SIMPLE SPAN R.C.

DECK GIRDER BRI

PART- I : SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN
Consultant:- Intrecontinental Consultants and Techno Crats Ethiopia Pvt.ltd Company
Project:- Yalo-Abala Road Project,Contract 2,Nehile-Abala
Case:- Analysis and Design for Precast Bulb Tee Girder Bridge
Designed by:- Eskinder A.
Checked by:- Eskinder A.
Date:- Aug,2014

1. DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS

1.1 Subject Information:
Superstructure type:- Simple span R.C.Deck Girder
Clear span : 30m
Clear Roadway 7.32m
Sidewalk 0.4m
1.2 Material properties:
Concrete :- Grade C-30 concrete ( section 9.3)
fc'= 24Mpa
fc=0.4*fc' 9.6Mpa
Ec=4800sqrt(fc') 23515.1015307185Mpa
1.3 Reinforcement steel:
Grade 420 steel: For rebars diam. 20mm and above
fy = 420Mpa
fs = 165Mpa
Es = 200000Mpa
Grade 300 steel: For rebars less than diam. 20
fy = 300Mpa
fs = 140Mpa
Es = 200000Mpa
Modular ratio n = Es / Ec 8.505
Live Loading: (1) Design Truck : HL-93
(2) Design Tandem
DESIGN TRUCK HL 93+25%
P/4 P

14ft 14 - 30ft
(4.267m) (4.267- 9.144m)

P = wheel load = (145KN/2)=

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT
DESIGN TANDEM
P P
1.20m
 P = wheel load = 1/2*110KN =
LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT
Design method:- Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Reference: ERA's Bridge Design Manual 2002
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 19
2. BRIDGE CROSS SECTION

2.1 Given Data

Clear Rdwy width, W1=
Clear Rdwy width, W2=
Sidewalk width, SW=
Total bridge width, WT=
No. of lane=
2.2 Preliminary Dimensions
No. of girders=
width of support=
expansion length left at both sides=
c/c of support=
Clear span plus depth of member=
Design span length, S=
Top slab thickness, Ts =
Multiple presence factor=
Recommended min. girder depth=0.07*
Use Girder depth D=
c/c girder spacing, a=
End of slab to center of exterior girder,
Web width recommended, bw=
Use web width, bw=
Use web widthat top of girder, bw=
Clear span b/n girders=
Overhang slab thickness near ext. girde
 fillet=
Exterior diaphragm depth=
Interior diaphragm depth=
Width of diaphragm=
Number of exterior diaphragm=
Total number of interior diaphragm=
Total number of diaphragm=
c/c spacing of diaphragms=
depth of post=
width of post=
Average spacing between posts=
Height of post
depth of rail=
Width of rail=
Face of rail from end of curb=
Edge of post from exterior edge of curb
curb height (interior)=
curb height (exterior)=
unit weight of concrete=
unit weight of Asphalt=
Assumed wearing surface thickness=
Ø for moment=
Ø for shear=
Distance of first hook from one end
No of lifting hooks provided
Flange depth
flange chamfering

Crown and Wearing surface

Use 2.0% crown in transverse direction and assume 10cm asp
Posts and Railings
Use 0.85m high concrete post and railing
PAN R.C. DECK GIRDER BRIDGE

opia Pvt.ltd Company

.C.Deck Girder

( fc' cylinder )

mm and above
420Mpa
165Mpa
200000Mpa

300Mpa
140Mpa
200000Mpa
Use n = 9

P P P

14 - 30ft 6ft
267- 9.144m) (1.80m)

72.5KN
L ARRANGEMENT TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT

P P
1.80m
 55KN
L ARRANGEMENT TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT
Factor Design (LRFD)
anual 2002
fications for Highway Bridges, 1998

7.32m
0m
0.4m
8.12m
2

3
1.3m
0.05m
32m
32.25m
32m
0.22m
1.2 1
2.24m
2.25m
2.6m
1.46m
0.556m Assume 6 diam. 32 bars in one row
0.55m
0.3m
2.05m
0.22m
 0.1m
1.58m
1.58m
0.5m
2
3
5
8.05m
0.25m
0.3m
1.433m
0.9m
0.2m
0.4m
0m
0.1m
0m
0m
24KN/m3
22.5KN/m3
0.1m
0.9 AASHTO Article 5.5.4.2
0.9
3.6m
4
0.4
0.125

direction and assume 10cm asphalt wearing surface

and railing
 Computation Of Distribution Factor
6.1.3 Live Loads
a) Design Truck Load : HL-93

P/4 P P P
14ft 14 - 30ft 6ft
(4.267m) (4.267- 9.144m) (1.80m)

P = wheel load = (145/2KN)= 72.50 KN

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMEN
b) Design Tandem
P P P
1.20m 1.80m

P = wheel load = 1/2*110KN = 55 KN

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMEN

c) Lane load (due to traffic jam)=

8.06 KN/M For interior girder width=
7.316 KN/M For exterior girder width=
Dynamic Load Allowance
Section 3.13, the vehicular dynamic load allowance IM
IM = 33% There fore IM
The live loads shall be factored by 1+IM/100 = 1.33
D ) Distribution Factor
Transverse Load Distribution
In designing sidewalks, slabs and supporting members, a wheel load located on the sidewalk shall be
a ) Distribution Factor for Shear (Sec. 13.4: Table 13-7 & 13-8)
I ) Exterior Girder:
Case-1: One Design lane loaded
The lever rule is applied assuming that the slab is simply supported over the longitudinal beams (Tabl

