ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF COMMERCE
COURSE TITLE: Moral and Civics Education

Class section: 5

Group Members ID. NO.

1. Abigia Moges UGR/7477/17

2. Abigiya Getatchew UGR/6281/17

3. Amar Ousman UGR/3599/17

4. Ammar Abdulwasie UGR/9759/17

5. Befiker Buzuayghu UGR/4208/17

6. Blen Sherefa UGR/9265/17

7. Eliana Eliyoud UGR/6981/17

8. Eyerusalem Mintesnot UGR/4990/17

9. Mekdes Zeleke UGR/8654/17

10. Natan Mengistu UGR/9777/17

11.Tsinat Girma UGR/3769/17

12. Yafet Asrat UGR/5743/17

Submitted to: Instructor Zewdu Temtime

Due date: January 1, 2025

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 Acknowledgment
First and foremost, we would like to praise and thank God, the almighty, who blessed us with
knowledge for the completion of this project.

Next we would like to sincerely thank Mr. Zewdu Temtime, our instructor, for his
unwavering support and generous sharing of his knowledge. His dedication to our education
and development has inspired us to pursue greatness and gain a greater understanding of the
subject. We have been pushed to expand our knowledge and acquire useful research skills
that will benefit us in the future by the direction and dedication to excellence. We value the
precise guidelines, expectations, and directions provided during the paper assignment.

Then, we would like to sincerely thank Addis Ababa University for giving us the chance to
further our education by providing us a well-stocked library and for their assistance as well.

Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to our family and friends, for their
encouragement and support during the course of our project. We appreciate them for being
our unwavering inspiration and source of motivation. They have greatly influenced the
direction of our study. Their readiness to exchange thoughts and offer criticism has improved
our comprehension and enabled us to formulate a more thorough viewpoint on the subject.

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 Table of Contents
Chapter one: Introduction to Norway’s Constitution..........................................................4
: Historical Background……..............................................................................5
: Key Features…………………..…………........................................................6
: Evolution……………………………................................................................9
: Role of the Constitution…………………......................................................12
: Amended Constitution of Norway..................................................................15

Chapter two: Introduction to Brazil’s Constitution...........................................................16

: Historical Background……............................................................................17
: Key Features …………………..………….....................................................18
: Evolution……………………………..............................................................20
: Role of the Constitution…………………......................................................23
: Amended Constitution of Brazil.....................................................................26

Chapter three: Comparison and Contrast .........................................................................27

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………...32
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………….…....33
Reference……………………………………………………………………………..……..35

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A Comparative Analysis of the constitution
of Brazil and The Kingdom of Norway

Introduction to the Constitution of Norway

Norway, officially known as the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country located in
Northern Europe. It shares borders with Sweden, Finland, and Russia and is known for its
stunning landscapes, including fjords, mountains, and a long Atlantic coastline. With a
population of approximately 5.5 million people, Norway operates as a constitutional
monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. Its capital, Oslo, serves as the political and
cultural hub of the nation.
The Constitution of Norway, adopted on May 17, 1814, is one of the oldest constitutions still
in effect today. It holds immense historical and cultural significance, symbolizing Norway’s
commitment to democracy, individual freedoms, and national independence. This landmark
document has guided Norway’s evolution from a nation under foreign rule to a modern,
sovereign state renowned for its strong governance and high quality of life.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the Constitution of Norway, examining its historical
origins, foundational principles, and ongoing role in shaping the country’s political and social
framework. By delving into its unique features, this study aims to highlight the enduring
importance of the constitution in Norway’s development as a stable and prosperous nation.

The Norwegian constitution dated, sealed and signed on 17th May 1814.

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Historical background
The Constitution of Norway, adopted on May 17, 1814, is a cornerstone of the nation’s
identity and a vital document in its political history. Its creation marked a pivotal moment,
reflecting the aspirations of the Norwegian people to achieve independence and establish a
government rooted in democratic principles. To fully understand the significance of this
document, it is essential to examine the historical context in which it was drafted, the events
leading to its adoption, and its enduring impact on the nation's development.
Norway Under Danish Rule
For 5more than 400 years, Norway was in a union with Denmark, forming the realm of
Denmark-Norway. During this period, Norway was often overshadowed by Denmark, with
the central government located in Copenhagen. While the union brought stability, Norway's
autonomy was limited, and its identity as a distinct political entity was somewhat diminished.
By the early 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars drastically altered the political landscape of
Europe, setting the stage for significant changes in Norway's status.
The Treaty of Kiel and the Push for Independence
The Napoleonic Wars ended unfavorably for Denmark, which had allied with Napoleon. As a
result of its defeat, Denmark was forced to sign the Treaty of Kiel in January 1814, ceding
Norway to Sweden as part of a broader reorganization of European territories by the
victorious allies. This decision, made without Norwegian consent, was met with strong
resistance from the Norwegian people and leaders, who saw an opportunity to assert their
independence amidst the chaos of the post-war period.
The Eidsvoll Convention and the Drafting of the Constitution
In the spring of 1814, 112 representatives from across Norway convened at Eidsvoll, a small
town north of Oslo, to draft a constitution. Over the course of six weeks, these leaders
debated and crafted a document that would define the nation’s governance. Influenced by
Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty, as well as by the
democratic principles embodied in the U.S. Constitution and the French Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen, they sought to create a framework that balanced individual
rights with national sovereignty.
The Constitution established Norway as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary
system of governance. It included provisions for the separation of powers among the
executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as protections for individual freedoms
such as speech, religion, and property rights. This progressive document was ahead of its
time and demonstrated the influence of contemporary democratic movements.
Challenges to Independence and the Union with Sweden
On May 17, 1814, the Constitution was signed, and Christian Frederik, a Danish prince, was
elected as Norway's king. However, Norway’s declaration of independence was met with
opposition from Sweden, which sought to assert its claim to Norway under the Treaty of Kiel.

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After a brief military conflict, Norway entered a forced union with Sweden in November
1814 under the terms of the Convention of Moss.
Despite the union, Norway retained significant autonomy, as its Constitution was preserved
with minor amendments to accommodate the Swedish monarchy. This allowed Norway to
maintain control over its domestic affairs and develop its political institutions independently,
paving the way for its eventual full independence in 1905.
The Legacy of the Constitution
The Constitution of 1814 is a defining symbol of Norway’s resilience and aspiration for self-
determination. It has provided a stable framework for governance and has undergone
numerous amendments to reflect the changing values of Norwegian society. Its legacy is
celebrated every year on May 17, known as Constitution Day, with parades, speeches, and
national festivities. This celebration not only honors the past but also reaffirms the
Constitution’s role in shaping the nation’s democratic and egalitarian identity.
Today, the Constitution of Norway stands as one of the oldest functioning constitutions in the
world, a testament to the enduring principles of democracy and the rule of law. It remains a
source of pride and inspiration for the Norwegian people, symbolizing their journey from
subjugation to sovereignty.

Key features of the Constitution

The Constitution of Norway, adopted in 1814, is a remarkable document that has stood the test of
time, shaping the nation’s governance and values. Known as one of the oldest written constitutions
still in use, it reflects the principles of democracy, sovereignty, and human rights. This section delves
into the key features of the Constitution, highlighting its structure, democratic principles, and the
protections it provides for individual freedoms and the rule of law.

