Scribd
Upload
32 views

8 Describing Individual Performance

Uploaded by

kristellejanenamoc930
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views

8 Describing Individual Performance

Uploaded by

kristellejanenamoc930
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Describing Individual Performance

Z-scores, T-Scores, Standard Nine, Percentile Rank


Describing Individual
Performance
There are four (4) types of standard scores: z-scores,
t-scores, standard nine (stanines), and percentile ranks.

Scores directly obtained from the test are known as


actual scores or raw scores. Such scores cannot be
interpreted as whether the score is low, average or high.
Scores must be converted or transformed so that they can
become meaningful and allow some kind of interpretations
and direct comparison of two scores.

Example: Ritz Glenn obtained a score of 92 in


Business Calculus and 88 in Production Management. In
which subject did he perform well?
The raw scores of all students in Business Calculus and Production Management are
very important so that we can get information that describes both score distributions. Based
on our previous discussion, the mean value and the standard deviation are necessary to
describe the distribution of scores. Let us add the mean values and standard deviations of
scores of students in Business Calculus and Production Management as shown:

Business Calculus Production Management


𝑥 = 92 𝑥 = 88
𝑥 = 95 𝑥 = 80
𝑠=3 𝑠=4

Ritz Glenn’s score in Business Calculus is three (3) points below the class mean performance
and eight (8) points above the class mean performance in Production Management.
Using the mean value, we can say the Ritz Glenn performed better in Production Management
than in Business Calculus compared with the performance of the rest of his classmates.
How about the standard deviation? The standard deviation enables us to know many percent of
the scores above or below each score has in the distribution.
1. z-scores
To get more exact information about the performance of Ritz Glenn collect the raw score,
mean and standard deviation and determine how far below or above the mean in standard
deviation units is the obtained raw score.
To determine the exact position of each score in normal distribution use z-score formula.
The z-score is used to convert a raw score to standard score to determine how far a raw score lies
from the mean in standard deviation units. From this we can also determine whether an
individual student performs well in the examination compared to the performance of the whole
class.
The z-score value indicates the distance between the given raw scores and the mean
value in units of the standard deviation. The z-value is positive when the raw score is above the
mean while z is negative when the raw score is below the mean. The formula of z-score is:

Where:
𝑥−𝜇 OR 𝑥−𝑥 z = z – value
𝑧= 𝑧= x = raw score
𝜎 𝑠
s = sample standard deviation
x = sample mean
σ = population standard deviation
μ = population mean
Example: Using the data about Ritz Glenn’s Business Calculus Production Management
scores in Business Calculus and Production 𝑥 = 92 𝑥 = 88
Management, solve the z-score value. 𝑥 = 95 𝑥 = 80
𝑠=3 𝑠=4

Business Calculus: Production Management: Analysis:


The score of Ritz Glenn in
𝑥−𝑥 𝑥−𝑥 Business Calculus is one unit standard
𝑧= 𝑧=
𝑠 𝑠 deviation below the mean. His score in
88 − 80 Production Management is two unit
92 − 95 𝑧𝑃𝑀 =
𝑧𝐵𝐶 = 4 standard deviation above the mean.
3 Therefore, we can conclude that Ritz
8
−3 𝑧𝑃𝑀 = Glenn performed better in Production
𝑧𝐵𝐶 = 4 Management than Business Calculus.
3
𝒛𝑩𝑪 = −𝟏 𝒛𝑷𝑴 = 𝟐
T–scores
There are two possible values of z – score,
positive z if the raw score is above the mean and the
negative z if the raw score is below the mean. To avoid
confusion between negative and positive value, use T-
score o convert raw scores.
T-score is another type of standard score
where the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 10.
In z-score the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is
one (1). To convert raw score to T-score, find first the z-
score equivalent of the raw score and use the formula T-
score = 10z + 50.

Formula:
𝑇 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 10𝑧 + 50
Business Calculus Production Management
𝑥 = 92 𝑥 = 88
𝑥 = 95 𝑥 = 80
𝑠=3 𝑠=4

From the above discussion, z-score of Business Calculus is -1 and Z-score of Production
Management is +2. Solve the t-score equivalent.

𝑇 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝐵𝐶 = 10𝑧 + 50 𝑇 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑃𝑀 = 10𝑧 + 50


𝑇 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝐵𝐶 = 10(−1) + 50 𝑇 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑃𝑀 = 10(2) + 50
𝑇 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝐵𝐶 = −10 + 50 𝑇 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑃𝑀 = 20 + 50

𝑻 − 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆𝑩𝑪 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑻 − 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆𝑷𝑴 = 𝟕𝟎

Analysis:
The z-score of -1 is equivalent of t-score of 40, and z-score of +2 is equivalent to a t-score of 70. The negative
value is eliminated in the t-score equivalent. Therefore, Ritz Glenn performed better in production management
than in the Business Calculus due to higher value of T-score which is equal to 70.
3. Standard Nine

The third type of standard score is the Standard Nine-point scale which is also known
as stanine, the origin word is sta(ndard) + nine. A stanine is a nine-point grading scale ranging
from 1 to 9, 1 being the lowest and 9 the highest. Stanine grading is easier to understand than
the other standard score model. The descriptive interpretation of stanine 1, 2, 3 is below
average, the stanine 4, 5, 6 is interpreted as average and the descriptive interpretation of
stanine 7,8,9 is above average. Below is the graph as a basis of analyzing stanine results:
4. Percentile Rank
Another way of converting a raw score to standard score is the percentile rank. A
percentile rank indicates the percentage of scores that lies below the given score. Example, a
test score which is greater than 95% of the scores of the examinees is said to be 95th
percentile. If the scores are normally distributed, percentile rank can be inferred from the
standard score.

Example: Albert’s raw score in Chemistry class is 66 which is equal to 90th percentile.

This means that 90% of Albert’s classmates got a score lower than 66. Or Albert
surpassed 90% of his classmates

*Note: We already discussed how to compute the percentile rank on our previous lesson.
Exercise

You might also like