P P
1.8
a=
 d1=
RE RI d2=
d1 a - d2 d2

The distribution coefficient to the exterior girder for shear

REX1 (shear) = 1/a*P*(a+d1+d2) = 1.994 P
Case-2: Two or more design lanes loaded
The distribution of live load per lane for shear in exterior girder is determined according to the formula
REX2 (shear) = (0.60+de/3000) = 0.862 per lane de=
This factor is for one lane load which is equivalent to two lines of wheels, and thus multiplied by 2
REX2 (shear) = (0.60+de/3000) = 1.72 P
There fore, REX (shear) in exterior girder is maximum of the above two values, REX1 or REX2
REX (shear) = 1.99 P
ii ) Interior Girder:
Case-1: One Design lane loaded
The distribution of live load per lane for shear in interior girder is determined according to the formula
RINT 1 (shear) = 0.36 + S/7600 = 0.702 where 1100<=S<=4900
For two lines of wheels the distribution factor for shear in interior girder is: 6000<=L<=73000
RINT 1 (shear) =(2P)(0.36+ S/7600) = 1.404 P S=

Case-2: Two or more design lanes are loaded

The distribution of live load per lane for shear in interior girder
RINT 2 (shear) = 0.20+(S/3600)-(S/10700)2 = 0.863 where 1100<=S<=4900
For two lines of wheels 6000<=L<=73000
RINT 2 (shear) = 1.726 P Nb >=
S=
There fore, RINT (shear), in interior girder is maximum of the above two values, RINT 1 or RINT 2
RINT (shear) = 1.726 P
b ) Distribution Factor for moment (Sec.13.4: Table 13-3 and 13-4)
I ) Exterior Girder
Case-1: One Design lane loaded
The lever rule is applied assuming that the slab is simply supported between the longitudinal beams (
REXT1 (moment) = 1.994 P
Case-2: Two or more design lanes loaded
The Lever Rule is applied, and the distribution factor for wheel load is
REXT 2 (moment) = 1.994 P
II ) Interior Girder
Case-1: One Design lane loaded
RINT1(moment) =0.06+[S/4300]0.4[S/L]0.3[Kg/L*ts3]0.10 where 1100 <= S<= 4900
The longitudinal stiffeness parameter, Kg.
Kg = n*(I + A.eg2) wheren = EB /EC= 1
I = 1/12*(bw*h3) = 0.3834 m4 D= 2.25
A = bw(D-ts)+a*ts = 1.6885 m2 bw= 0.55
eg=1/2*(D-ts) + ts/2 = 1.1250 m ts= 0.22
a= 2.60
Kg = n(I+A.eg2 ) = 2.52042 m4
The distribution factor of live load per lane for moment in interior girder:
RINT1(moment) = 0.06+[S/4300]0.4[S/L]0.3[Kg/L*ts3]0.10 = 0.530 L= 32.00
S= 2.60
Case-2: Two or more design lanes loaded
RINT2(moment) =0.075+[S/4300]0.6[S/L]0.2[Kg/L*ts3]0.10 = 0.622
The distribution factor for wheel load (i.e. two lines of wheels) is 2 times the maximum of the above tw
RINT (moment) = 1.24 P
on Factor

P
6ft
(1.80m)

SVERSE ARRANGEMENT

SVERSE ARRANGEMENT

2.60
2.36

33%

the sidewalk shall be 1 foot from the face of the curb

gitudinal beams (Table 13-8)

2.60 m
 0.460 m
1.260 m

cording to the formulas given in Table 13-8.

0.785 m
us multiplied by 2

cording to the formulas given in Table 13-7.

e 1100<=S<=4900
6000<=L<=73000
2.60 m

e 1100<=S<=4900
6000<=L<=73000
4
2.60 m
INT 1 or RINT 2

e longitudinal beams (Table 13-4)

S<= 4900
where Eb=modulus of elasticity of beam material(Mpa)
where ED=modulus of elasticity of Deck material(Mpa)
m
m
m thickness of top slab
m

m
m
ximum of the above two values
 Shear Forces and Bending Moments due to Dea
Dead loads on the Girder
a) Exterior Girder

Uniform dead loads per linear meter span

W1=
W2=
W3=
W4=
W5=
slab=
girder =
sum

b) Interior Girder
 Uniform dead loads per linear meter span
slab =
girder = bw*(D-ts)*24 =
Wearing surface =
Sum WDL =

C ) Dead Loads of diaphragms

a)Due to exterior diaphrams
On exterior girder=
On interior girder=
b)Due to interior diaphrams
On exterior girder=
On interior girder=

Summary of Dead Load

ON EXTERIOR ON INTERIOR
LOADS GIRDER GIRDER
P1(KN)= 16.73 33.46
P2(KN)= 16.73 33.46
WDL(KN/M)= 36.93 36.97

P1 P2 P
L1 L1
WDL

Shear Forces and Bending Moments due to Dead Loads on Girder

VDL(x)= P1+P2+ wL/2 - (P1+ W*X) = P2+W*L/2-W*X
MDL(x)= (P1+P2+W*L/2)*X - P1*X - W*X /2
2
= (P2+WL/2)*X - WX 2/2
VDL(x)= P1+P2+ wL/2 - (P1+ W*X)-P2 = W*(L/2-X)
 MDL(x)= (P1+P2+W*L/2)*X - P1*X - W*X2/2-P2*X =WX/2(L - X)
A)Exterior Girder

x VDL MDL
(m) (KN) (KNm)
0.00 607.57 0.00
1.600 548.49 924.85
3.200 489.40 1755.16
4.800 430.32 2490.94
6.400 371.23 3132.18
8.000 312.15 3678.89
9.600 253.07 4131.06
11.200 177.25 4301.34
12.800 118.17 4537.68
14.400 59.08 4679.48
16.000 0.00 4726.75

b) Interior Girder
x VDL MDL
(m) (KN) (KNm)
0.000 624.96 0.00
1.600 565.81 952.62
3.200 506.66 1810.59
4.800 447.51 2573.93
6.400 388.36 3242.62
8.000 329.21 3816.67
9.600 270.06 4296.08
11.200 177.45 4306.15
12.800 118.30 4542.75
14.400 59.15 4684.71
16.000 0.00 4732.03
oments due to Dead Loads