1. Democratic Governance and the Sovereignty of the People

At the heart of Norway’s Constitution lies the principle of popular sovereignty, which holds that the
power of governance emanates from the people. This concept is rooted in the Enlightenment ideals
that influenced many 18th- and 19th-century democracies. The Constitution establishes Norway as a
constitutional monarchy, where the monarch's powers are largely symbolic, and the real governing
authority rests with elected representatives.
 Parliamentary Democracy: The Constitution outlines a system of parliamentary democracy,
with the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) serving as the supreme legislative body. Members
of the Storting are elected by the people through a proportional representation system,
ensuring that all voices in society are represented.
 Separation of Powers: The Constitution clearly delineates the roles of the three branches of
government:

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 o The executive branch, led by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers,
implements laws and manages the administration.
o The legislative branch, represented by the Storting, creates and amends laws.
o The judicial branch, consisting of an independent judiciary, ensures that laws are
interpreted and applied fairly.
 Accountability: Government officials are held accountable through elections and
mechanisms like the vote of no confidence, which ensures that the executive remains
answerable to the Storting and, by extension, to the people.
This framework fosters a participatory and inclusive governance model, where citizens play a central
role in shaping the nation’s future.

2. Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms

One of the most progressive features of the Norwegian Constitution is its strong emphasis on
safeguarding individual rights and freedoms. From its inception, the Constitution sought to enshrine
the rights of citizens, influenced by the democratic movements of the time. Over the years, these
rights have been expanded and strengthened to align with contemporary values.
 Civil Liberties:
o Freedom of speech, press, and assembly are explicitly protected, ensuring that
citizens can express their views and participate in public discourse without fear of
repression.
o Freedom of religion guarantees that individuals can practice their faith freely, a
principle rooted in Norway’s long history of religious tolerance.
 Equality and Anti-Discrimination:
o The Constitution prohibits discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, religion, or
other factors, reflecting Norway’s commitment to equality.
o Amendments introduced in recent decades have reinforced protections for
marginalized groups, including LGBTQ+ individuals, ensuring that all citizens enjoy
equal rights.
 Right to Privacy and Data Protection:
o The Constitution recognizes the importance of personal privacy, providing safeguards
against unwarranted intrusion by the state or other entities.
o These protections have evolved to address modern challenges, such as digital
surveillance and data security.
 Social and Economic Rights:
o Although primarily focused on civil and political rights, the Constitution has also
been interpreted to support social welfare principles, aligning with Norway’s strong
social democratic tradition.
o Rights related to education, healthcare, and economic security are indirectly
supported through constitutional principles.

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3. The Rule of Law and Judicial Independence
The Norwegian Constitution places a strong emphasis on the rule of law, ensuring that all individuals,
including government officials, are subject to the law. This principle is fundamental to maintaining
justice and fairness within the nation’s legal and political systems.
 Supremacy of the Constitution:
o The Constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, and all other laws and
government actions must conform to its provisions.
o Judicial review allows courts to evaluate whether legislation and executive actions are
consistent with constitutional principles.
 Independent Judiciary:
o The judiciary operates independently of the executive and legislative branches,
ensuring impartiality in the administration of justice.
o Judges are appointed based on merit, and safeguards exist to protect them from
political interference.
 Access to Justice:
o The Constitution guarantees that all individuals have access to fair and timely legal
proceedings.
o Legal aid provisions ensure that even economically disadvantaged individuals can
seek justice.
4. Adaptability Through Amendments
One of the Constitution’s enduring strengths is its adaptability. While its core principles remain
unchanged, it has been amended numerous times to reflect societal progress and changing norms.
 Early Amendments: After Norway entered a union with Sweden in 1814, amendments were
made to accommodate the shared monarchy while preserving Norway’s autonomy.
 Modern Reforms: In recent decades, amendments have addressed issues such as gender
equality, environmental protection, and the incorporation of international human rights
standards into domestic law.
The amendment process balances stability with flexibility, requiring broad consensus to make
significant changes. This ensures that the Constitution remains relevant without succumbing to
frequent or hasty alterations.
5. National Identity and Symbolism
Beyond its legal and political functions, the Constitution is a powerful symbol of Norway’s
independence, unity, and democratic values.
 Constitution Day (May 17): Celebrated annually with parades, cultural events, and public
speeches, this day underscores the Constitution’s role as a cornerstone of national pride.
 Representation of Values: The Constitution embodies the values of equality, freedom, and
solidarity that define Norwegian society.

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 Evolution
The Constitution of Norway, adopted on May 17, 1814, is a living document that has undergone
significant changes to remain relevant in an evolving society. Although it has retained its foundational
principles of democracy, popular sovereignty, and individual rights, its adaptability has allowed it to
address new challenges and reflect contemporary values. This section explores the evolution of the
Norwegian Constitution, highlighting key amendments and the processes that have shaped its modern
form.
1. The Early Years: Adaptation to the Union with Sweden
Shortly after its adoption, the Constitution faced its first major test when Norway entered a forced
union with Sweden under the terms of the Convention of Moss in November 1814. While the union
required amendments to the Constitution, the Norwegian negotiators successfully preserved much of
the document's original integrity.
 Union-Specific Changes:
o The most significant amendment accommodated the shared monarchy with Sweden.
The Swedish king became the monarch of both countries, but Norway retained its
independent institutions, including the Storting (Parliament) and judiciary.
o The amendments ensured that Norway maintained significant autonomy in domestic
matters, a rarity in unions of the time.
The preservation of the Constitution in this period was a testament to the strength of Norwegian self-
determination and the foresight of the framers.

2. The Road to Full Independence (1905)

The union with Sweden, while relatively peaceful, was marked by growing Norwegian dissatisfaction
with the arrangement. By the late 19th century, tensions over foreign policy control and national
identity intensified.
 Parliamentary Sovereignty: In the 1880s, Norway moved towards greater parliamentary
sovereignty, asserting the Storting’s authority over the executive branch. This culminated in
the appointment of a Norwegian prime minister in 1884, further strengthening the
parliamentary system.
 Dissolution of the Union: In 1905, Norway peacefully dissolved its union with Sweden. This
monumental event required no major constitutional overhaul, as Norway already had a robust
and independent political framework in place.
The Constitution’s resilience and flexibility were critical in facilitating this transition to full
independence.

3. The Post-Independence Era: Modernization

Following independence, the Constitution underwent several amendments to reflect the changing
needs of Norwegian society and the growing importance of human rights and democratic governance.
 Expansion of Suffrage:

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 o Initially, voting rights were limited to a small segment of the population, based on
property ownership and income.
o Over time, the Constitution was amended to grant universal suffrage, with women
gaining the right to vote in 1913, making Norway one of the first countries in the
world to achieve this milestone.
 Electoral Reforms:
o Proportional representation was introduced to ensure fairer representation of political
parties in the Storting.
o The voting age was gradually lowered, most recently to 18 years, reflecting the
increasing inclusion of younger citizens in the democratic process.
 Economic and Social Rights:
o Amendments in the mid-20th century reinforced the state’s role in ensuring economic
and social welfare, aligning with Norway’s emerging social democratic policies.

