
Mechanical, and Petroleum Engineering
2. Basic Sciences: Mathematics, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology
3. Humanities: Persian Language and Literature, English Language and Literature,
Arabic Language and Literature, History, and Philosophy
4. Social Sciences: Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Psychology, and Education
5. Agriculture: Agricultural Engineering, Agronomy, Animal Science, and Horticulture
6. Veterinary Medicine: Veterinary Medicine and Surgery.

Research Centers:

30
 Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch is home to several research centers,
including:
1. Shiraz Branch Research Center: Focuses on interdisciplinary research projects
2. Center for Excellence in Aerospace Research: Conducts research in aerospace
engineering and related fields
3. Center for Excellence in Materials Science: Conducts research in materials science
and nanotechnology
4. Shiraz Branch Institute of Biotechnology: Conducts research in biotechnology and
its applications.

Facilities and Resources

Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch offers a range of facilities and resources to
support students' academic and personal growth, including:
1. Libraries: Several libraries with extensive collections of books, journals, and digital
resources
2. Computer Centres: State-of-the-art computer centres with internet access and
software applications
3. Laboratories: Well-equipped laboratories for research and experimentation
4. Sports Facilities: Sports complexes with facilities for football, basketball, volleyball,
and other sports
5. Student Housing: On-campus housing for students, including dormitories and
apartments
International Collaborations
Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch has established international collaborations
with several universities and research institutions worldwide, including:
1. University of California, Berkeley: Collaboration in engineering and computer
science
2. University of Cambridge: Collaboration in physics and mathematics
3. University of Oxford: Collaboration in engineering and computer science
Admission
Admission to Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch is competitive and based on
academic merit. Applicants must meet the following requirements:
1. High School Diploma: Applicants must hold a high school diploma or equivalent
2. Entrance Exam: Applicants must pass the national entrance exam (Konkur)

31
3. Language Proficiency: Applicants
must demonstrate proficiency in
Persian (Farsi) and English

4. Payam-e-Noor University, Shiraz Branch

Payam-e-Noor University, Shiraz Branch ( ‫ )دانشگاه پیام نور شیراز‬is a branch of
Payam-e-Noor University, a distance education university in Iran. Established in
1987, it is one of the largest universities in Iran.

Academic Programs
Payam-e-Noor University, Shiraz Branch offers a wide range of undergraduate,
graduate, and doctoral programs in various fields, including:
1. Humanities: Persian Language and Literature, English Language and Literature,
Arabic Language and Literature, History, and Philosophy
2. Social Sciences: Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Psychology, and Education
3. Basic Sciences: Mathematics, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology
4. Engineering: Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering, and Civil Engineering
5. Agriculture: Agricultural Engineering, Agronomy, Animal Science, and Horticulture
Distance Education

32
 Payam-e-Noor University, Shiraz Branch offers distance education programs,
providing students with the flexibility to study from anywhere. The university uses a
range of technologies, including:
1. Online Courses: Online courses and degree programs
2. Virtual Classrooms: Virtual classrooms and video conferencing
3. Digital Libraries: Digital libraries and online resources
Research Centres
Payam-e-Noor University, Shiraz Branch is home to several research centres,
including:
1. Shiraz Branch Research Centre: Focuses on interdisciplinary research projects
2. Centre for Excellence in Distance Education: Conducts research in distance
education and e-learning
3. Centre for Excellence in Agricultural Research: Conducts research in agricultural
sciences and related fields
Facilities and Resources
Payam-e-Noor University, Shiraz Branch offers a range of facilities and resources to
support students' academic and personal growth, including:
1. Libraries: Several libraries with extensive collections of books, journals, and digital
resources
2. Computer Centers: State-of-the-art computer centers with internet access and
software applications
3. Laboratories: Well-equipped laboratories for research and experimentation
4. Student Housing: On-campus housing for students, including dormitories and
apartments.
International Collaborations
Payam-e-Noor University, Shiraz Branch has established international collaborations
with several universities and research institutions worldwide, including:
1. University of California, Berkeley: Collaboration in distance education and e-
learning
2. University of Cambridge: Collaboration in educational technology and distance
education
3. University of Oxford: Collaboration in educational research and development
Admission

33
 Admission to Payam-e-Noor University, Shiraz Branch is competitive and based on
academic merit. Applicants must meet the following requirements:
1. High School Diploma: Applicants must hold a high school diploma or equivalent
2. Entrance Exam: Applicants must pass the national entrance exam (Konkur)
3. Language Proficiency: Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in Persian (Farsi)
and English

