HEALTH SERVICES ACADEMY

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

APPLIED EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS-FINAL

Name: _________________________

Registration No. __________________ Total Marks: 50

Part A: Solve all MCQs.( 20 marks)

Maximum time: 40 minutes

Marks: 30

1. Which of the following datasets will have a greater tendency to be normally

distributed?

a) Data with N=100

b) Data with N=10,000

c) Data with N=50

d) Data with N=1000

e) Data with N=100,000

2. Serum cholesterol levels for two groups of Americans were recorded in 1989.
The

mean cholesterol levels of the two groups were compared. To determine whether
the

measurements were significantly different or not, the most appropriate statistical

test

would be:
a) Chi-square test

b) Correlation analysis

c) F test (ANOVA)

d) Student’s t test

e) Regression analysis

3. Select which of the following statement you believe to be true. The P-value is:

a) The probability that the null hypothesis is true.

b) The probability that the alternative hypothesis is true.

c) The probability of obtaining the observed or more extreme results if the

alternative

hypothesis is true.

d) The probability of obtaining the observed results or results which are more

extreme if the null hypothesis is true.

e) Always less than 0.05.

4. Failing to reject the null hypothesis (Ho) when Ho is false, is called:

a) Type I error

b) Type II error

c) Type III error

d) Systematic error

e) Random error

5. Select all of the following variables which are measured on a nominal scale.

a) Height in cm.
b) Ethnic group.

c) Social class (I/II/III-N/III-M/IV/V).

d) Age categorized as young, middle-aged or old.

e) Age in years.

6. Select all of the following statements which you believe to be true. A bar chart:

a) Is used to display categorical data.

b) Can also be called a histogram.

c) Should be drawn without gaps between the bars.

d) Can only be used to display data which have a symmetrical distribution.

e) Contains separate bars, with the length of each bar being proportional to the

relevant frequency or relative frequency.

7. ……………. helps to find a numerical value expressing the relationship between

variables

a. Regression

b. Correlation

c. Random variable

d. Z-value

8. To test linear relationship of y(dependent) and x(independent) continuous

variables, which of

the following plot best suited?

a) Scatter plot

b) Bar Chart
c) Histograms

d) None of these

9. When all values are equal in the data, e.g. 5, what will be the standard
deviation?

a) 5

b) 1

c) 0 (zero)

d) None of the above

10.Which of the following is a better indicator for finding the centeral value ,
when one or more of the lower or the higher observation is wide apart?

a) Mean

b) Median

c) Mode

d) Mean deviation

11. Out of the following, which is the best chart/diagram to assess the
relationship between two variables:

a) Frequency Polygon

b) Histogram

c) Pie Chart

d) Bar Chart

e) scatter diagram

12. When confidence level increases from 90% to 95%, width of the confidence
interval:
a) Becomes wider

b) Becomes narrower

c) Remains unchanged

d) None of the above

13. Which of the following do not affect the width of the confidence interval?

a) Sample variance

b) Sample size

c) Alpha value

d) Sample means

14. A researcher wants to estimate population mean with 95% confidence from

the sample mean. For this purpose which of the following values are required

a) Mean and range

b) Mean and median

c) Standard Deviation, Sample size and sample mean

d) Variants and standard deviation

15. A small standard deviation of the categorical data indicates that:

a) The data points are distant from the mean

b) The data is a poor fit of the data

c) The data points are close to mean

d) None of the above

16. Which of the following is not true about a 95% confidence interval of the
mean?

a) 95 out of 100 confidence intervals will contain the population mean

b) 5 out of 100 confidence intervals will contain the population mean

c) 5% confidence interval does not contain the population mean

d) 95% confidence interval contain does contain the population mean

17. Children can learn a second language differently before the age of 7 than
after. Is this

statement;

a) A non-scientific statement

b) Direction test (One tailed test)

c) Non-directional test (Two tailed test)