4. The Incorporation of Human Rights (Post-WWII Era)

The aftermath of World War II brought significant global emphasis on human rights, influencing
amendments to the Norwegian Constitution.
 International Influence:
o Norway became an early adopter of international human rights conventions,
integrating principles from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the
European Convention on Human Rights into its constitutional framework.
o These amendments strengthened protections for freedoms of speech, religion, and
assembly and addressed issues like discrimination and privacy.
 Equality and Anti-Discrimination:
o In recent decades, the Constitution has been amended to explicitly include provisions
against discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and disability.
o Gender equality, in particular, has been a major focus, with Norway becoming a
global leader in promoting women’s rights.

5. Environmental Protection and Sustainability

One of the most notable modern amendments occurred in 1992, when the Constitution incorporated
provisions for environmental protection.
 Article 112: This amendment enshrines the right to a healthy environment and obligates the
state to safeguard natural resources for future generations.
 The inclusion of environmental rights reflects Norway’s commitment to sustainability and its
role as a global advocate for combating climate change.

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6. Recent Reforms: Constitutional Modernization
In 2014, the bicentennial of the Constitution prompted a significant modernization effort to make the
document more accessible and reflective of contemporary values.
 Language Update: The original language of the Constitution, written in 19th-century Danish,
was updated to modern Norwegian to enhance public understanding.
 Strengthening Democracy: Provisions were revised to clarify and reinforce democratic
principles, ensuring transparency and accountability in governance.
 Digital Rights: As society has become increasingly digitalized, constitutional discussions
have included topics like data protection and digital privacy, though significant amendments
in this area are still ongoing.

7. Amendment Process: Balancing Stability and Change

The Constitution’s longevity is due in part to its carefully designed amendment process, which
balances stability with the need for adaptation.
 Procedure:
o Amendments require approval by a two-thirds majority in the Storting.
o Proposed changes must be introduced during one parliamentary term and voted on in
the next, ensuring thorough debate and consideration.
 Challenges: This process, while deliberate, has occasionally been criticized for being slow in
addressing urgent issues. However, it also ensures that changes reflect broad societal
consensus, preserving the Constitution’s legitimacy.

Norwegian Constituent assembly.

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Role of the constitution
The Norwegian Constitution, as one of the oldest written constitutions still in effect, plays a crucial
role in shaping the country's governance and societal values. While it was initially designed for a
much simpler world, it has evolved into a living document that defines the legal framework for one of
the most stable, prosperous, and progressive nations in the world. This section explores the
Constitution’s influence on modern governance, legal systems, societal values, and Norway’s role on
the international stage.

1. Foundation of Democratic Governance

The Constitution remains the cornerstone of Norway’s democratic system, ensuring the separation of
powers and the accountability of its institutions.
 Parliamentary Democracy:
o The Constitution defines Norway as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary
system.
o It delineates the powers of the Storting (parliament), the executive branch (led by the
prime minister), and the judiciary, ensuring a balance of power.
o Regular elections, guaranteed by the Constitution, ensure citizen participation in
governance and the peaceful transition of power.
 Rule of Law:
o The Constitution underscores the principle of the rule of law, ensuring that all
individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to the law.
o This principle has fostered transparency, accountability, and trust in public
institutions, which are hallmarks of modern Norwegian governance.

2. Safeguarding Fundamental Rights

The Constitution serves as a guardian of individual freedoms and human rights, which are central to
Norway’s societal framework.
 Civil Liberties:
o Rights to freedom of speech, religion, and assembly are explicitly protected.
o These provisions ensure an open and inclusive society, where diverse voices can
contribute to public discourse.

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  Gender Equality and Social Justice:
o Modern amendments to the Constitution reflect Norway’s strong commitment to
equality, including gender parity, non-discrimination, and protection for vulnerable
groups.
o This commitment has positioned Norway as a global leader in gender equality and
human development.
 Environmental Rights:
o Article 112 guarantees the right to a healthy environment, making sustainability a
constitutional obligation.
o This provision reinforces Norway’s status as a pioneer in environmental protection
and climate change advocacy.

3. Role in the Legal System

The Constitution acts as the supreme law of the land, guiding the interpretation and application of
other laws.
 Judicial Oversight:
o The judiciary ensures that all legislation aligns with constitutional principles.
o The Supreme Court of Norway serves as the guardian of constitutional compliance,
invalidating laws that conflict with the Constitution.
 Legal Certainty:
o By providing a clear framework for the rights and duties of individuals and the state,
the Constitution fosters legal certainty and stability.
o This clarity is crucial for maintaining public confidence in the legal system.

4. Framework for Governance in a Globalized World

In the context of globalization, the Constitution provides a foundation for Norway’s engagement with
the international community while safeguarding national sovereignty.
 Adaptation to International Obligations:
o As a member of international organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and the
European Economic Area (EEA), Norway often aligns its domestic laws with
international treaties and conventions.
o The Constitution allows for such alignment, ensuring Norway’s active participation in
global governance without compromising its core principles.
 Humanitarian Leadership:
o Constitutional values of democracy, human rights, and equality underpin Norway’s
foreign policy.

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 o Norway’s substantial contributions to international peacekeeping, conflict resolution,
and development aid reflect these values.

5. Symbol of National Unity and Identity

The Constitution transcends its legal function to serve as a symbol of Norwegian unity and identity.
 National Celebrations:
o Constitution Day, celebrated on May 17th, is a cornerstone of Norwegian cultural
life.
o The day highlights the Constitution’s historical significance and its enduring
relevance in modern society.
 Civic Education:
o The Constitution is a key component of civic education in Norway, ensuring that
citizens understand their rights and responsibilities.
o This widespread knowledge fosters a politically engaged and informed populace.

6. Evolving Role in Contemporary Issues

The Constitution continues to adapt to address emerging challenges and reflect societal values.
 Digital Age:
o Discussions about constitutional amendments related to data privacy, cybersecurity,
and digital rights are gaining momentum.
o These updates aim to protect citizens in an increasingly interconnected and
technology-driven world.
 Climate Change:
o Article 112’s emphasis on sustainability has become a focal point for climate policy,
aligning Norway’s domestic and international efforts to combat climate change.
 Inclusivity:
o The Constitution is a guiding framework for creating an inclusive society that
respects cultural and linguistic diversity, particularly regarding the rights of
indigenous groups like the Sámi people.

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Amended Constitutions of Norway
List of amended articles of Norwegian constitution
 In 1814, Amendments about the relationship between Norway and Sweden were
addressed.
 In 1898, “Universal male suffrage” was introduced.
 In 1903, The constitution was linguistically revised.
 In 1913, “Universal suffrage” was introduced.
 In 1990, Lineal succession of the king was introduced.
 In 1994, Article 110c was introduced. It recognizes human rights.
 In 2004, Article 100 was introduced. It recognize freedom of expression.
 In 2006, Amendments were made to taxation, securing and voting rights.
 In 2007, Amendments were made to the king’s power and decisions on proposal of
bills.
 In 2010, Amendments were made to the vote of representatives.
 In 2012, Amendments were made to ensure democracy and human rights and freedom
of religion.
 In 2014, The constitution was fully revised in language. It result in two equal
Norwegian language versions: Bokmal and Nynorsk.
 In 2015 Amendments were made concerning human rights.