(KN/m)
1.92
1.18
0.00
0.00
8.12
8.32
17.39
36.93
 (KN/m)
13.73
17.39
5.85
36.97

16.73KN
33.46KN

16.73KN
33.46KN

P1 ( KN)
L= 32
L1 L1= 10.66667

if x<=L1
if x<=L1
if x>L1
if x>L1
 Shear Forces and Bending
a) Influence Lines for Shear Forces and Bending Moments
a-1) Design Truck: HL 93
Influence Lines for Shear Force at "x" distance from end support

P P/4 Influence Line for

P   reaction at support

V(x=0) = P (A + B +C/4)
A=1.0
A=1 B C B=(L-4.267)/L
C=(L-8.534)/L

P P P/4

A= y/L Influence line for

B C shear at distance 'x'

x/L
Coefficients
     A=y/L=(L-x)/L
 B=(y-4.267)/L=(L-x-4.267
C=(y-8.534)/L=(L-x-8.534
V(x) = P (A + B +C/4)

V(x) = P ( (L-x) + (L-x-4.267) + (L-x-8.534) )

L L 4L

Influence Lines for Bending Moment at "x" distance from end support

P P P/4 Influence line for

moment at distance 'x'
Coefficients
A
xy/L B Loading 1 A=xy/L=x(L-
C
B=x(y-4.267)
    C=x(y-8.534)

Mx = P (A + B + C/4)

B
xy/L C
Loading 2 A=(x-4.267)y
A
B=xy/L= x(L
    C=(y-4.267)x

Mx = P (A/4 + B + C)

a-2) Design Tandem

Influence Lines for Shear Force at 'x' distance from end support

P Influence Line for

P  reaction at support


A=1.0
A=1 B B=(L- 1.20)/L

V(x=0) = P (A + B) = 1.0*P + P(L-1.20)/L

P P


A= y/L Influence line for

B
shear at distance 'x'
 B=(L- 1.20)/L

V(x=0) = P (A + B) = 1.0*P + P(L-1.20)/L

P P


A= y/L Influence line for

B
shear at distance 'x'

x/L

Coefficients
     A=y/L=(L-x)/L
 B=(y-1.20)/L=(L-x-1.20)/L

Vx = P (A + B)
Vx = P ( (L-x) + (L-x- 1.20) )
L L

Influence Lines for Bending Moments at 'X' distance from end support

P P
 Influence line for
moment at distance 'x'

A xy/L B Coefficients
A=xy/L= x(L-x
    B=(y- 1.20)x/L


Mx = P (A + B)

Mx = P ( (L-x)x + (L-x- 1.20)x )

L L

b) Shear forces due to Live load plus impact

b-1) Exterior Girder
Design Truck: (1.00+IM
VLL + IM =
)*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptruck)* (A+B+C/4)
Design Tandem: (1.00+IM
VLL + IM )*(Dist.
= Factor)*(Ptandem)*(A+B)
Lane load: (Dis.Factor)*0.5*(lane load)*(A*(L-X)-X(1-A)) Dist. Factor =

Live Load 1:
Design Truck
x
(m) Coefficients V(lane)+VLL+IM
A B C (KN)
0m 1.000 0.867 0.733 627.515
1.600 0.950 0.817 0.683 582.547
3.2 0.900 0.767 0.633 537.579
4.8 0.850 0.717 0.583 492.611
6.4 0.800 0.667 0.533 447.643
8 0.750 0.617 0.483 402.675
9.6 0.700 0.567 0.433 357.707
11.2 0.650 0.517 0.383 312.738
12.8 0.600 0.467 0.333 267.770
14.4 0.550 0.417 0.283 222.802
16 0.500 0.367 0.233 177.834

b-2) Interior Girder

Design Truck: (1.00+IM
VLL + IM =)*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptruck)* (A+B+C/4)
Design Tandem: (1.00+IM
VLL + IM )*(Dist.
= Factor)*(Ptandem)*(A+B)
Lane load: (Dis.Factor)*0.5*(lane load)*(A*(L-X)-X(1-A)) Dist. Factor =

Live Load 1:
Design Truck
x
Coefficients V(lane)+VLL+IM
(m)
A B C (KN)
0 1.000 0.867 0.733 563.879
1.6 0.950 0.817 0.683 504.393
3.2 0.900 0.767 0.633 303.794
4.8 0.850 0.717 0.583 285.067
6.4 0.800 0.667 0.533 266.340
8 0.750 0.617 0.483 247.612
9.6 0.700 0.567 0.433 228.885
11.2 0.650 0.517 0.383 210.158
12.8 0.600 0.467 0.333 191.431
14.4 0.550 0.417 0.283 172.704
16 0.500 0.367 0.233 153.976

c) Bending Moments due to Live load plus impact

c-1) Exterior Girder
Design Truck: (1.00+IM
MLL + IM = )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptruck)* Max(Sum Coeff's)
Design Tandem: (1.00+IM
MLL + IM )*(Dist.
= Factor)*(Ptandem)*(A+B)
Lane load: (Dis.Factor)*(lane load)*(0.5*A*L) Dist. Factor =

When the live load is Design Truck

Loading 1
x(m) Coef. ( Loading 1 ) sum Coef.
A B C A+B+C4/4
0m 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.6 1.520 1.307 0.273 3.100
3.2 2.880 2.453 0.507 5.840
4.8 4.080 3.440 0.700 8.220
6.4 5.120 4.267 0.853 10.240
8 6.000 4.933 0.967 11.900
9.6 6.720 5.440 1.040 13.200
11.2 7.280 5.787 1.073 14.140
12.8 7.680 5.973 1.067 14.720
14.4 7.920 6.000 1.020 14.940
16 8.000 5.866 0.933 14.800

