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Experiment (2) : Theory

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7 views2 pages

Experiment (2) : Theory

Uploaded by

arbeastgamer3641
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EXPERIMENT (2)

DETERMINATION OF BOILING POINTS

Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the boiling points of various organic
compounds and to determine the purity of liquid organic compounds.

Theory:
The boiling point of a compound is the temperature at which it changes from a liquid to a gas
when the vapor of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure. This is a physical property
often used to identify substances or to check the purity of the compound. It is difficult, though,
to find a boiling point. Usually, chemists can only obtain a boiling range of a 2 - 3oC accuracy.

Factors Influencing Boiling Point


a) Molecular Weight:
Increased molecular weight increases boiling point A higher molecular weight compound need
more energy(higher boiling point temperature) that is necessary to break the non-covalent
interactions to transform the compound from the liquid phase to the gas phase.
Ex: Octane is more boiling point from Hexane .

b) Branching:
Branching decreases boiling point. Thus, molecules that are forced to be farther away
from each other due to branching have weaker non-covalent interactions. Less energy (lower
temperatures) is needed to induce a phase change from the liquid phase to the gas for branched
compounds relative to straight chain compounds. (Fig. below)

Which of these molecules are more boiling point ? Why ?

c)External pressure :

d) Polarity :
polar covalent bonds in a molecule tend to increase the boiling point. More polar
elements in a molecule increase the total number of H-bonding interactions. More energy
(higher boiling point temperature) is necessary to break these interactions

apprates / Materials:
Benzen burner closed end capillary tube
thermometer boiling tube
50 mL beaker liquid organic compounds
Tripod stand glass rod
wire gauze stand and clamp
oil bath
Procedure:
1. Place a few ml. of a known liquid organic compound in a (boiling tube).
2. Place the capillary tube into the boiling tube with the closed end upward.Fig1a
3. Attach a boiling tube to the thermometer through by the ring tube. Fig1a
4. Fill a 50 mL beaker 3/4 full with water, and place on the benzene burner. Carefully
immerse the boiling tube and thermometer combination into the beaker of water so
that the test tube is half way in the water.

5. Begin to heat the burner /water slowly. As the liquid approaches its boiling point, a
few bubbles will be observed flowing out of the end of the capillary tube. When a
steady stream of bubbles are observed, turn off the hot plate , When the liquid begins
to flow into the capillary tube, record the temperature of the liquid as its boiling point
temperature. Fig1a

Questions:

1. How would the boiling point change if the atmospheric pressure increased or decreased?

2. Boiling point determination can be used for several purposes. What are those purposes

3. What is the effect of a small amount of impurity on the boiling point of an organic compound?

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