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 Introduction to the Constitution of Brazil
Brazil, officially known as Federative Republic of Brazil is the largest country in South
America and the fifth largest nation in the world. It is also known to be the fifth most-
populous country on Earth. The country shares borders with every South American country
with the exceptions of Chile and Ecuador and occupies almost half of the landmass of the
continent. The Federative Republic of Brazil is divided into five regions namely: North,
Northeast, South, Southeast and Center-west regions. The capital city is Brasilia, but the most
populous city is São Paulo with an estimated number of 12.3million people.
Brazil’s Constitution sets up the Federative Republic as there are twenty-six states in Brazil
and each is allowed its own Constitutions. The Constitution of the Federative Republic of
Brazil (Portuguese: Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil) is the supreme law of
Brazil. This means it is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the
existence of Brazil and the federal government of Brazil. Just as the constitution of the
federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia serves as the main reference of laws and regulations,
rights and obligations in Ethiopia, the constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil serves
the same purpose for Brazil. Brazil has had seven constitutions since independence in 1822,
beginning with the constitution of March 25, 1824.
The purpose of this section of this paper is to provide a clear understanding of the
Constitution of Brazil, it’s origin, how it evolved and the prints it leaves today on shaping and
serving as the basis for leadership of the country. By digging deep into its features, this study
aims to give highlight on the role the constitution played and still plays on the country’s
journey.

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Historical background
The Brazilian Constitution history and development is a story that represents the country
political growth, social changes and cultural affects over the centuries. Brazil’s independence
was declared on September 7th 1822, by the Prince of Portugal, who became Pedro I,
Emperor of Brazil. Since then, the country wrote seven other constitutions beginning with the
constitution of 1824. The first constitution of Brazil was the Constitution of 1824 that
published on 25 March 1824 and revoked on 24 February 1891. This constitution gave the
emperor wide governing institutions, namely the legislature and provincial governments and
lasted until 1889, when Pedro II was overthrown and the Republic of Brazil was formed. The
1824 constitution established Brazil as a constitutional monarchy and introduced central
government structures.

In 1889, Brazil transitioned from a monarchy to a republic and this shift was marked by the
adoption of a new constitution in 1891. On November 15, 1889 Emperor Pedro II was
overthrown, the Brazilian monarchy was abolished and the 1824 constitution was revoked.
Federalism was also introduced in 1889 and set up in the 1891 Constitution. This constitution
faced criticism due to its centralization of power.

The early 20th century was a tumultuous time for Brazil because both constitution saw
dramatic political changes, social unrest, military interventions and shifts in governance.
After that a new constitution was drafted. In 1930, Getulio Vargas organized a military revolt
and led a Coup de’ Etat. His government created a new Constitution in 1934. A couple of
years later, Vargas faced a counter-revolution, forcing him to stage a coup, after which he
began a new constitutional process that results the 1937 constitution. The 1937 Constitution
allowed Vargas to proclaim a dictatorship called the New State also known as Estado Nôvo
and to remain in power for another decade. Then The 1946 Constitution came and replaced
the New State’s dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas after he was overthrown by his war minister.
This constitution was amended by industrial acts that weakened its democratic principles.
After that it was replaced by the new constitution in 1967. This constitution was adopted
during the military dictatorship, after the 1964 coup.

In the 1970s, Brazil's military regime faced growing dissatisfaction as the economy slowed.
The shift toward democracy began in 1974 under President Ernesto Geisel and General
Golbery de Couto e Silva, who introduced gradual political reforms. The first major step was
holding free congressional elections in 1974. In 1982, the military allowed direct elections for
state governors and increased funding for local governments. A new political party law
further opened up the political landscape. In 1985, the Brazilian government decided to create
a new constitution and called for the National Constituent Assembly (ANC). The ANC used a
participatory approach including holding public hearings during the 20 months it took to draft
the 1988 Constitution. This new "citizen constitution" required each state to rewrite its own
constitution and each municipality to create its own laws.

All the Brazilian constitutions were born from moments of rupture, in other words, moments
of crisis in Brazilian history, where different societal forms transited. In conclusion, each
constitution reflects the political climate of its time, with Brazil shifting from monarchy to
republic, enduring periods of military rule, and ultimately establishing a democratic
framework in 1988 that continues to guide the nation.

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Key features of the Constitution
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 is a landmark document that marks the end of military rule and the
beginning of a new era of democracy and social justice in Brazil. Known as the Citizen Constitution
for its inclusive and progressive nature, it focuses on fundamental rights and aims to manage
historical inequalities. The key features of the Constitutions are:
1. Democratic Principles: The 1988 Constitution forms Brazil as a democratic republic with a strong
dedication to democracy, popular sovereignty, and rule of law. It ensures universal suffrage, meaning
that all Brazilian citizens over the age of 16 are eligible to vote, such as voting rights for women,
Afro-Brazilian communities, and marginalized groups, which was a major milestone for the country.
Elections for the presidency, Congress and local officials are held in a persistent manner with direct
voting and Anonymous voting ensuring that the voice of the people stays at the heart of governance.
Brazil's multi-party system assures a diversity of political views and participation enhancing
democratic accountability.
2. Human Rights and Individual Liberties: One of the important features of the 1988 Constitution
is its focus on protecting human rights. It covers a variety of civil freedoms, such as the rights to free
speech, peaceful assembly, and religious practice, allowing people to take part in society without
concern for government interference. The Constitution also provides protection against discrimination
based on race, gender, religion and sexual orientation that helps to ensure that all individuals,
including women, indigenous groups, Afro-Brazilian communities and the LGBTQ+ population, have
equal rights. These provisions represent an important step toward promoting social inclusion and
fairness.
3. Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances: The 1988 Constitution however sets out a
system that distributes power among the executive, legislative and judicial branches. This separation
ensures that no aggregation of powers into one branch and that the aggregate of branches perform
their functions independently of one another but in a manner where they oversee each other’s
performance. Together with the president, the vice-president and the ministers they make up the
cabinet. The National Congress is the prime legislating body and is the direct will representative of
the people. The court system sees to it that the existing laws are interpreted in their rightful spirit and
form and that the Constitution is upheld. Under this Constitution, the Federal Supreme Court has been
conferred jurisdiction over constitutional matters and the enforcement of human rights to ensure the
supremacy of law.
4.Social Rights: Such a Constitution presents a rather broad concept of social rights that can be said
to promote decent living standards for all, especially the most disadvantaged within the society.
Among the rights guaranteed are: healthcare, which is funded by the Government as part of the
National Health Service; education which is free and compulsory at primary and secondary; housing
as one of the basic rights of the people; and social insurance which provides support against loss of
earnings for older persons, disabled people, and the unemployed. This Constitution protects the right
to earn a certain amount of money and protects his or her rights such as employment and
retrenchment, strikes and other collective activities, and the working environment are also safe. Their
existence is dedicated to increasing recipients of this facility and eradicating poverty and gaps
inequality and to improve standards so that all citizens can live with dignity.
5.Federalism and Decentralization: Brazil's internal sovereignty can be characterized as federal as
decision making power is not only in the realm of national administration, but also in those of states
and municipalities. States possess individual constitutions, governments and legislatures, facilitating
the quest for local governance and policies that suit such area's needs. Such decentralization promotes
local democracy by fostering popular involvement in decision-making at the state and local levels. In