When the live load is Design Tandem

Sum
Coefficients coef. M(lane)+MLL+IM
x(m)
A B (A+B) (KNm/m)
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.6 1.520 1.460 2.980 789.388
3.2 2.880 2.760 5.640 1494.761
 4.8 4.080 3.900 7.980 2116.120
6.4 5.120 4.880 10.000 2653.464
8 6.000 5.700 11.700 3106.793
9.6 6.720 6.360 13.080 3476.108
11.2 7.280 6.860 14.140 3761.408
12.8 7.680 7.200 14.880 3962.694
14.4 7.920 7.380 15.300 4079.965
16 8.000 7.400 15.400 4113.221

c-2) Interior Girder

Design Truck: (1.00+IM
MLL + IM = )*(Dist. Factor)*(Ptruck)* Max(Sum Coeff's)
Design Tandem: (1.00+IM
MLL + IM )*(Dist.
= Factor)*(Ptandem)*(A+B)
Lane load: (Dis.Factor)*(lane load)*(0.5*A*L) Dist. Factor =

When the live load is Design Truck

Loading 1
Coefficents. sum Coef.
x(m) A B C A+B+C4/4
0m 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.6 1.520 1.307 0.273 3.100
3.2 2.880 2.453 0.507 5.840
4.8 4.080 3.440 0.700 8.220
6.4 5.120 4.267 0.853 10.240
8 6.000 4.933 0.967 11.900
9.6 6.720 5.440 1.040 13.200
11.2 7.280 5.787 1.073 14.140
12.8 7.680 5.973 1.067 14.720
14.4 7.920 6.000 1.020 14.940
16 8.000 5.866 0.933 14.800

When the live load is Design Tandem

Sum
Coefficients coef. M(lane)+MLL+IM
x(m) A B (A+B) (KNm/m)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.600 1.520 1.460 2.980 714.722
3.200 2.880 2.760 5.640 1353.412
4.800 4.080 3.900 7.980 1916.071
6.400 5.120 4.880 10.000 2402.699
8.000 6.000 5.700 11.700 2813.295
9.600 6.720 6.360 13.080 3147.859
11.200 7.280 6.860 14.140 3406.393
12.800 7.680 7.200 14.880 3588.894
14.400 7.920 7.380 15.300 3695.364
16.000 8.000 7.400 15.400 3725.803

6.1.3 Seismic Force Effects

Earthquake zones: EBCS Zone -4
Site Coefficient: Type I = 1
Acceleration coefficient(A): 0.1
The horizontal seismic force is the product of the site coefficient, the acceleration coefficien

Computation of permanent loads:

Railing and posts = #REF!
Sidewalks = #REF!
Slab = #REF!
Asphalt = #REF!
Sum Wp = #REF!

Horizontal earhquake force FH = site coeff.*A* Wp = #REF!

This force is transferred to the substructure through the bearings located at ends of the brid
Earthquake force transferred to one support = 1/2*FH = #REF!
This force is applied horizontally to the bearings
Total Dead Load reaction at one support = #REF!
Assume coef.of friction between bearing and 0.5
The frictional resistance force developed between the interface = µ*Dead load Rxn
= #REF!
#REF!
Shear Forces and Bending Moments due to Live Loads
Moments

end support
Influence Line for
reaction at support

V(x=0) = P (A + B +C/4)
A=1.0
B=(L-4.267)/L
C=(L-8.534)/L

fluence line for

ear at distance 'x'

Coefficients
A=y/L=(L-x)/L
B=(y-4.267)/L=(L-x-4.267)/L
C=(y-8.534)/L=(L-x-8.534)/L

-x-8.534) )
4L

rom end support

Influence line for

moment at distance 'x'
Coefficients
Loading 1 A=xy/L=x(L-x)/L
B=x(y-4.267)/L= x(L-x-4.267)/L
C=x(y-8.534)/L=x(L-x-8.534)/L

4)

Loading 2 A=(x-4.267)y/L=(x-4.267)(L-x)/L
B=xy/L= x(L-x)/L
C=(y-4.267)x/L=(L-x-4.267)x/L

C)

nd support
Influence Line for
reaction at support

A=1.0
B=(L- 1.20)/L

*P + P(L-1.20)/L

Influence line for

shear at distance 'x'
 B=(L- 1.20)/L

*P + P(L-1.20)/L

Influence line for

shear at distance 'x'

Coefficients
A=y/L=(L-x)/L
B=(y-1.20)/L=(L-x-1.20)/L

from end support

Influence line for

moment at distance 'x'

Coefficients
A=xy/L= x(L-x)/L
B=(y- 1.20)x/L=(L-x-1.20)x/L

x )

IM = 33%
L= 32m
Dist. Factor = 1.99
P truck= 72.5KN
P tandem= 55KNLoad 2:
Live
Design Tandem
Max. (lane)
Coefficients V(lane)+VLL+IM +VLL+IM
A B (KN)
1.000 0.963 519.622 627.515
0.950 0.913 481.698 582.547
0.900 0.863 443.774 537.579
0.850 0.813 405.850 492.611
0.800 0.763 367.925 447.643
0.750 0.713 330.001 402.675
0.700 0.663 292.077 357.707
0.650 0.613 254.153 312.738
0.600 0.563 216.229 267.770
0.550 0.513 178.305 222.802
0.500 0.463 140.380 177.834
 IM = 33%
L= 32m
Dist. Factor = 1.73
P truck= 72.5KN
P tandem= 55KNLoad 2:
Live
Design Tandem
Max. (lane)
Coefficients V(lane)+VLL+IM
+VLL+IM
A B (KN)
1.000 0.963 470.461 563.879
0.950 0.913 417.074 504.393
0.900 0.863 222.574 303.794
0.850 0.813 209.945 285.067
0.800 0.763 197.317 266.340
0.750 0.713 184.689 247.612
0.700 0.663 172.060 228.885
0.650 0.613 159.432 210.158
0.600 0.563 146.804 191.431
0.550 0.513 134.176 172.704
0.500 0.463 121.547 153.976

