Hydrological cycles

Cours all parameters of hydrology

precipitation evaporation transpiration ommoff stream flow
and distributi
Base flow through flowetc under circulation
various phasesof water
of

Irgun
ffffiiiffeiritat.in
Mferint
gÉ
P
SF 1 stemflow
Rs Runoff
ÉH
É wherbodi.es streams

Hydrologicalcycle

E Evaporation 7 Transpiration BF Baseflow

IF Interflow
P Precipitation
SF Stemflow
2 Infiltration
RF Riverflow streamflow
 Die off Surface runoffer Interflow IFI
4 That runoff which directly meets the river fromsurface

offer precipitation
from GW underground to river
which transfers
3aseftow_ Delayed flow
Direct runoff Baseflow
Total runoff

which becomes stream ornier flow

that partof ppt

Precipitation atmosphere
water that reaches earth surface from
Any form of
forms of ppt
Rainfall
Snowfall 0.5mm
SALT
sire
Drizzle 1mm hr individual

sheet Ground 0C
Glaze ice
Sleet icedrops
8mm
Hail lumps of ice
content c 50 7
Dew Mist Particle
content 90 1
Fog Particle
weather system for precipitation
me condensation needssurface nuclei

if i.gg Moisture content

Sufficient Nuclei
product reaching ground

cyclone Anticyclone
with
circular wind motion

g
kaiitat.in precipitation
Cyclone has higher intensity
smaller extent
Anticlockwise motion
in Northern
hemisphere Low pressure
 clockwise momentin northern hemisphere HighPressure
Anticyclone
lower intensity higher extent

Frontalsystems doud
these aire make
mg.my
chances ofprecipitation

Convective Precipitation
cloudformation currents
an convection
am due to

EE

In India Himalayans
Mountainous Region
Eastern Ghat
Westernghat

Measurement Precipitation
of
Non recording rain gauge
DailyRainfall
Symon's Raingause
Days Unpaged

fi
70 20

mail.IE1im
100 30

i Fo
lo
 Intensity of raintancil Tfffiation
5 days 125am how
Avg intensity of 1,5

Daily average intensity EE ooEs oun

16 0

oframfall data
MFepresentation
Duration
Cumulative rainfall V15
Masseur

came

Hytograph Intensity MSduration

surfacesemoff

i IEFFIFIFE ama.im
05
4 Duration days

Highly useful to calculatesurface runoff with help

index 07
ofinfiltration
Recording type raingauges
Tipping bucket type USA American countries

weighing buckettype Europe

subcontinent
Natural syphon type India Indian
 momma

Hypomania Mpg

Bucket size 25mm

Bucket rotates when 025mm depth ofrainfall

fills in a bucket other socket takes positionand
the process continuous Read switch measures time of
each shiftings

ER 1ˢᵗ shifting 15min 0 25 mm

i 1mm how
off
hytograph
Result
of tipping bucket gives
weighing bucket type

0
buckettype
weget mass come by weighing collected and
measure the weight ofrain
it
spring
converts it to
depth of rainfall using
mechanism
K 8w A
cumulative
Rainfall

i
2 3 Duration

Natural syphon type

converting
the data natural syphon type can be usedby
of
it to mass curve

45

30
Jiffy

20

10_

Time Idays
It carries duration
float connected
to pen arm
rotating drums

A system connected to collecting bottle empties it at

regular intervals

The data is recorded on charts maybe checkedby

measuring syphonedwater
optimal number Rain
of gauges

ranganses with assigned percentage error

The number of

n.CI
coefficient variation
Cv of
C Assigned percentage error

BE calculate average precipitation

F e.tt
Pitpzt.n
I Calculate standard deviation

f
I cr N
109 E

Mole existing standard error

required aunts Gramganges

what are the extra rainganger

as below Also calculate existing error

C D E F
Rainganger A B

1803 1103 988 1367

Rainfall 82.6 102.9

com
 82.6 102.9 180 3 1103 98.8 1367
D
6
118 6

5
JEFE 6 1

35.04cm

W 02 29 541
1007,3

2
existing error 7 12.061

2 2 54
N
E 8 73

extra ranganges 3

Atleast I ramganger should be recording typeat

Note

every 3 raingauges

estimation
of missing data

D average
annual rainfall at a maingauge

Total rainfall in given year at a rangange

a

a ramgause Avg of
N Normal Annual avg rainfall at
at a ram gauge
previous 30 years Ammal rainfall

D min Deviation
roof
fm
 notmetiga.mu
fwtf
anio Pu 1
PitPz
M I

Normal ratio method Deviation 107

Et

MFThe in an area having four raingames

rainfall occurred
at
calculate the missing precipitation
is shown below
stationD C D
A B
Raingause 92.01
67.95 76.28
NCM 80 97
72.33 79 89
Plem 91.11