18
this respect too the Constitution is of a conciliatory nature, for it embodies principles for maintaining
national unity while guaranteeing compliance with federal law throughout the territory of the country.
6. Environmental Protection: The 1988 Constitution is remarkable for its concern about
environmental protection. It acknowledges the necessity of protecting Brazil’s abundant natural
resources and biodiversity, and recognizes the right to a balanced environment. This was especially
significant in light of the country’s immense rainforests, including the Amazon, as well as the
ecological crises the country was confronting. The state must protect the environment for the benefit
of present and future generations, as enshrined in the Constitution, and policies for sustainable
development must be put in place. It also establishes responsibilities for both citizens and the
government to protect the environment, emphasizing that conservation is essential for Brazil's
economic and social progress.
7. Labour Rights: The 1988 constitution is the most comprehensive document in the protection of
labour rights, which shows the will of the people of Brazil in the fight for social justice and equality.
It protects and guarantees fair wages to its workers, collective bargaining, unionization, and the right
to strike. It also prohibits illegal layoffs, ensures the right to receive employment under proper
conditions, and the right to a reasonable duration of work and holidays with pay. These labour rights
are regarded as vital to the advancement of social and economic equity in the country of Brazil. The
Constitution also protects workers’ coverage by social insurance systems including pension,
unemployment, and health insurance.
8. Citizen Participation: The Brazilian inclusion to democracy is highlighted by the direct
involvement of the citizens in governance through mechanisms that the Constitution provides for.
This includes referendum, plebiscites and popular initiatives where citizens through a voting process
or other means such as proposing laws and constitutional amendments. This provision of the
Constitution deals with the tendency of the government to be very responsive to the citizen’s needs
through their participation in political affairs. It also enhances accountability and transparency as it
encourages a more politically active participation of the Brazilians in the political system.
9. Independence of the Judiciary: The 1988 Constitution defines the limits of judicial power and
ensures that the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed, so that the courts can decide cases
without political interference. This permits judges to consider all factors surrounding a case solely
based on the legal framework instead of succumbing to political pressure thus preserving law and
citizens’ rights. The country’s Constitution is chiefly interpreted and enforced by the Supreme Federal
Court of Brazil which is also responsible for protecting the fundamental rights of highs and resolving
conflicts of jurisdiction between minors and majors. It is an important role that the Supreme Court
fulfills in Brazil’s system of checks and balances, as it also reviews and prevents abuses of power
emanating from the executive or legislative branches.

19
 Evolution
The current constitution of Brazil has been valid since 1988.But it has experienced notable
changes to stay pertinent in a dynamic society. Although it has faced and still continues to
face many difficulties and oppositions throughout it’s history, this constitution still is the
major guide practiced in the country. This section explores the evolution of the constitution
of Brazil, gives highlight information about each version of the constitution and also takes
note on the amendments it faced.

Constitution 1824
Brazil Independence was proclaimed on September 7th 1822, by Pedro, then Prince of
Portugal, who became Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil.
A Constituent Assembly started working on May 3rd 1823. The Constituents wished for a
liberal democracy; Pedro wanted to hold a Moderator Power, by which the Emperor would
have power to veto any decision from the Legislative. On November 12th 1823, Pedro
ordered the Army to invade the Assembly, and their members were arrested and exiled.
Assigned by Pedro, ten members of the Portuguese Party wrote the Constitution, which was
completed on March 25th 1824.

While it claimed to be a document representing "all Brazilian citizens," it entrusted the right to vote
only in wealthy, literate males and excluded the majority, not to mention enslaved people. After
independence, such a constitution was necessary to consolidate the power of the new country for
stability within the nascent empire. It survived for 65 years with constant accusations of
authoritarianism and lack of representativity.

Constitution 1891
This Constitution followed the Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil, on November 15th
1889. This Constitution had a strong influence of the regional "coronéis", people who didn't
have political offices, but whose economic power had influences in the political life of the
country.
The regime had changed, but the new Constitution was written by the same people who ruled
the country during the Empire. Rui Barbosa, an esteemed attorney and politician, became
instrumental in the framing of that document. However, voting would be given to men only if they
were literate, excluding women, those illiterate, and basically poor. Dissatisfaction with the centralism
of the empire's power led to a need to make changes to ensure a governing power representing Brazil's
socio-economic face
Features of this Constitution: Senators were no long for life; the Federal Chamber was
created; Presidentialism was established; direct vote, but only by men over 21; Catholicism
was no longer the official religion of Brazil.

Constitution 1934
In 1930, Getulio Vargas becomes President of Brazil, and breaks the cycle known as "coffee
and milk", by which the States of São Paulo (bigger producer of coffee) and Minas
Gerais (biggest producer of milk) alternated in power. The oligarchy reacted against Vargas,
20
in a bloody episode known as Revolution of 1930, and demanded a new Constitution.
Vargas called elections for an Constituent Assembly, which promulgated a new Constitution
on July 16th 1934. This Constitution was adapted to the transformations which happened in
Brazil in the early 1900s.
This constitution was written by a Constituent Assembly composed of various political factions. It
aimed to address inequalities exacerbated by the economic crisis and growing urbanization. However,
its progressive provisions were short-lived, as political tensions led to its replacement by the
authoritarian 1937 Constitution.
Some features: voting became a duty for people over 18, including women; the Labor Justice
and Electoral Justice were created.

Constitution 1937
On November 10th 1937, Vargas institutes the Estado Novo (New State) and imposes a new
Constitution.
Inspired in the fascist movement, this Constitution, written by Francisco Campos, Minister of
Justice of the new regime, had an authoritarian trait.
The main feature was the concentration of Powers in the Executive (Vargas). The President
had powers to appoint the Governors of the provinces, who in turn appointed the mayors of
cities. Vargas also created several agencies to be eyes and ears of the State.

Constitution 1946
Vargas was overthrown in 1945. Along with the new President, a Constituent Assembly was
elected. The new constitution was presented on September 18th 1946.
Liberties guaranteed by the Constitution of 1934 and revoked by Vargas in 1937 were
restored. This Constitution was particularly focused on individual freedom.
Features: for the first time, guarantees take for granted today were inserted in a Brazilian
Constitution, such as: all are equal before the law; freedom of expression; freedom of
association; guarantees against illegal imprisonments.

Constitution 1967
In 1964, the militaries overtook the power. To avoid the opposition in the Parliament, the
militaries used Institutional Acts to amend the Constitution (instead of being voted by the
Parliament, such Acts were imposed by the government).
In 1967, as a means to aggregate all the Institutional Acts, the militaries called for a new
constitution.
Features: very authoritative. Some fundamental individual rights became relative; article 151
of the Constitution read: "those who misuse the rights provided for by paragraphs 8, 23, 27
and 28 of article 150, to attempt against the democratic order or commit corruption, shall
loose political rights for a term of two up to ten years..."; the mentioned paragraphs referred
to freedom of thought, freedom of work, freedom of meeting and freedom of association.
Based on this article, many were arrested for charges of "conspiration against the democratic
order". The militaries continued issuing Institutional Acts, which could not be amended by

21
the Parliament; when members of Parliament became more vocals against the dictatorship,
the militaries shut down the Parliament.

Constitution 1988
The current constitution, also known as the "Citizen Constitution," which restored
democracy and established the current legal and political system. This is the one still in
practice and researches show as of now, there have been over 100 amendments to the 1988
Constitution. Some of the significant revisions include changes to the electoral system, social
security, labor laws, and the organization of government. However, the core structure of the
Constitution, often referred to as the "Citizen Constitution," remains largely intact.

In Brazil, constitutional amendments are introduced by the President, members of Congress,

or state legislatures and require approval from both chambers of Congress with a
supermajority vote (three-fifths).