IM = 33%
L= 32m
Dist. Factor = 1.99
P truck= 72.5KN
P tandem= 55KN

Loading 2 M(lane)+Maximum
Coeff. ( Loading 2 ) sum Coef. MLL+IM
A/4 B C A/4+B+C (KNm/m)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 1.520 1.307 2.827 950.746
0.000 2.880 2.453 5.333 1794.937
0.113 4.080 3.440 7.633 2532.573
0.427 5.120 4.267 9.813 3163.654
0.700 6.000 4.933 11.633 3688.180
0.933 6.720 5.440 13.093 4106.150
1.127 7.280 5.787 14.193 4427.821
1.280 7.680 5.973 14.933 4663.445
1.393 7.920 6.000 15.313 4792.514
1.467 8.000 5.866 15.333 4815.028
 IM = 33%
L= 32m
Dist. Factor = 1.73
P truck= 72.5KN
P tandem= 55KN

Loading 2 M(lane)+Maximum
Coefficents. sum Coef. MLL+IM
A/4 B C A/4+B+C (KNm/m)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 1.520 1.307 2.827 854.433
0.000 2.880 2.453 5.333 1613.317
0.113 4.080 3.440 7.633 2276.654
0.427 5.120 4.267 9.813 2844.443
0.700 6.000 4.933 11.633 3316.684
0.933 6.720 5.440 13.093 3693.377
1.127 7.280 5.787 14.193 3983.401
1.280 7.680 5.973 14.933 4195.634
1.393 7.920 6.000 15.313 4312.320
1.467 8.000 5.866 15.333 4333.457
cient, the acceleration coefficient and the permanent loads

KN
KN
KN
KN
KN

KN
arings located at ends of the bridge
KN

face = µ*Dead load Rxn

KN
 FACTORED LOA

FACTORED LOADS
Load Factors and Load Combinations
STRENGTH I
U=0.95*(1.25*DL+1.75*[(LL+IM)+Lane]
Factored Shear Forces
Exterior Girder
0.95*(1.25VDL+
x VDL V(lane)+VLL+I 1.75[V(lane)+(VLL+IM)])
(m) (KN) (KN) (KN)
0.00 607.57 627.51 1857.62
1.60 548.49 582.55 1705.07
3.20 489.40 537.58 1552.52
4.80 430.32 492.61 1399.97
6.40 371.23 447.64 1247.42
8.00 312.15 402.67 1094.87
9.60 253.07 357.71 942.32
11.20 177.25 312.74 768.86
12.80 118.17 267.77 616.31
14.40 59.08 222.80 463.76
16.00 0.00 177.83 311.21

Factored Bending Moments

Exterior Girder
x 0.95*(1.25MDL+
MDL M(lane)+MLL+IM 1.75[M(lane)+(MLL+IM)])
(m) (KNm) (KNm) (KNm)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.6 924.85 950.75 2819.86
3.2 1755.16 1794.94 5335.09
4.8 2490.94 2532.57 7545.67
6.4 3132.18 3163.65 9451.62
8 3678.89 3688.18 11052.92
9.6 4131.06 4106.15 12349.59
11.2 4301.34 4427.82 13125.36
12.8 4537.68 4663.44 13833.13
14.4 4679.48 4792.51 14236.25
16.00 4726.75 4815.03 14334.74
FACTORED LOADS

Interior Girder Design S.F.

(1.25VDL+
VDL V(lane)+VLL+I 1.75[V(lane)+(VLL+IM)]) Vmax(KN)
(KN) (KN) (KN)
624.96 563.9 1767.99 1857.62
565.81 504.4 1589.95 1705.07
506.66 303.8 1164.96 1552.52
447.51 285.1 1058.25 1399.97
388.36 266.3 951.54 1247.42
329.21 247.6 844.83 1094.87
270.06 228.9 738.12 942.32
177.45 210.2 589.59 768.86
118.30 191.4 482.88 616.31
59.15 172.7 376.17 463.76
0.00 154.0 269.46 311.21

Interior Girder Design B.M.

0.95*(1.25MDL+ Mmax
MDL M(lane)+MLL+IM 1.75[M(lane)+(MLL+IM)])
(KNm) (KNm) (KNm) (KNm)
0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00
952.62 854.4 2686.03 2819.86
1810.59 1613.3 5086.54 5335.09
2573.93 2276.7 7201.55 7545.67
3242.62 2844.4 9031.05 9451.62
3816.67 3316.7 10575.04 11052.92
4296.08 3693.4 11833.51 12349.59
4306.15 3983.4 12353.64 13125.36
4542.75 4195.6 13020.80 13833.13
4684.71 4312.3 13402.45 14236.25
4732.03 4333.5 13498.59 14334.74
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

A) Design Loads
The factored loads in the above tables are the design loads and the structure shall be designed to car
above.

