Physics 1

Work

work – is the product of force and the component

of displacement parallel to the force.
W = F·d
W = Fdcosθ
W = work done, units are joules (J), calorie
(cal) and electron-volt(eV)
F = force exerted on an object
d = displacement parallel to the force.
θ = angle between force and displacement

Dot product multiplication

™ The multiplication of two vectors V1 and V2 in
which the product is a scalar S.
S = V1· V1
S = V1 V2cosθ
F F
θ θ

d
Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI
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 Physics 1

Work

Work done by single force

Sample Problem 7.1: Same direction

A box was pushed with a 10 N force causing it to
move by 5 m to the same direction as the force.
What is the work done?

Sample Problem 7.2: Opposite directions

A 1.0 kg ball was thrown upward; reaching up to
4.50 m above the point it was released. What is the
work done by the gravity on the ball?

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Work

Work done by single force

Sample Problem 7.3: Perpendicular

A 100.0 kg crate is being pushed across the factory
floor covering a distance of 24 m. What is the work
done by the normal force exerted by the floor on
the crate?

Sample Problem 7.4: At an angle

A 100.0 N force is applied at an angle of 40° above
the horizontal on a 5.0 kg object, moving it with a
displacement of 15.0 m. What is the work done?

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Work

Work done by multiple forces

Work by net force:

W = (ΣF)·d = (F1 + F2 + F3 +…+ Fn)·d

Work by individual forces:

W1 = F1·d W2 = F2·d Wn = Fn·d

Using distributive property:

W = (ΣF)·d = (F1 + F2 + F3 +…+ Fn)·d

W = F1·d + F2·d + F3·d +…+ Fn·d

W = W1 + W2 + W3 +…+ Wn

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Work

Sample Problem 7.5: Work by multiple forces

An 80.0-lb solid box is pushed across the end of a
frictionless inclined plane 30° from the floor of
length 5.0 ft with a horizontal force of 40.0 lb. The
box is moving with constant speed (a) Find the
work done by the push. (b) Find the work done by
the normal force. (c) How much work went in
overcoming the weight? (d) What is the work done
by the net force?

5.0 ft

80.0 lb
30º
F = 40.0 lb

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

energy – defined as the ability to do work.

– the unit is joules, just like work

Mechanical Energy

Mechanical energy – the energy possessed by

a physical object due to
its motion or state.
– two types: kinetic energy
and potential energy.
Kinetic energy – energy due to the motion
of an object.
Potential energy – energy due to the state of
the object; state could
mean the position of the
object or the extent it
was compressed or
stretched.

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Mechanical Energy

Kinetic Energy
1
K = mv 2
2
K = kinetic energy
m = mass of the object
v = speed of the object.

Sample Problem 7.6: Kinetic Energy

What is the kinetic energy of a 72 kg man running
at 3.0 m/s?

Gravitational Potential Energy

• Energy due to height of location.
Ugrav = mgh
Ugrav = gravitational potential energy
m = mass of the object
g = magnitude of acceleration due to
gravity, which is 9.8 m/s2
h = the change in the height of the
object’s location.
Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI
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 Physics 1

Energy

Mechanical Energy

Sample Problem 7.7: Gravitational Potential

Energy
What is the potential energy of a 4.5 kg vase on
the balcony 3.5 m above the ground?

Sample Problem 7.8: Gravitational Potential

Energy
At what height above the ground should a 4.0 kg
bag of rice be placed to have a potential energy of
196 J?

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Mechanical Energy

Elastic Potential Energy

• Energy due to stretching or cpmpressing.

Hooke’s Law

Fspring = –kx

Elastic Potential Energy

1 2
U spring = kx
2

Fspring = force exerted by spring

Uspring = elastic potential energy

k = spring constant

x = length of compression

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Mechanical Energy

Sample Problem 7.9: Elastic Potential Energy

You apply a 3.7 N force to a block attached to the
free-end of the spring to keep the spring stretched
from its relaxed length by 15 mm.

(a) What is the spring constant of the spring?

(b) What is the elastic potential energy?

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Work as change in energy

W = ∆K = Kf – Ki W = –∆U = Ui – Uf

coefficients i and f correspond to initial and final

respectively.

Sample Problem 7.10: Change in kinetic energy

An applied force speeds-up a 2.5 kg object from
2.4 m/s to 3.6 m/s. What is the work done by the
force on the object?

Sample Problem 7.11: Change in potential

energy
A 1.2 kg stone falls from the roof of a building 15.0
m high to the third floor balcony that is 9.0 m
above the ground. What is the work done by the
gravity on the stone?

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or

destroyed. It can be transformed
from one form to another, but the
total amount of energy never
changes.

Total mechanical energy (TME)

• The sum of kinetic and potential energy.
• Constant unless energy was converted into
something else other than mechanical energy,
such as heat or light
TME = K + U

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Sample Problem 7.12: Conservation of energy

A 64.0 kg skier started sliding down from the top of

a hill 75.0 m in height.

(a) What are the kinetic energy, potential energy,

and total mechanical energy on top of the hill?

(b) What are the kinetic energy, potential energy,

total mechanical energy, and the total work
done on the slope of the hill 40.0 m above the
ground?

(c) What are the kinetic energy, potential energy,

and total mechanical energy at the bottom of
the hill?

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Energy changes in Sample Problem 7.12

K U TME = K+U

4 4
a 0 4.7 × 10 J 4.7 × 10 J

4 4 4
b 2.20 × 10 J 2.51 × 10 J 4.7 × 10 J

4 4
c 4.7 × 10 J 0 4.7 × 10 J

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Forms of energy

Electrical Energy
• Energy due to the movement of electrons.
• Examples are electricity and lightning.

Radiant Energy
• Energy that is carried by electromagnetic
waves.
• Includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and
radio waves.

Thermal Energy or Heat

• Energy due to the motion of molecules.
• Causes increase in temperature, and its
removal causes decrease in temperature.
• Also causes change from one state of matter to
another.

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Forms of energy

Sound Energy
• Energy transmitted through substances in
longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves.
• Produced when a force causes an object or
substance to vibrate; the energy is transferred
through the substance in a wave.

Chemical Energy
• Energy stored in the chemical bonds of atoms
and molecules.
• Examples are biomass, petroleum, natural gas,
and propane.
• To consume chemical energy, it must
transform into another form of energy and the
fuel should undergo chemical reaction.

Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI

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 Physics 1

Energy

Forms of energy

Nuclear Energy
• Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.
• Holds the nucleus together.
• The energy can be released when the nuclei
are combined or split apart.

Sources of energy

Nonrenewable energy sources

• Energy sources that cannot be replenished.
• Continuous consumption will eventually made
the reservoir in Earth empty.
• Examples are the fossil fuels such as natural
gases, coal, petroleum, as well as uranium ore.

Renewable energy sources

• Can be replenished in a short period of time.
• Examples are hydropower (water), solar, wind,
geothermal, and biomass.
Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI
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 Physics 1

Power

power –the rate at which work is done.

W
P=
t
P = power
W = work
t = time.

Units of power:
1 watt = 1 Joule/second
1 horsepower = 750 watts
Another equation
P=Fv
P = power
F = magnitude of force
v = speed

Sample Problem 7.13: Computing power

Little Nellie Newton lifts her 40.0-kg body a
distance of 0.25 meters in 2.0 seconds. Find the
force she exerts, the work done, and the power
she delivered.
Work, Power and Energy * Property of STI
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