22
The Role of the Seven Constitutions of Brazil
Brazil has undergone significant constitutional transformations since its
independence, with seven constitutions shaping its legal, political, and societal
frameworks. Each of these constitutions reflects the country’s evolving
governance structures, societal priorities, and responses to internal and external
challenges. This section explores the roles and impacts of Brazil's seven
constitutions, highlighting their influence on governance, legal systems, societal
values, and Brazil's global role.

1. Foundation of Governance
The Brazilian constitutions established frameworks for governance that evolved
over time, responding to changing political, social, and economic realities.
Empire of Brazil (1824)
Monarchical Framework: The first constitution, promulgated under Emperor
Dom Pedro I, established Brazil as a constitutional monarchy.
It centralized power, granting significant authority to the emperor through the
"Moderating Power."
Transition to Representative Governance: Limited forms of representation were
introduced, laying the groundwork for future democratic developments.
Republican Era (1891)
Federalism: Marked the transition from monarchy to a federal republic, with
significant autonomy granted to states.
Separation of Powers: Strengthened the separation of legislative, executive, and
judicial powers, emphasizing the role of elections.
Modern Democracy (1988)
Participatory Governance: Established Brazil as a federal presidential republic
with extensive democratic safeguards.
Enshrined regular elections, universal suffrage, and the balance of powers
between federal and state governments.

2. Safeguarding Fundamental Rights

Brazil's constitutions progressively expanded protections for individual rights
and societal equality.
Civil Liberties
1824: Limited rights for elites, with no provision for press freedom or universal
civil rights.

23
1988: Robust guarantees of free speech, religious freedom, and assembly,
reflecting modern democratic values.
Abolition of Slavery
The 1891 Constitution followed the abolition of slavery in 1888, incorporating
principles of labor rights and equality.
Gender Equality and Social Justice
1934 Constitution: Introduced social rights, including protections for workers
and women.
1988 Constitution: Solidified Brazil’s commitment to gender equality, labor
rights, and protections for indigenous communities.

3. Role in the Legal System

The Brazilian constitutions have defined the supremacy of law and mechanisms
to ensure constitutional compliance.
Judicial Oversight
1934 Constitution: Created mechanisms for judicial review to ensure laws
adhered to constitutional principles.
1988 Constitution: Strengthened the judiciary, granting the Supreme Federal
Court authority to annul unconstitutional legislation.
Legal Certainty
Provided clear frameworks for governance, enhancing stability and public trust
in legal and political institutions.

4. Framework for Governance in a Globalized World

The constitutions shaped Brazil’s approach to international relations and
domestic integration in global governance.
Adaptation to International Obligations
1891 Constitution: Aligned Brazil with emerging international norms as the
country transitioned to a republic.
1988 Constitution: Established principles for respecting human rights and
upholding international treaties, emphasizing Brazil’s role as a global partner.
Humanitarian Leadership
Brazil’s modern constitution reflects its commitment to global peace,
sustainable development, and the fight against inequality, shaping its foreign
policy.

24
5. Symbol of National Unity and Identity
Brazil’s constitutions have served as symbols of collective identity and
aspirations for societal progress.
National Celebrations
The transition to republican governance under the 1891 Constitution is
commemorated as a pivotal moment in Brazil’s national history.
Civic Education
The 1988 Constitution is widely taught, emphasizing citizen rights and
responsibilities, fostering civic engagement and political awareness.

6. Evolving Role in Contemporary Issues

The Brazilian constitutions, particularly the 1988 framework, address emerging
challenges and modern societal values.
Digital Age
Discussions around digital privacy, cyber security, and freedom of information
are emerging within the constitutional framework.
Climate Change
The 1988 Constitution incorporates environmental protections, reflecting
Brazil’s significant role in preserving the Amazon and combating global climate
change.
Inclusivity
Recognized the rights of indigenous peoples and Afro-Brazilians, particularly in
the 1988 Constitution, ensuring protections for cultural and ethnic diversity.

7. Periods of Authoritarianism and Democratic Restoration

Brazil's constitutional history includes phases of authoritarian rule and
democratic revival.
1937 Constitution
Introduced under President Getúlio Vargas, it centralized power, curtailed civil
liberties, and reflected authoritarian tendencies.
1946 Constitution
Marked Brazil’s return to democracy after the Estado Novo dictatorship,
restoring civil liberties and political freedoms.
1967 Constitution

25
Under military rule, it reinforced authoritarian governance, limiting democratic
participation and suppressing dissent.
1988 Constitution
Restored democracy, becoming a landmark for human rights, social inclusion,
and participatory governance.

Amendments to the Brazilian Constitution

1. In 2024 Comprehensive Tax was reformed
In December 2024, the Brazilian Congress passed a landmark tax reform
created to simplify and modernize the country’s wide tax system.
This reform is expected to foster economic growth, reduce tax evasion, and
create a more business-friendly environment.
2. In 2024 Fiscal Responsibility Package
Later in December 2024, the Brazilian Congress approved a fiscal package
aimed at controlling government spending and addressing fiscal imbalances.
This measure reflects Brazil’s ongoing struggle to balance fiscal discipline with
public service delivery.
3. In 2019 Pension Reformation
One of the most impactful amendments in recent history, the Pension Reform of
2019, was designed to address the unsustainable deficits in Brazil’s social
security system.
This reform was pivotal in improving Brazil’s fiscal outlook and ensuring the
sustainability of its pension system.
4. In 2017 Labor Market Reformations
Another critical change came in 2017, with amendments aimed at modernizing
labor laws to reflect contemporary workplace practices
This reform was pivotal in improving Brazil’s fiscal outlook and ensuring the
sustainability of its pension system.

26
Comparison of Brazil’s and The Kingdom
of Norway’s Constitution
The Brazilian and Norwegian constitution showcase the distinctive approaches to the governance,
people’s right protection and legal framework found in the respective nations. The Brazilian constitution
was the result of struggle for democracy and social justice. It focuses on the broad scope of rights and a
complex legislative system. On the other hand, the Norwegian constitution has been influenced by liberal
democracy throughout its long history and it focuses on human, political and civil rights while endorsing a
more direct legislative system. Both constituents give insight into the historical and cultural context of
their respective countries.
■Brazil’s constitution established a diverse and specialized system of courts, for labor, electoral, military
issues etc. It allows public civil actions to defend the general collective rights, making the people capable
of holding the government accountable in case of right violations. The judiciary protects the people’s
rights and review laws for their constitutionality.
■ In Norway, the judiciary works independently and the courts can review laws to make sure they comply
with the constitution. Unlike Brazil, Norway doesn’t have specialized courts. It has a unified court system
that handles both criminal and civil cases, making the judicial system less complex and more effective.
■ Brazil’s constitution is less flexible and adaptable as that of Norway’s since it requires two-thirds
majority in the chambers of Congress to amend its provisions. This indicates a dedication for right
protection and prevention of unpredictable changes to the legal framework.
■ On the other hand, Norway’s constitution allows for a much more flexible amendment process. A
proposed amendment must gain approval from a simple majority in two consecutive sessions of the
storting, followed by an election. This encourages ongoing discussions and adaptations while making sure
that the changes in the constitution aligns with the people’s will and rights.
■ From a historical perspective, the situations and periods of time in which these 2 constitutions emerged
and the ideas and philosophies that influenced them differs significantly including the constitution’s
Purpose and goal.
● Brazil’s constitution of 1988 appeared in a period of dictatorship in brazil and it shows the change of
government system, from dictatorship to democratic system. It was endorsed after many debates and
public participation and it tried to address the injustices, unfairness, and supressions that was done by the
dictatorship government. It aimed to establish a legal order that encouraged freedom ,justice and equality.
●Norwegian constitution was adopted on may 17,1814. It was drafted in the napoleon’s war era and it has
been influenced by many ideologies like the American and French revolution and the enlightenment ideas.
The constitution established a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, showing the country’s
goals for independence and democracy. It has undergone a lot of amendments but still retained its original
structure, focusing on the rule of law and individual rights.
■ The form of government and government bodies are also different in these two countries as its reflected
in their constitutions
● In Brazil, the constitution established a federal republic. The president serves as the head of the
government. The constitution divides power among the federal government, states and municipalities
allowing for a decentralized governance system.
● Norway has a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. The king is the ceremonial head of
the state and the prime minister has executive powers.
■ Another difference in these countries constitution is their legislative system that has a distinct
differences