B) Effective Compression Flange Width, beff, ( AASHTO Art. 8.10.1.1)

i) Exterior Girder
The total width of slab effective as T-girder flange shall not exceed one-fourth of the span length of th
width overhanging on either side shall not exceed six times the thickness of the slab or one half the c
Therefore, the effective compression flange width, beff, is the minimum of the following:
a. 1/4 span =
b. 2*6hf+bw =
c. bw+2*1/2(clear spacing b/n webs ) =
bw+(Ext. cantilever + 1/2*clear spacing b/n girders) =
Effective compression flange width, beff =

i) Interior Girder
The effective compression flange width, beff, is the minimum of the following:
a. 1/4 span =
b. 2*6hf+bw =
c. bw+2*1/2(clear spacing b/n webs ) =
Effective compression flange width, beff =
Use compression flange width, beff =

C) Spacing Limits for Reinforcements ( Art. 8.21.1 & 8.21.3)

i) horizontal
The clear distance between parallel bars in a layer shall not be less than 1.5 bar diameter , maximum
1.5*diam. =
max. size of aggrergate 1 inch =
1.1/2 inch =
Hence the minimum clear distance between parallel bars in
a layer with no lapping is =
Assuming vertical lapping of bars, one over the other,
The minimum clear distance between parallel bars in a layer is =
Therefore, the minimum center to center spacing of bars in a layer is =
Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer =
The minimum center to center spacing of bars in a layer with horizontal overlap is =
Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer with horizontal overlap =
ii ) Vertical
Minimum clear distance between two layers of bars is 1 inch or dia of bar =
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is no lap =
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap in one of the layer
Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap in both layers=
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers =
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers when there is lap in one of t
Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers when there is lap in both lay

D) Section Capacity and Reinforcement

The maximum design moment is:
Mmax = 14,334.74
 Try No of bars f of bars
1st row = 6 32
2nd row = 2 32
4 32
3rd row = 4 32
2 32
4th row = 2 32
4 32
5th row = 2 32
26
D = 2.25
d' = sum ai*di = 0.24
sum ai
d = D - d' = 2.01
b = 2.60

For rectangular beam analysis (a < hf), use the following formulas:
r= As/bd
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b)
ØMn =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2)
For T-beam analysis (a > hf ), use the following formulas:
r= As/bd
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b)
The steel area, Asf, required to balance the longitudinal compression force in the overhang
Asf = 0.85*fc'*(b-bw)*hf/fy
The resisting moment provided by the force Asf*fy
M1 =Asf*fy*(d - hf/2)
The remaining steel area (As-Asf), at a stress fy, is balanced by the compression in the rectangular po
The depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block in the zone is found from the horizontal equilibru
a = (As - Asf)*fy/(0.85*fc'*bw)
An additional resisting moment, M2, is thus provided by the force (As - Asf)*fy and 0.85*fc'a*bw at lev
M2 =(As - Asf)*fy*(d-a/2)
The total resisting moment, Mu, is the sum of M1 amd M2
Mu = M1 + M1
ØMu = Ø ( M1 + M2 )
Assume rectangular beam analysis

r= As/bd = 0.0040
a = As*fy/(0.85*fc'*b) 165.58
It is rectangular beam as assumed
ØMn =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2) 15239.03

The following computations for T-beam analysis do not apply

Asf = 0.85*fc'*(b-bw)*hf/fy = -
M1=Asf*fy*(d-hf/2) = -
a = (As - Asf)*fy/(0.85*fc'*bw) = -
M2 =(As - Asf)*fy*(d-a/2) = -
Mu = M1 + M1 = -
ØMu = Ø ( M1 + M2 ) = -

There fore, the section capacity is

ØMn = 15239.0288223162
OK!!
E) Checking maximum steel area
rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy)
= 0.0182
rprovided = As/bd = 0.00399970174106612
OK !!

F) Check for minimum reinforcement (Section 9.4.5)

ØMn > = 1.2Mcr.
Mcr = fr * Ig / yt
fr = 0.63 * SQRT( fc' ) = 3.086
Centroid of cross section
y1=Sum(Ai*yi)/(sumAi) =
Sum Ai*yi = 2.357
Sum Ai = 1.689
Yt=Sum(Ai*yi)/(sumAi) = 1.396
Gross moment of inertia, Ig, about centroid
I1=1/12*btop*hf3 + A1*d12 = 0.3188
I2=1/12*bw*(D - hf ) + A2*d2 =
3 2
0.5456
Sum Ig = 0.8644
The crackimg moment, Mcr,
Mcr = fr * Ig / yt = 1,910.96
1.2Mcr = 2293.14759679314
Mmax = 14334.7372071586
OK!
6.4 Serviceability Requirements
6.4.1 Fatigue stress limits ( Section 9.6.2 )
Fatigue stress limits will be checked for the service load conditions. The permissible stress range is gi
ff = 145 - 0.33 fmin + 55 (r/h)

k = [pn+0.5(ts/d)2] / (pn+(ts/d) = 0.29

kd = 0.58
T-beam
If it is rectangular beam
j = 1 - k/3 = -

If it is T-beam
j = 6 - 6(hf/d)+2(hf/d)2 - (hf/d)3/(2pn) = 0.950
6 - 3 (hf/d)
The minimum stress, fmin, is :
fmin = MDL/(As*j*d) = 118.52
The maximim stress, fmax, is caused by the total load ( MDL+LL+IM )
fmax = (MDL+LL+IM) /(As*j*d) = 239.12
The actual stress range, delta ff, is:
Delta ff = fmax - fmin = 120.60
The fatigue stress limit, ff, is
ff = 145 - 0.33* fmin + 55 (r/h) = 122.387551460216
OK !!
Control of Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement (Sec. 9.4.5)
To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within max
Components shall be so proportioned that the tensile stress in the steel reinforcement at service limit
fs = Z / (dc*A)1/3 < = 0.6*fy
A =
dc = Effective
distance tension
measured area/ No.
from of bars=bw*(2y')
extreme tension 0.01
fiber to center of the closest bar = 0.07
Z = crack width parameter, assumed = 30.00
There fore, for crack control the maximum allowable stress is
fsa = Z / (dc*A)1/3 = 336.52
The maximim stress, fmax, at service load is
fmax = (MDL+MLL+IM) /(As*j*d) = 239.123931323733
OK
FOR FLEXURE

ure shall be designed to carry the expected design loads as calculated

rth of the span length of the girder. The efffective flange

of the slab or one half the clear distance to the next web.
the following:
8.00 m L= 32.00 m
3.19 m hf = 0.22 m (average)
2.60 m bw = 0.55 m
2.76 m Overhang L = 1.185 m
2.60 m Clear S b/n gir.= 2.050 m

8.00 m L= 32.00 m
3.19 m hf = 0.22 m
2.60 m bw = 0.55 m
2.60 m Clear S b/n gir.= 2.050 m
2.60 m

5 bar diameter , maximum size of aggregate or 1.1/2 inches.