5. Shiraz Art University

Shiraz Art University (‫ )دانشگاه هنر شیراز‬is a public university located in Shiraz,
Iran. Established in 2000, it is one of the leading art universities in Iran.
Academic Programs
Shiraz Art University offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral
programs in various fields, including:
1. Visual Arts: Painting, Sculpture, Graphic Design, Photography, and Animation
2. Performing Arts: Music, Theater, Dance, and Puppetry
3. Architecture: Architecture, Urban Planning, and Landscape Architecture
4. Industrial Design: Industrial Design, Product Design, and Furniture Design
5. Fashion Design: Fashion Design, Textile Design, and Fashion Management
Research Centers
Shiraz Art University is home to several research centers, including:
1. Shiraz Art University Research Center: Focuses on interdisciplinary research
projects in art and design
2. Center for Excellence in Visual Arts: Conducts
research in visual arts, including painting,
sculpture, and graphic design
3. Center for Excellence in Performing Arts:
Conducts research in performing arts, including
music, theater, and dance

34
 Facilities and Resources
Shiraz Art University offers a range of facilities and resources to support students'
academic and personal growth, including:
1. Art Studios: Well-equipped art studios for painting, sculpture, graphic design, and
other visual arts disciplines
2. Performance Spaces: State-of-the-art performance spaces for music, theater, and
dance
3. Design Laboratories: Well-equipped design laboratories for industrial design,
fashion design, and other design disciplines
4. Libraries: Several libraries with extensive collections of art and design books,
journals, and digital resources
5. Student Housing: On-campus housing for students, including dormitories and
apartments
International Collaborations
Shiraz Art University has established international collaborations with several
universities and research institutions worldwide, including:
1. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA): Collaboration in visual arts and
design
2. University of the Arts London: Collaboration in performing arts and design
3. Berlin University of the Arts: Collaboration in visual arts and design
Admission
Admission to Shiraz Art University is competitive and based on academic merit.
Applicants must meet the following requirements:
1. High School Diploma: Applicants must hold a high school diploma or equivalent
2. Entrance Exam: Applicants must pass the national entrance exam (Konkur)
3. Language Proficiency: Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in
Persian (Farsi) and English.

Rivers in Shiraz:

35
 1. Rudkhaneye Khoshk (Dry River):
 Location: Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran
 Length: Approximately 20 km (12 miles)
 Course: Flows through the city of Shiraz and surrounding hills
 Characteristics: Seasonal river, only flows during heavy rainfall or
snowmelt

2. Rudkhaneye Shiraz (Shiraz River):

 Location: Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran

 Length: Approximately 30 km (19 miles)
 Course: Runs through the city of Shiraz and joins the Pulvar River.
3. Pulvar River:
 Location: Fars Province, Iran
 Length: Approximately 150 km (93 miles)
 Course: Originates in the Zagros Mountains, flows through Shiraz, and empties into
the Maharlu Lake
 Characteristics: Permanent river, supports irrigation, agriculture, and wildlife habitats.

36
 4. Qareh Aghaj River:
 Location: Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran
 Length: Approximately 15 km (9 miles)
 Course: Flows into the Pulvar River
 Characteristics: Small river, supports local agriculture and urbanization.

5. Arjan River:
Location: Fars Province, Iran
Length: Approximately 50 km (31 miles)

37
 Course: Originates in the mountains, flows into the Shiraz plain, and joins the
Pulvar River
Characteristics:
Supports local agriculture, urbanization, and wildlife habitats
Castles in Shiraz:

Karim Khan Citadel (Arg-e Karim Khan)Built in the 18th century, this fortress was the
residence of Karim Khan Zand, the founder of the Zand Dynasty. The citadel is a testament to
the city's rich history and features impressive architecture, including high walls, towers, and a
grand palace.

Shiraz Citadel (Arg-e Shiraz)Dating back to the 14th century, this fortress was built during
the Inju Dynasty and has served as a military stronghold and royal residence. Although it has

38
undergone renovations, the citadel still showcases its original architecture and offers stunning
views of the city.

Vakil Castle
Constructed in the 18th century, this castle was part of the city's fortifications and features a
unique blend of military and residential architecture. Today, it serves as a museum,
showcasing the city's history and cultural heritage.

Abadeh Castle (Gerd Abadeh)

Located in the Abadeh region near Shiraz, this 19th-century castle is a testament to the area's
strategic importance. Although it has undergone significant changes, the castle still stands as
a reminder of the region's rich history.

39
 Fig: Estakhr Castle (Gerd Estakhr)

Dating back to the ancient Sasanian Empire (224-642 CE), this fortress has witnessed
centuries of history. Although it lies in ruins, the castle remains an important archaeological
site and a testament to the region's cultural significance.

Qasr-e Abu Nasr (Abu Nasr Castle)

Built in the 7th century during the Umayyad Caliphate, this castle is one of the oldest in the
region. Although it has undergone significant changes, the castle still stands as a testament to
the area's rich history and cultural heritage.