27
 ● In brazil, the legislative power is held by the national congress. The constitution provides a complex
legislative system. For example, bicameralism is apart of the legislative process which requires approval
from both the chamber of deputies and the federal senate.
● In Norway, the legislative body is called the storting. It’s unicameral unlike Brazil and this makes the
legislative process less complex. The storting members are elected to represent the people and they have
the responsibility of making laws that shows interest in the people’s needs.

Brazil and Norway are two countries with vastly different historical backgrounds and societal
structures, which are reflected in their respective constitutions. The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and
the Norwegian Constitution of 1814 are both foundational documents that outline the framework for
their respective governments, institutions, and rights of their citizens. This part will compare and
contrast the two constitutions, exploring their historical context, major events, significant figures,
long-term impacts, influential individuals, various perspectives, positive and negative aspects,
potential future developments, and implications.
●Historical Context:-The Brazilian Constitution of 1988, also known as the Constitution of the
Federative Republic of Brazil, was a product of the end of military dictatorship in Brazil. It was
promulgated in the aftermath of a period of political turmoil and repression, marked by human rights
violations and censorship. The new constitution sought to establish a democratic system of
government, guaranteeing civil liberties, promoting social justice, and ensuring the separation of
powers. On the other hand, the Norwegian Constitution of 1814 was a result of the dissolution of the
union between Denmark and Norway, following the Napoleonic Wars. It was adopted during a time
of great political upheaval in Europe, as the continent was reshaped by the Congress of Vienna. The
Norwegian Constitution was influenced by Enlightenment ideas of liberty, equality, and democracy,
and set the stage for the development of a modern constitutional monarchy in Norway.
●Major Events:-The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 was a response to decades of military rule in
Brazil, which began with a coup d'état in 1964. The military regime that followed was characterized
by authoritarianism, censorship, and human rights abuses. In the 1970s and 1980s, a pro-democracy
movement emerged in Brazil, demanding political reform and the restoration of civil liberties. This
movement culminated in the drafting of a new constitution in 1988, which marked the return to
civilian rule and the establishment of a democratic government in Brazil. In contrast, the Norwegian
Constitution of 1814 was adopted in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, during a period of
political transition in Europe. Norway had been under Danish rule for centuries, but following the
defeat of Napoleon, Denmark was forced to cede Norway to Sweden. The Norwegians resisted
Swedish rule and declared independence, drafting their own constitution in 1814. This event is known
as the Norwegian Constituent Assembly, and it marked the beginning of Norwegian sovereignty and
the establishment of a separate Norwegian state.
●Significant Figures:-In Brazil, one of the most significant figures in the drafting of the 1988
Constitution was Ulysses Guimarães, a prominent politician and leader of the pro-democracy
movement. Guimarães was the president of the Constituent Assembly, which was responsible for
drafting the new constitution. He played a key role in negotiating between different political factions
and interest groups, ensuring that the final document reflected a broad consensus among Brazilian
society. In Norway, one of the most significant figures in the adoption of the 1814 Constitution was
Christian Magnus Falsen, a Norwegian statesman and legal scholar. Falsen was a member of the
Norwegian Constituent Assembly and played a central role in drafting the new constitution. He was
instrumental in shaping the principles and values that would guide the new Norwegian state, including
the protection of individual rights, the separation of powers, and the promotion of democratic
governance.
●Long-Term Impacts:-The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 had a profound impact on Brazilian society
and politics, shaping the country's transition to democracy and laying the foundation for a more

28
inclusive and equitable society. The new constitution established a system of government based on the
principles of federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances. It also enshrined a wide
range of civil liberties and social rights, including the right to education, healthcare, and housing. The
1988 Constitution has been heralded as a landmark in Brazilian history, marking the end of military
rule and the beginning of a new era of democratic governance. Similarly, the Norwegian Constitution
of 1814 had a lasting impact on Norwegian society, laying the groundwork for the development of a
modern democratic state. The 1814 Constitution established the principles of popular sovereignty,
rule of law, and individual rights, which continue to shape Norwegian politics and governance to this
day. The Norwegian Constitution also established the framework for the Norwegian monarchy,
defining the roles and responsibilities of the monarch and the government. Over the years, the
Norwegian Constitution has been amended and updated to reflect changing societal norms and values,
but its core principles remain intact.
●Influential Individuals:-In Brazil, one of the most influential individuals in the drafting of the 1988
Constitution was Tancredo Neves, a veteran politician who played a key role in negotiating the
transition to democracy. Neves was elected president in a historic indirect election in 1985, but he fell
ill before he could take office. Despite his untimely death, Neves' legacy lived on in the drafting of the
new constitution, which reflected many of the principles and values he had championed during his
political career. In Norway, one of the most influential individuals in the adoption of the 1814
Constitution was Count Herman Wedel Jarlsberg, a Norwegian nobleman and statesman. Jarlsberg
was a leading member of the Norwegian Constituent Assembly and played a key role in shaping the
new constitution. He was a vocal advocate for Norwegian independence and sovereignty, and his
efforts helped to ensure that the final document reflected the aspirations and values of the Norwegian
people.
●Various Perspectives:-The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 has been subject to various interpretations
and critiques over the years, reflecting the diverse political and social landscape of Brazil. Some
critics argue that the 1988 Constitution is too expansive and ambitious, leading to institutional
dysfunction and political gridlock. They point to the numerous rights and guarantees enshrined in the
constitution as potential sources of conflict and tension between different branches of government.
Others argue that the 1988 Constitution has been instrumental in promoting social inclusion and
equality in Brazil, advancing the cause of marginalized groups and promoting a more just and
equitable society. In contrast, the Norwegian Constitution of 1814 has been praised for its simplicity
and clarity, which have contributed to its longevity and resilience. The 1814 Constitution is one of the
oldest written constitutions in the world that is still in force, a testament to its enduring relevance and
adaptability. Critics, however, have argued that the Norwegian Constitution is too conservative and
traditional, lacking the flexibility and dynamism needed to address contemporary challenges and
issues. They point to the slow pace of constitutional reform in Norway as evidence of the limitations
of the 1814 Constitution in addressing the complexities of modern governance.
●Positive Aspects:-Both the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Norwegian Constitution of 1814
have positive aspects that have contributed to their respective countries' political stability and social
progress. The 1988 Constitution has been praised for its commitment to democracy, human rights, and
social justice, which have helped to consolidate Brazil's transition to democracy and promote greater
inclusivity and equality in Brazilian society. The 1814 Constitution, on the other hand, has been
lauded for its emphasis on individual rights, rule of law, and democratic governance, which have laid
the foundation for Norway's long-standing tradition of political stability and social cohesion.
●Negative Aspects:-Despite their positive aspects, both the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the
Norwegian Constitution of 1814 have faced criticism and challenges that have tested their
effectiveness and relevance. The 1988 Constitution has been criticized for its complexity and
ambiguity, which have led to conflicting interpretations and disputes among different branches of
government. The 1814 Constitution, on the other hand, has been criticized for its rigidity and lack of
adaptability, which have made it difficult to address emerging issues and changing societal norms.