48 mm Assume d= 32 mm
25 mm
38 mm

48 mm = 0.048 m

48 mm
80 mm
80 mm
112 mm
112 mm

32 mm
64 mm
80 mm
96 mm
70 mm
90 mm
100 mm

KNm Cover(mm)= 50
 ai di(m) ai*di As
4825 0.070 338 4825.49
1608 0.170 273 6433.98
3217 0.170 547 9650.97
3217 0.270 869 12867.96
1608 0.270 434 14476.46
1608 0.370 595 16084.95
3217 0.370 1190 19301.95
1608 0.470 756 20910.44
20910 5002
m
m

m 0.070
m

in the overhang

ession in the rectangular portion of the beam.

om the horizontal equilibruim

*fy and 0.85*fc'a*bw at lever arm of (d-a/2)

As= 20,910 mm2

b= 2.600 m
d= 2.011 m
mm fy = 420 MPa
as assumed fc' = 24 Mpa
KNm bw = 0.550 m
hf = 0.220 m
Ø= 0.90
mm2
KNm
mm2
KNm
KNm
KNm

KNm >> Mmax= 14334.74 KNm

 b1= 0.85
fc' = 24 N/mm2
<< rmax fy = 420 N/mm2

N/mm2

btop= 2.60 m
m3 hf= 0.22 m
m2 bw= 0.55 m
m D= 2.25 m

m4
m4
m4

KNm
KNm
KNm >> 1.2Mcr.

rmissible stress range is given by Eq. 9.19.

r/h= 0.30
MDL= 4732.03 KNm
MLL+IM= 4815.03 KNm
m r=As/bd= 0.0040
b= 2.600 m
d= 2.011 m
hf= 0.22 m
n= 9.0
As= 20,910 mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2 >> 120.60 N/mm2

well distributed within maximum flexural zones.

nforcement at service limit state, fs, does not exceed
m2 y' = d' = 0.239 m
m bw= 0.55 m
KN/mm No. of bars= 26

N/mm2

N/mm2 << fsa = 336.5191501 N/mm2

 Analysis of Precast
Precast girder is analyzed as a simply supported beam for the following loading combination.
(i) Self weight plus 100% of self weight due to dynamic effect of the girder during transportation. In ad
horizontal component of the hook force during picking has to be added. If two cranes are used, the mo
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the girder is ignored.

(ii) Self weight plus load transferred from composite deck and 1.5kN/m2 of live load due to laborers.

a)self weight of the girder

W1(Dead load of precast
girder) = 17.39 KN/m
MDx1= W1*(L-X)/2
MD1= W1*L2/8 2226.0 KN-m
VD1= W1*(L/2-X)

a)Load from deck

Effective flange width= 2.60 m

W1(Dead load of top slab)= 13.73 KN/m
MDx2= W1*(L-X)/2
MD2= W2*L2/8 1757.2 KN-m

VD2= W2*(L/2-X)
Case 1
when self weight govern

VD1= W1*(L/2-X)
Vtotal= 2*W1*(L/2-X)
Use MDL=2*1.25*MD1= 5565.1 KN-m

1)Reinforcement for positive moment

Mu= 5565.1 KN-m

Mu =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2)=

Assume a= 340.031 mm

As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 9083.760
a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 340.034
 Required As = 9083.760
a bar= 804.248

NO of bar required= 12
Provided= 26

Therefore the provided Bottom reinforcement is ade

1)Reinforcement for Negative moment

Self weight 17.391 KN-m

Distance of hooks from end of the element.

X1 X2 X3
5.00 12.500 20.000

Negative Moment at Hooks

Ditance from
No. one end Design momen
1.00 5.000 217.388
2.00 12.500 161.000
3.00 20.000 161.000
4.00 27.500 217.388
Design Moment=

Mu= 543.5 KN-m

Mu =Ø*As*fy*(d-a/2)=

Assume a= 51.054 mm

As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 743.994
a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 51.058

Required As = 743.994
a bar= 314.159

NO of bar required= 3
Provided= 4

Therefore the provided top reinforcement is adequa

 Analysis of Precast Girder
for the following loading combination.
c effect of the girder during transportation. In addition to this the bending moment induced due to
has to be added. If two cranes are used, the moment due to horizontal component of the cable

eck and 1.5kN/m2 of live load due to laborers.

