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Calculus 1 Lecture 2 - Functions

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Calculus 1 Lecture 2 - Functions

Uploaded by

Lian Justine Alipar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Math 111

CALCULUS I
1st Semester, S.Y 2024-2025

INSTRUCTOR:

ROCYLE MAE L. CANLAS


TOPIC OVERVIEW

❖ Review on Relations and Aids in Sketching Graphs


❖ Domain and Range of a Locus
❖ Intercepts
❖ Symmetries
❖ Asymptotes

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 2


Schedule

LONG
QUIZ 1
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 3
Review on Relations and Aids in Sketching Graphs
❖ Definition 1
▪ The set of all ordered-pairs (a,b) where a and b are real
numbers, is called the number plane (Cartesian
plane). It is denoted by the symbol ℝ2 . Each individual
ordered pair (a,b) is also called a point in the plane.
The number a is the abscissa or the first component
and b is the ordinate or the second component of the
point (a,b). Both a and b comprise the coordinates of
the point (a,b).

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 4


Review on Relations and Aids in Sketching Graphs
❖ Definition 2
▪ Any subset S of the real plane is called a relation. A
relation F in which no two distinct ordered-pairs have the
same first component is called a function. The domain of
a relation S is the set consisting of all the first components
of the points in S. The range of the relation S is the set of all
the second components that occur in S. If D and R denote
the domain and the range of S, respectively, then

𝑫 = 𝒂: 𝒂, 𝒃 𝝐 𝑺 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒃 𝝐 ℝ 𝒂𝒏𝒅


𝑹 = 𝒃: 𝒂, 𝒃 𝝐 𝑺 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒂 𝝐 ℝ
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 5
Some Definitions-
• A relation between two variables x and y is a set of
ordered pairs

• An ordered pair consists of an x and y-coordinate


• A relation may be viewed as ordered pairs, mapping
design, table, equation, or written in sentences

• x-values are input, independent variable,


domain.

• y-values are output, dependent variable, range


6
Example 1:
What makes this a relation?

{(0, −5), (1, −4), ( 2, −3), ( 3, −2), (4, −1), (5, 0)}

•What is the domain?


{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
What is the range?
{-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0}
7
Example 2 –
Is this a relation?

Input 4 –5 0 9 –1

Output –2 7

•What is the domain?


{4, -5, 0, 9, -1}
•What is the range?
{-2, 7}
8
Is a relation a function?

What is a function?
According to a textbook, “a
function is…a relation in which
every input has exactly one
output”

9
Is a relation a function?
•Focus on the x-coordinates, when given a relation

If the set of ordered pairs has different x-coordinates,

it IS A function
If the set of ordered pairs has same x-coordinates,
it is NOT a function

•Y-coordinates have no bearing in determining


functions 10
Example 3
{(0, −5), (1, −4), ( 2, −3), ( 3, −2), (4, −1), (5, 0)}

•Is this a relation?


YES
•Is this a function?
•Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates

YES
Unit 4 - Relations and Functions 11
Example 4
{(–1, −7), (1, 0), (2, −3), (0, −8), (0, 5), (–2, −1)}

•Is this a function?


•Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates

NO
•Is this still a relation?

YES
Unit 4 - Relations and Functions 12
Review on Relations and Aids in Sketching Graphs

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 13


Review on Relations and Aids in Sketching Graphs
❖ Definition 3
▪ The solution set or locus of an equation involving two
unknowns, say x and y, is the set of all points in the plane
that satisfy the equation. The geometric representation of
the locus of an equation is called the graph of the
equation.

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 14


The Domain of a Locus

Example:
Find the domain of the relation defined by the equation 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 =𝒙
Answer:
Domain of the locus is the equation D = ℝ\{𝟎}
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 15
The Range of a Locus

Example:
Find the range of the relation defined by the equation 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 =𝒙
Answer:
Range of the locus is the equation R = ℝ\{𝟏}
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 16
The Intercepts
❖ A point at which the graph of the equation crosses the x-axis is called
the x-intercept.
❖A point at which the graph of the equation crosses the y-axis is called
the y-intercept.

Example:
Find the intercepts of the locus of the equation 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 =𝒙
Answer:
X-intercept = (1,0), and no y-intercept
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 17
The Symmetries
❖“mirror image property”

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 18


Example:
Test the graph of the equation 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝒙 for possible symmetries.
Answer:
(a) Not symmetric wrt to the x-axis, (c) not symmetric wrt to the origin
(b)
st
Not symmetric wrt to the y-axis
1 Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 19
The Asymptotes
❖Knowledge of the asymptotes makes sketching the graph simpler
❖Vertical asymptote when 𝒙 = 𝒌 (𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)

Example:
Find the vertical asymptote of 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝒙.
Answer:
𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒆
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 20
The Asymptotes
❖Knowledge of the asymptotes makes sketching the graph simpler
❖Horizontal asymptote when 𝐲 = 𝒌 (𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)

Example:
Find the horizontal asymptote of 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝒙.
Answer:
𝒚 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒆
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 21
Combining the properties of 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝒙.
❖Locus of the equation:
Domain of the locus is the equation D = ℝ\{0}
❖ Additionally constructing table
Range of the locus is the equation R = ℝ\{1}
of points to aid in graphing
❖ x- intercept at (1,0) and
no y- intercept
❖ not symmetric to the x-
axis, y- axis and the origin
𝒙 = 𝟎 is the vertical asymptote
𝒚 = 𝟏 is the horizontal asymptote
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 22
Combining the properties of 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝒙.

❖Graph of the equation is:


y

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 23


Example 1:
❖Find the domain, range, intercepts, symmetries, and asymptotes of
the locus of the equation 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 4 = 1. Give a sketch of the graph

SOLUTION:

❖Locus of the equation:


Domain of the locus is the equation D = ℝ\{2, −2}
1
Range of the locus is the equation R = −∞, − 4 U 0, +∞

❖Intercepts:
No x- intercept, y-intercept at (0,-1/4)
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 24
Example 1:
❖Find the domain, range, intercepts, symmetries, and asymptotes of
the locus of the equation 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 4 = 1. Give a sketch of the graph

SOLUTION:
❖Asymptotes:
❖Symmetries:
(a) Not symmetric wrt the x-axis 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒙 = −𝟐
(b) Symmetric wrt the y-axis is the vertical asymptote
(c) Not symmetric with the
origin
𝒚 = 𝟎 is the horizontal asymptote

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 25


Example 1:
❖Table of points

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 26


Seatwork
❖Find the domain, range, intercepts, symmetries, and asymptotes of
the locus of the following equations. Give a sketch of the graph

1. 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑥
2. 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 1 = 0 2

1st Semester, 2023-2024 Math 111 – Calculus I 27

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