29
●Potential Future Developments:-Looking ahead, both the Brazilian and Norwegian constitutions face
a range of challenges and opportunities that will shape their future development and impact. In Brazil,
ongoing political and economic crises have tested the resilience of the 1988 Constitution, highlighting
the need for constitutional reform and revision to address the country's deep-rooted structural
problems. In Norway, debates over the role of the monarchy, the rights of indigenous peoples, and the
impact of globalization on Norwegian society have raised questions about the continued relevance of
the 1814 Constitution in the 21st century.
●Implications:-The differences between the Brazilian and Norwegian constitutions reflect the unique
historical trajectories and societal values of each country, shaping their respective political systems
and governance structures. While the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 is a product of recent democratic
transitions and social movements, the Norwegian Constitution of 1814 is rooted in centuries of
political struggle and nation-building. Despite their differences, both constitutions serve as pillars of
stability and continuity in their respective countries, providing a framework for democratic
governance and social progress.
◇Conclusion:-In conclusion, the Brazilian and Norwegian constitutions represent two distinct
approaches to democratic governance and constitutionalism, shaped by their unique historical
contexts and societal values. The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Norwegian Constitution of
1814 have both played a vital role in shaping their countries' political systems and social structures,
laying the foundation for democracy, human rights, and social justice. While the two constitutions
have faced challenges and criticisms over the years, they continue to serve as enduring symbols of
national identity and aspiration, guiding their countries towards a more inclusive, equitable, and
democratic future.

30
 Conclusion
In this project we have tried to compare the Brazil constitution and the
constitution of the kingdom of Norway. We discussed the issue in three chapters
taking into account the Brazilian Constitution and the Norwegian Constitution
of knowledge. In conclusion, our comparative analysis highlights and reflects
the unique historical, political and social contexts of each country’s constitution.
In summary, the constitutions of Brazil and Norway reflect the unique stories
and hopes of their nations. Norway's Constitution, adopted in 1814, is formed
by Enlightenment ideas and democratic movements. It set the groundwork for a
parliamentary system that values flexibility, individual rights and the ability to
adapt over time. Their adaptability is said to be one of the factors why the
Norway democracy has always been standing and growing. On the other hand,
Brazil's 1988 Constitution was a result of the people's aspiration for adjustments
after a long time of being under the rule of dictators. The document emphasizes
on democracy, justice and human rights, and it calls for the inclusion and the
empowerment of the marginalized communities. By deciding on the practices of
federalism and the judiciary being independent, it has the goal to create a fairer
society. Despite their differences, both constitutions share important values such
as democracy, equality, and the rule of law. They highlight the need to balance
tradition with progress, showing how both countries learn from their past while
working towards a better future. Norway's Constitution is concise and
adaptable, while Brazil's is detailed and comprehensive. Together, they
demonstrate how constitutions are living documents that not only outline
governance but also inspire efforts to tackle modern issues like digital privacy,
climate change, and social equity. This comparison emphasizes that the true
strength of any constitution lies in its ability to grow and change while staying
true to the rights and values it aims to uphold

Bibliography
-Celina Souza. “Constitutional Engineering in Brazil: The Politics of Federalism and
Decentralization.”. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
-Emilio Peluso Neder Meyer. “ Constitutional Erosion in Brazil”. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2021.
-Javier Martínez-Lara. “Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change”.
UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.

31
-Karen Gammelgaard. “Writing Democracy: The Norwegian Constitution,1814-2014”. Berghahn
Books, 2014.
-Tom Ginsburg. " The Constitution of Brazil: A Contextual Analysis". Oxford UK: Hart publisher,
2006.
-Virgílio Afonso da Silva, “The Constitution of Brazil: A Contextual Analysis”. Kemp House,
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2019.

Appendix

32
The front cover of Norway's constitution of 4th November 1814.

Norwegian constitution of November 1814.

33
Brazilian Constitution of 1891

Page 01 of the 1891 Constitution of the Republic of Brazil.

34
Reference from websites
https://www.stf.jus.br- Official website of the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil

https://www.senado.leg.br – Brazilian Federal Senate's official site.

https://www.camara.leg.br – Official site of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies

https://www.planalto.gov - Presidency of the Republic's official portal, providing access to legal documents.

https://www.constituteproject.org Provides constitutions from countries worldwide, including Brazil.

https://www.oas.org – Organization of American States, offering legal documents and analyses.

https://www.wipo.int – World Intellectual Property Organization, with legal texts from member countries.

https://www.loc.gov – Library of Congress, hosting international legal resources.

https://www.constitutionnet.org – Focuses on constitutional processes globally.

https://www.legis.senado.leg.br – Legislative information from the Brazilian Senate.

https://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/legislacaoConstituicao/anexo/brazil_federal_constitution.pdf – Direct link to the English version of

Brazil's Federal Constitution.

https://www.brazilgovnews.gov.br – Official Brazilian government news portal.

https://www.ibge.gov.br – Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, offering socio-economic data.

https://www.tse.jus.br – Superior Electoral Court of Brazil.

https://www.mj.gov.br – Ministry of Justice and Public Security.

https://www.pgr.mpf.mp.br – Office of the Attorney General of Brazil.

https://www.tjsp.jus.br – São Paulo State Court of Justice.

https://www.trf1.jus.br – Federal Regional Court of the 1st Region.

https://www.trf2.jus.br – Federal Regional Court of the 2nd Region.

https://www.trf3.jus.br – Federal Regional Court of the 3rd Region.

https://www.trf4.jus.br – Federal Regional Court of the 4th Region.

https://www.trf5.jus.br – Federal Regional Court of the 5th Region.

https://www.stj.jus.br – Superior Court of Justice.

https://www.tst.jus.br – Superior Labor Court

https://www.tcu.gov.br – Federal Court of Accounts.

https://www.cgu.gov.br – Office of the Comptroller General.

https://www.bcb.gov.br – Central Bank of Brazil.

https://www.receita.economia.gov.br – Federal Revenue Service.

https://www.in.gov.br – Official Gazette of the Federal Government.

https://www.jusbrasil.com.br – Legal information and documents.

https://www.dji.com.br – Legal doctrines and jurisprudence.

https://www.conjur.com.br – Consulter Jurídico, legal news and articles

https://www.migalhas.com.br – Legal news portal.

https://www.jota.info – Legal and political analysis

https://www.amb.com.br Brazilian Magistrates Association

https://www.oab.org.br – Brazilian Bar Association

https://www.abdconst.com.br – Brazilian Academy of Constitutional Law.

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