40
 Fig: Ghal'eh Dokhtar (Dokhtar Castle)

Dating back to the 2nd century and the Parthian Empire, this ancient castle is a testament to
the region's strategic importance. Although it lies in ruins, the castle remains an important
archaeological site and a reminder of the area's rich history.

Hidden facts about Shiraz:

Here are some more interesting and hidden things about Shiraz:

1. Underground City: Shiraz has an underground city, known as the "Shiraz Underground
City" or "Shiraz Hidden City", which dates back to the 7th century. It's a network of tunnels
and chambers that crisscross beneath the city.

2. Secret Gardens: Shiraz is home to several secret gardens, hidden away from the public
eye. These gardens are often tucked away in quiet neighborhoods and are a peaceful oasis in
the midst of the bustling city.

3. Ancient Wine Production: Shiraz has a long history of wine production, dating back
over 2,000 years. Some of the oldest wine production facilities can still be found in the city.

4. Hidden Mosques: Shiraz has several hidden mosques, some of which are only accessible
through secret passageways or hidden doors. These mosques are often decorated with
intricate tilework and calligraphy.

5.Ancient Jewish Quarter: Shiraz has an ancient Jewish quarter, known as the "Jewish
Ghetto", which dates back to the 12th century. The quarter is home to several historic
synagogues and Jewish landmarks.

6. Hidden Bazaars: Shiraz has several hidden bazaars, or markets, that are off the beaten
path. These bazaars are a great place to find unique souvenirs and local handicrafts.

41
7. Ancient Water Systems: Shiraz has an ancient water system, known as the "Qanat
System", which dates back over 2,000 years. The system is still in use today and is a
testament to the ingenuity of ancient Persian engineers.

8. Hidden Churches: Shiraz has several hidden churches, some of which date back to the
early Christian era. These churches are often hidden away in quiet neighborhoods and are a
testament to the city's rich religious history.
Here are some more interesting and hidden things about Shiraz:
9.Shiraz's Pink Mosque: The Nasir-al-Molk Mosque, also known as the Pink Mosque, is a
stunning example of Persian architecture and is adorned with intricate tilework and stained
glass.

10.The Tomb of Hafez: Hafez, one of Iran's most beloved poets, is buried in Shiraz, and his
tomb is a beautiful example of Persian architecture and gardens.

11. Shiraz's Ancient Fire Temple: The ancient fire temple of Zoroastrianism is still
standing in Shiraz and is a testament to the city's rich religious history.

12.The Shiraz Museum of Art: This museum is home to a stunning collection of Persian art,
including works by famous artists such as Picasso and Rembrandt.

13.The Shiraz Botanical Garden: This beautiful garden is home to a wide variety of plants
and flowers and is a peaceful oasis in the midst of the bustling city.

14.Shiraz's Hidden Waterfalls: Just outside the city, there are several hidden waterfalls that
are perfect for hiking and exploring.

15.The Shiraz Observatory: This ancient observatory is one of the oldest in the Middle East
and offers stunning views of the night sky.
Two ancient Persian cities:
Persepolis and Pasargadae are two ancient Persian cities that are now UNESCO World
Heritage Sites.

42
Persepolis:

• Was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BCE)

• Founded by Darius the Great in 518 BCE
• Known for its stunning architecture, including the Gate of All Nations, the Apadana Palace,
and the Tomb of Cyrus the Great
• Features intricate carvings and sculptures, including the famous "Lion and Bull" relief
• Was conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE and partially destroyed by fire

Pasargadae:

43
  Was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire (559-550 BCE)
 Founded by Cyrus the Great in 559 BCE
 Known for its beautiful gardens and palaces, including the Tomb of Cyrus the Great
and the Pasargadae Palace
 Features the famous "Gate of the Nations" and the "Prison of Solomon"
 Was an important center of culture and learning in the ancient world
Shrine:
The Shrine of Ahmad ibn Musa and Muhammad ibn Musa are two important religious sites
in Shiraz, Iran. Both shrines are dedicated to the memory of two important figures in Islamic
history:

fig: Shrine of Ahmad ibn Musa:

• Ahmad ibn Musa was a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad and a respected religious
scholar
• The shrine was built in the 14th century and features stunning tilework and architecture
• The complex includes a mosque, a mausoleum, and a courtyard
• The shrine is a popular pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims

Shrine of Muhammad ibn Musa:

44
  Muhammad ibn Musa was a renowned Islamic scholar and a descendant of the
Prophet Muhammad
 The shrine was built in the 16th century and features beautiful tilework and
calligraphy
 The complex includes a mosque, a mausoleum, and a courtyard.
 The shrine is a significant religious site for Shia Muslims and a popular destination
for pilgrims.
Both shrines are important cultural and religious landmarks in Shiraz and are revered by Shia
Muslims around the world.

45
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