d) None of the above

18. Out of the following , which P value is the most significant

a) P < 0.05

b) P < 0.1

c) P < 0.5

d) P < 1.0

19: An intervention was designed to improve the knowledge and performance of

LHWs. The

intervention was implemented for 12 months. To assess the impact of the

intervention, data was

collection from 100 randomly selected LHWs as baseline. At the end of 12 months
100 LHWs
were again randomly selected and their knowledge was assessed as endline
assessment. Average

knowledge score of the LHWs were compared for the end line and baseline
assessment to

determine the change in knowledge over time. What statistical test will be
performed to

determine if there is any difference between the two means

a. Pearson chi square

b. paired t-test

c. Anova test

d. independent samples t-test √

20: Level of knowledge (good average poor) can be classified as?

a) Nominal Data

b) Numerical Data

c) Ordinal Data

d) Discrete Data

SEQS

Q1 :Observe the given output and answer the given questions (10 marks)

Std. Std. Error

N Mean Deviation Mean
Sam20- 30 162.50 5.45357 .99568
24 00
 Test Value = 155
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. (2- Mean Difference
t df tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Sam20- 7.533 29 .000 7.50000 5.4636 9.5364
24

i: Which test has been used in the given output?

One sample T test (1.5 marks)

ii: What was the dependent variable in this test: scale or categorical

Scale (1.5 marks)

iii :Identify Test statistics, Df and state the P value from the given output

T=7.533

DF = 29

P value less than .000 (2marks)

iv: State if NULL rejected or not

Reject NULL (2.5 marks)

v: Write result (2.5 marks)

The Mean value for scaler variable for sample 20 to 24 is 162.500 while the test
value is 155 so we will reject the NULL hyptonesis which states that there is no
sigificant difference between test value and sample variable.

Q2 :Observe the given output and answer the given questions ( 10 marks)
 Gender * School Crosstabulation
Count
School
EDS HSC SCI SED SLM CMS SSL ENG
Gende Male 54 38 125 250 284 342 53 54
r Femal 141 283 125 57 307 56 132 1
e
Total 195 321 250 307 591 398 185 55

Asymptoti
c
Significan
ce (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi- 635.56 8 .000
Square 1a
Likelihood Ratio 709.33 8 .000
2
Linear-by-Linear 106.69 1 .000
Association 4
N of Valid Cases 2586
0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less
than 5. The minimum expected count is
26.46.

i. Which test has been used in the given output? (1.5 marks)

Chi square

ii.Define the test used ( 1.5 marks)

Chi square is used when you want to see if there is a relationship between two
categorical variables.In SPSS the chi square option is used on the statistics sub-
command of the cross tab command to obtain the test statistics and its associated
P value
iii: Explain the test statistics (1.5 marks)

Chi square = 635.561

DF=8

P value less than.0001

iv:State if NULL rejected or not ( 1.5 marks)

Reject the NULL

v:Write result (4 marks)

There is significant difference in the representation of the genders across the

school or there is no statistically significant relationship between the type of
school attendant and gender

Q3:Given data of 06 medical students who when through series of training to

enhance their skills for performing an open-heart surgery. The skills of the
students were assessed before the start of the course and at end of training.
Using the SPSS output provided below answer the questions.
Q1: Given data of 06 medical students who when through series of training to
enhance their skills for performing an open-heart surgery. The skills of the
students were assessed before the start of the course and at end of training.
Using the SPSS output provided below answer the questions.

a: What are the two mean values being compared in this study? (5 mark)

ANSWER

Two mean values which are compared in this study are:

1. 19.8333

2. 23.8333

b. State the null hypothesis and interpret the results. (5 marks)

ANSWER

H0: µ1- µ2=0

Ha: µ1- µ2≠0

OR
Null hypothesis: There is no difference in students’ performance between the
pretest and the posttest.

interpret the results

Since p value is <0.05, reject Ho at 5% significant level; thus we have sufficient

evidence to conclude than there is a difference in the mean scores of pre and
posttest (Or the mean score of posttest is higher than the pre-test OR the mean
score of the student have increased end the end of score (