L= 32.00 m

hf = 0.22 m
D= 2.25 m
d'(depth of precast girder) 2.030 m
bw= 0.550 m

Thus self weight governs

-
-

- -
- -
- -
-
-
- -

--
-
- -

Where
d= ###
Ø= 0.9
db= 32
fy= 420.00 Mpa
mm2 fc= 24.00 Mpa
mm b= 550mm

OK !!
 mm2
mm2

ovided Bottom reinforcement is adequate at erection satge

Angle of hoisting hook(o)= 60.00

end of the element. 78.000

X4 Check
27.500 ok!!

nt at Hooks
Factored moment(Factor for dead
load and Dynamic effect)
543.46875
402.50000 needs check
from sap
402.50000
Output
543.46875
543.47 KN-m

where
d= 1958mm
Ø= 0.9
db= 20
fy= 420.00 Mpa
mm2 fc= 24.00 Mpa
mm b= 300mm
cover= 50mm
OK !! db(stirrup)= 12mm

mm2
mm2

ovided top reinforcement is adequate at erection satge

a ) Shear strength
Design of cross sections subject to shear shall be based on
Vu < = ØVn = Ø (Vc + Vs )
where Vu = factored shear forces at the section
Vn = the nominal shear strength, determined as the lesser of Vn = Vc + Vs or Vn=0.25*fc'*bv*d
Vc = the nominal shear strength provided by the concrete, determined by:
Vc = 0.083*b*SQRT(fc')*bv*dv, where b=
Vs = the nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
Vs = Av*fv*d / s
b ) Shear strength provided by concrete
Shear stress provided by concrete
vc = 0.083*b*sqrt(fc') = 0.813 Mpa
The shear strength carried by concrete,Vc=vc*bw*d= 0.813

c ) Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement

Where the factored shear force, Vu, exceeds shear strength ØVc, shear reinforcement shall be provide
the equation, Vu < = ØVn = Ø ( Vc + Vs )
When shear reinforcement perpendicular to the axis of the member is used
Vs = Vu/Ø - Vc = Av*fy*d / s
There fore, spacing of shear reinforcement, s, is :
S = Av*fy*d / Vs = Av*fy*d/(Vu/Ø-Vc)=Av*fy*d/(Vu/Ø - 0.813*bw*d )
Minimum shear reinforcement ( Eq.12.34 )
Av = 0.083*sqrt(fc')*bw*S / fy
Smax = Av*fy / ( 0.083*sqrt(fc')*bw )
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
If Vu < 0.10*fc' * bw * d, S <= 0.8d <= 600mm
If Vu >= 0.10*fc' * bw * d, S <= 0.4d <= 300mm
Sections located less than a distance d from support may be designed for the same shear as that com

x Vx
(m) (KN)
0.00 624.96
1.60 565.81 700
3.20 506.66 ( Vu at distance d ) 600

Shear Force (KN)

4.80 447.51 500
6.40 388.36 400
8.00 329.21 300
9.60 270.06 200
11.20 177.45 100
12.80 118.30
0
14.40 59.15
0.00
16.00 0.00
 Vc =
x Vu d 0.813bw.d*
(m) (KN) (m) 10-3
(KN)

0.00 1562.40 1.960 478.04

1.60 1414.52 1.935 471.95
3.20 1266.65 1.910 465.85
4.80 1118.77 1.872 456.70
6.40 970.90 1.860 453.65
8.00 823.02 1.840 448.78
9.60 675.14 1.810 441.46
11.20 443.63 1.791 436.77
12.80 295.75 1.791 436.77
14.40 147.88 1.791 436.77
16.00 0.00 1.791 436.77
 DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Ø= 0.900

+ Vs or Vn=0.25*fc'*bv*dv

2.00

bw*d (N)

orcement shall be provided to satisfy

fc' = 24 MPa
fy = 300 MPa
f = 12 mm
Av = 226 mm2
0.10*fc' * bw= 720 Mpa

e same shear as that computed at a distance d

FACTORED SHEAR FORCES DIAGRAM

700
600
Shear Force (KN)

500
400
300
200
100
0
0.00 1.60 3.20 4.80 6.40 8.00 9.60 11.20 12.80 14.40 16.00
Distance (m)
 Smax-2= Spacing by
0.10*fc'*bw* Smax-1 Av*fy/ analysis Spacing
Vs=Vu/Ø - Vc
d (mm) (0.083*sqrt( S=Av*fy*d/ Required(m
(KN)
(KN) fc')*bw) (Vu/Ø-Vc) m)
(mm) (mm)
1,257.96 1411.2 300 556 106 106
1,099.75 1393.2 300 556 119 119
941.54 1375.2 600 556 138 138
786.38 1348.2 600 556 162 162
625.12 1339.2 600 556 202 202
465.69 1324.8 600 556 268 268
308.70 1303.2 600 556 398 398
56.15 1289.4 600 556 2164 556
- 1289.4 600 556 - 556
- 1289.4 600 556 - 556
- 1289.4 600 556 - 556
 Spacing
Provided(mm)
Remark
(from
drawing)

100 OK!!
100 OK!!
100 OK!!
100 OK!!
150 OK!!
150 OK!!
150 OK!!
200 OK!!
200 OK!!
250 OK!! 13250
250 OK!! 4900 4950 3400 3000
4.9 4.95 3.4 3
 16.25
32.612
The maximum recation is computed at each of the hook ends which is presented as here in below

Self weight 17.391 KN-m

Distance of hooks from end of the element.

X1 X2 X3
3.60 12.033 20.467

Reactions at each ends (from SAP OUTPUT)

Design vertical
Reacton

No. Ditance from one end

1.00 3.600 135.940
2.00 12.033 146.664
3.00 20.467 146.664
4.00 28.900 135.940
Design Moment=

Therfore
Design Reaction load= 366.660 KN

Required Area:- 2222.183 mm2

Diameter of bar used:- 32mm
Area of bar 804.248
No of Bar required= 3

So Provide 3Ø32mm Hook Reinforcement

maximum slicing load applied at tension cable of the cran

 Hook design

h is presented as here in below

Angle of hoisting hook(o)

nt. 60.000
X4 Check
28.900 ok!!

PUT)
Factored
Reaction load
(Factor for
dead load and
Dynamic effect)
339.84912
366.66025 needs check
from sap
366.66025
Output
339.84912
366.66 KN-m

2mm Hook Reinforcement

423.38 KN