Math 111

CALCULUS I
1st Semester, S.Y 2024-2025

INSTRUCTOR:

ROCYLE MAE L. CANLAS

TOPIC OVERVIEW

❖ Intuitive Idea of Limit

❖ Formal Definition of Limit
❖ Limit Theorems
❖ One-sided Limits
❖ Infinite Limits
❖ Limits at Infinity
❖ Continuity of a Function
❖ Limit Theorems Involving Sine and Cosine Functions
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 2
Intuitive Idea of Limit
❖ The concept of limit is considered as the most
essential concept in calculus.

❖ Derivative and Integral, the main subjects that form the

core of calculus, are defined using the limit process.

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 3

Intuitive Idea of Limit
❖ Let f be a function given by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
Suppose that f is defined at each x on some
open interval I containing a, except at a itself.

"𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑎"

𝒇 𝒙 → 𝑳 𝑎𝑠 𝒙 → 𝒂
"𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑎"

𝒇 𝒙 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑳 𝑎𝑠 𝒙 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝒂

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 4

Example 1: Let f be defined by 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒂 = 𝟎.
f is defined for all number x (thus, for
every interval I containing 𝒂 = 𝟎)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 0 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 0.

Table 1. Values of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1, for 𝒙 > 𝟎

𝑥 1 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001

𝑓 𝑥 4 2.5 1.75 1.3 1.03 1.003 1.0003 1.00003

Table 2. Values of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1, for 𝒙 < 𝟎

𝑥 -1 -0.5 -0.25 -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001 -0.00001

𝑓 𝑥 -2 -0.5 0.25 0.7 0.97 0.997 0.9997 0.99997

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 5
Example 1: Let f be defined by 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒂 = 𝟎.
Table 1. Values of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1, for 𝒙 > 𝟎
𝑥 1 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001
𝑓 𝑥 4 2.5 1.75 1.3 1.03 1.003 1.0003 1.00003

Table 2. Values of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1, for 𝒙 < 𝟎

𝑥 -1 -0.5 -0.25 -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001 -0.00001
𝑓 𝑥 -2 -0.5 0.25 0.7 0.97 0.997 0.9997 0.99997

❖ The value of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 0

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 6

 𝒙𝟐−𝟐𝒙
Example 2: Let f be defined by 𝒇 𝒙 = and let 𝒂 = 𝟐.
𝒙−𝟐
f is not defined at 𝒙 = 𝟐 but is defined at each x in any
open interval I containing 𝒂 = 𝟐 (𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝟐)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 2.

Table 1. Values of 𝑓 𝑥 for 𝒙 > 𝟐

𝑥 3 2.5 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001 2.00001 2.000001

𝑓 𝑥 3 2.5 2.1 2.01 2.0001 2.00001 2.000001 2.0000001

Table 2. Values of 𝑓 𝑥 for 𝒙 < 𝟐

𝑥 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 1.99999

𝑓 𝑥 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 1.99999

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 7
 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙
Example 2: Let f be defined by 𝒇 𝒙 = and let 𝒂 = 𝟐.
𝒙−𝟐

❖ The value of 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 2

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟐
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
❖ If we say that 𝐿 is the limit of 𝑓 𝑥 as x approaches a number 𝑎,
then we actually say that the value of f x can be made close to L
as we please by taking 𝑥 close enough to 𝑎.
❖ In other words, we can make 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝐿 very small by making 𝑥 − 𝑎 ,
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ. This “smallness” is usually denoted by 𝜖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿.
❖ The value of 𝛿 depends on ϵ.
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 8
Formal Definition of Limit
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝐼
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎, 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑖𝑡𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒔
𝒙 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒐𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝑳, 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂

𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝜖 > 0, ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝛿 > 0 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

𝒇 𝒙 −𝑳 <𝝐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝟎< 𝒙−𝒂 <𝜹

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 9

Formal Definition of Limit: Illustrative Example

Example 1. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒

lim (2𝑥 − 7) = 3
𝑥→5

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 10

𝑊𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝜖 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝛿 > 0 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
(2𝑥 − 7) − 3 < 𝜖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 0< 𝑥−5 <𝛿
(2𝑥 − 7) − 3 = 2𝑥 − 10 = 2 𝑥 − 5
𝑊𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
2 𝑥 − 5 < 𝜖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 0 < 𝑥 − 5 < 𝛿
𝜖
𝑥−5 < 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 0 < 𝑥 − 5 < 𝛿
2
1
𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛿 = 𝜖 2 𝑥 − 5 < 2𝛿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 0< 𝑥−5 <𝛿
2
2𝑥 − 7 − 3 < 𝜖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 0< 𝑥−5 <𝛿
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 lim (2𝑥 − 7) = 3
𝑥→5
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 11
Limit Theorems
❖ Limit theorems are provided to allow evaluation of limits of
functions in a straightforward manner.
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟏: 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕

If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿1 = 𝐿2

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟐: 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

If b and c are constants, then

lim 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑥→𝑎
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 12
Limit Theorems: Illustrative Examples
❖ Evaluate the following limts:

1. lim (−2𝑥 − 5) lim −2𝑥 − 5 = −3

𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1

2. lim (3𝑥 + 1) lim 3𝑥 + 1 = 1

𝑥→0
𝑥→0

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 13

Limit Theorems
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟑: 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

If c is a constants, then for any real number a,

lim 𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑎

Examples:

1. lim 5 =5 2. lim 3 = 3
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 14

Limit Theorems
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟒: 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

For any real number a,

lim 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

Examples:

1. lim 𝑥 =4 2. lim 𝑥 = 2
𝑥→4 𝑥→ 2

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 15

Limit Theorems
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟓: 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑺𝒖𝒎

If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓 𝑥 + lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐿 + 𝑀

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 16

Limit Theorems: Examples
1. lim (−3 + 𝑥)
𝑥→−1

lim − 3 + lim 𝑥 = −3 + −1 = −4
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1

2. lim 𝑥+4 +3−𝑥

𝑥→4

lim (𝑥 + 4) + lim 3 − lim 𝑥 = (4 + 4) + 3 − 4 = −4

𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 17

Limit Theorems
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟔: 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕

If lim 𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim𝑓2 𝑥 = 𝐿2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓1 𝑥 ∙ 𝑓2 (𝑥) = lim 𝑓1 𝑥 ∙ lim 𝑓2 𝑥 = 𝐿1 ∙ 𝐿2

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

If 𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝑘 (𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

If k is constant and lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑘 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝐿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 18
Limit Theorems: Examples
1. lim (7𝑥 + 11)(−4𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→−2
= lim (7𝑥 + 11) ∙ lim (−4𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
= −3 ∙ 9 = −27

2. lim 5𝑥 3𝑥 − 5 (−𝑥 + 2)
𝑥→3
= lim 5𝑥 ∙ lim (3𝑥 − 5) ∙ lim (−𝑥 + 2
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3
= 15 ∙ 4 ∙ −1 = −60
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 19
Limit Theorems
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟕: 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫

If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑥→𝑎
𝑛
𝑛
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 20

Limit Theorems: Examples
1. lim 2𝑥 − 7 5
𝑥→5
5
5 5
lim 2𝑥 − 7 = lim 2𝑥 − 7 = 3 = 243
𝑥→5 𝑥→5

2. lim 3 + 2𝑥 2
𝑥−2 5
𝑥→−1
3 5
= lim 3 + 2𝑥 ∙ lim 𝑥 − 2 = 13 ∙ −3 5
= −243
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 21
Limit Theorems
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟖: 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍

If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥→𝑎

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿, 𝐿 ∈ ℝ
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 22

Limit Theorems: Examples
5
1. lim 2𝑥 − 9 3
𝑥→4
5 3
= lim 2𝑥 − 9 = −1
𝑥→4

3
2. lim 8 + 21𝑥
𝑥→0
3
= lim (8 + 21𝑥) = 2
𝑥→0

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 23

Limit Theorems
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟗: 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀, 𝑀 ≠ 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
lim = =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑀
𝑥→𝑎

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 24

Limit Theorems: Examples
𝑥3
1. lim
𝑥→3 2𝑥+3
lim 𝑥 3 27
𝑥→3
= = =3
lim 2𝑥 + 3 9
𝑥→3
3
𝑥
2. lim
𝑥→8 𝑥−7
3
lim 𝑥
2
𝑥→8
= = =2
lim (𝑥 − 7) 1
1st Semester, 2024-2025 𝑥→8
Math 111 – Calculus I 25
Limit Theorems
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝟏𝟎: 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝟎

If F and G are two functions such that 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝐺 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ≠

𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓lim 𝐺 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 lim 𝐹 𝑥 exists
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝐹(𝑥) = lim 𝐺(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 26

Limit Theorems: Examples
𝑥 2 −2𝑥
1. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 lim 𝑥 − 2 = 0, when x ≠ 2
𝑥→2

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 − 2
𝐹 𝑥 = = = 𝑥 = 𝐺(𝑥)
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,
2
𝑥 − 2𝑥
lim = lim 𝑥 = 2
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥→2
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 27
Limit Theorems: Examples
𝑥+1−1
2. lim 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟:
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥+1−1 𝑥+1+1 1
𝐹 𝑥 = ∙ = = 𝐺(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥+1+1 𝑥+1+1
𝑥+1−1
lim 𝐹 𝑥 = lim = lim G(x)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
1
lim G x =
𝑥→0 2
1st Semester, 2024-2025 Math 111 – Calculus I 28
 Thank you for listening ☺
“The only way to learn mathematics is to do
mathematics.” – Paul Halmos

1st Semester, 2023-2024 Math 111 – Calculus I 29