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Matrices
Importance of Matrices

Mathematics is fundamental to natural science. Its content is extensive and profound, and
the matrix is an important part of mathematics. Matrix is a tool of abstract algebra which
have a wide range of application in computer science for organization of data and analyzing
different data progressions. The matrix are used in Image processing, computer graphics,
encryption and decryption of the codes etc., and early cryptographic techniques, such as the
Hill code, and a part of that it is more widely used, in computer image processing, 3D
animation production, text mining and its' inverted index technology.
Definition of Matrix

A matrix is the array of the numbers in the form of row and column and denoted by a
capital letter and the elements belongs to the matrix defined as aij.
e.g., matrix [A] with elements aij
Matrix Order =Number of Rows * Number of Column= m*n

𝑎11 𝑎12 . . . 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑎𝑖𝑛

Amxn= 𝑎21 𝑎22 . . . 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑎2𝑛 i goes from 1 to m = rows
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ j goes from 1 to n = columns
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑎𝑚𝑛
Types of Matrices

1. Row matrix or vector

Any number of columns but only one row

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛

1*n
Examples
1 1 6
1*3

and
0 3 5 2
1*4
Types of Matrices

2. Column matrix or vector

Any number of rows but only one column 𝑎11
𝑎21
𝑎31
𝑎41
Examples ….
3 𝑎𝑛1 n*1
1
2 2
and 0
3
4 5
4*1 6
5*1
Types of Matrices

3.Rectangular matrix
Contains more than one element and number of rows is not equal to the
number of columns
Examples
1 1 
3 7  1 1 1 0 0 
   2 0 3 3 0
7 − 7   
  2*5
7 6 
4*2 mn
Types of Matrices

4. Square matrix
The number of rows is equal to the number of columns i.e., m=n

Examples

1 1 1 1 1 
9 9 0 
3 0  
  2*2
and
6 6 1 
3*3
Types of Matrices

5. Diagonal matrix
A square matrix where all the elements are zero except those on the main
diagonal i.e., aij =0 for all i ≠ j
aij ≠ 0 for some or all i = j

Examples

1 0 0  and 3 0 0 0
0 2 0  0 
3 0 0
  
0 0 1  0 0 5 0
3*3  
0 0 0 9 4*4
Types of Matrices

6. Unit or Identity matrix - I

A diagonal matrix with ones on the main diagonal
i.e. aij =0 for all i ≠ j
aij = 1 for some or all i = j
Examples

1 0 0 0
0 
1 0 0
and
1 0 
 0 1 
0 0 1 0   2*2
 
0 0 0 1
4*4
7. Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix whose main diagonal elements are equal to the same scalar
A scalar is defined as a single number or constant i.e. aij =0 for all i ≠ j
aij = scalar(k) for some or all i = j
Examples

6 0 0 0
0 
6 0 0
and
1 0 
 0 1 
0 0 6 0   2*2
 
0 0 0 6
4*4
Types of Matrices

8. Null (zero) matrix

All elements in the matrix are zero
aij = 0 for all i = j and i ≠ j

Examples

0  0 0 0 
0  and 0 0 0 
   
0  0 0 0
3*1 3*3
Types of Matrices

9. Triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above or below the main diagonal are all zero

Examples

1 0 0  1 0 0  1 8 9 
2 1 0 and 2 1 0 0 1 6 
     
5 2 3 5 2 3 0 0 3
3*3 3*3 3*3
Types of Matrices

9(a). Upper Triangular matrix

A square matrix whose elements below the main diagonal are all zero

Examples
1 7 4 4
1 8 7  1 8 9  0 
0 1 8  and   1 7 4
0 1 6 
    0 0 7 8
0 0 3 3*3 0 0 3  
3*3 0 0 0 3 4*4
Types of Matrices

9(b). Lower Triangular matrix

A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal are all zero
i.e., aij = 0 for all j > i

Examples

1 0 0  1 0 0 
2 1 0 and 2 1 0
   
5 2 3 3*3 5 2 3
3*3
Matrix Operations

EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices are said to be equal only when all corresponding elements are equal, and
order of the matrices is same.

Examples

1 0 0  1 0 0 
2 1 0 2 1 0
  and  
5 2 3 5 2 3
3*3 3*3
Matrix Operations

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

The sum or difference of two matrices, A and B of the same size yields a matrix C of
the same size i.e.,
cij = aij + bij
Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted

Examples

7 3 − 1  1 5 6  8 8 5
 2 − 5 6  +  − 4 − 2 3 =  − 2 − 7 9 
     
2*3 2*3 2*3
Practice Problems

Q1.What is the difference between the unit matrix , diagonal matrix and scalar matrix
explain with examples

1 −2 3 −5 0 −2
Q2.𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 − 𝐵 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 0 5 −7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 3 2 −1
2 −4 3 −2 −4 −7

2 2 3 −2
Q. 3 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅 + 𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 − 𝑆 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅 = −3 −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 = 4 −5
−5 8 6 −2