Nm 100
deviation
zfY
9 95 100 26 151

deviation 101 thus

B Fat Is Ie
get s s

P 99 23am
 no value 780 850 920 980mm
is R S have
were operative Pwas not Using
In 2073 Q.RS
method Precipitation at
P calculatedas
Normal ratio
R were 930mm
860mm If observed ppt at
solo mm resp in 2013 what was ppt at 5

solution

860 78519 0 780

1093.93mm

Mean precipitation over an area

Arithmetic Mean Method LAMM

mean ppt
PII.pt
I No topographic variations
Uniform rangangedistributi

Advantages

Easy handy a Quick

Field details other than precipitation notrequired

ᵈIᵈTnof applicable for topographic variation

large errors
Uneven distribution
notgiven
Weightage to area of rainguage
example

9 80
j
3
P2 140 85 170
P3 150
Pn 160

Real mean ppt 5 117 50m

AMM I 140am 8

Thiessen Mean method

is
tea to each raingause
weightage of
provided
thiessen polygon
is made bydrawing
The

perpendicular
bisectors on line joining adjoinin
main
gauges

K.a

an
intersecting
we take non
connections

Mean precipitation

I p a Pa 92 3.934
a oct 9st

x̅ P
 Mattheigentage is given
of area
also
Applicable in non uniform distribution
in
raingauges outside boundary which
in Nearby
included
inside catchment are also
affect area

www.fttymmane in large change in topography

it cumbersome when number of raingauges

are large difficult

Isobyetal Method
are lines curves drawn by joining points
Forgets
depth
of equal rainfall
9am Ian sn cm
com

6 m
15min room

n
13cm

I
Pf p2 PILI IN Path
Ra pia pjaz Pian
Mean bbt J
A
Advantages over TMM
are useful in future
Weget isolytes that
planning
 It is highly accurate forlarge number of
raingause
topography changes
Very helpful for

Madottyony are not accurately drawn for

ten no
of
rainganger

by AMM TMM
Quiff find mean precipitation

5 6
A 2 3 4
Station
126 99 115
134 145
121
Rainfallcom 800 220
940 1040
Area km 720 380

6 5

calculate f by isonytel method

12 10 10 8 8 6 64
Isolyte cm station 12
180 20
140 so
Area 1km2 30

130025000m
90cm

30m

200m
man
storm at Isolyte
y
loom
dfffftaomfp 127mm
pap.gg i21tBf

TMI
p 121.5mm

2
Question

6wh

5 8 844am

An 200mm P 35cm

92 800mm Pz 25mn

2000 mm P3 15am
Az

thus 1 5
I 20
20 228
19am
try
Dmitry four rain
gauges are located at circumference
of
at equal distance then find the ang
radius 50km
a city
of
an area TMM
ppt over wing

Pie65cm 83 96cm

P2 85cm Py 57cm

Also draw thissen polyson 1

solid A tR

A Az A AN
If 4
2

F P AT PzAc 83A PYAY

A

F PrEa PLEE

weightage factor
Ia
65 85 96 57 75 750m Ad
I

Questions Radius 50km

1
4A AR
A

TEN SIR

t
ftp.tt r

of 407
wagertage
to
5ᵗʰ raingause 32
 Now 0.17 got so 70 75 0 32 110 88 75 em

Questions

G Soon Gz 48cm

Go G 46cm GU 44cm

GT 60cm
US
a
A 2 9
a
2
g
at
of I
A
E
thus weightage factor of 1.2.3.4

for 5
flus
F 50 48 46544 60

53.5cm
 c
it
I
t.EE E Lake evaporation

Evapotranspiration IETT
Faine Consumptive Use Cul

Catchment Area

d d d d d
Catchment area Watershed Drainage area
dse
which draws to
IE.fm
an
is an area

a stream
river or on

by joining ridge
A
It is calculated
as
points making ridgeline
comment among

Area is measured by planimeter

where discharge calculations are p outletof

catchment
is
outeet point
done
is ratio of total length of draine to
Drainage density results
drainage density
a basin High
are of catchmen of
in lesser delay time
 rain
Delay time is due to delay in response
ofcatchment
collected at catchment takes time toreach outlet M1

ater Budget Equation

Inflow outflow change in storage

Vi Vo OVs

I Ot PA Q 0A EA TA I At R A DVS

0 E T I R OS
III tf

depth
storage
of
I Inflow discharee
Q outflow discharge
of time of observation
A Area of catchment
change in storage Immanaase

atom datum level at start month

A lake had we 103.2m

1 6m31s P 745mm
A 5000 ha
Q 6.5m s E 6.1cm

end month
whatis final w2 of fun
Solutions p E
Ift
Of 2.592 106seconds
 0 31104m

033696m
2
0.37104 Q 145 033696 0 061

0 0581 M

thus final level 103 240 0581 103 2581 M

Ay
8m A lake has levelis observed to
plan area of km water

decline 20am in certain period Inflow outflow 10ham

by
8 4 an evaporation the
20ham with 3am rainfall
seepage loss from reservoir in harm is

sad zoxioona 10 20

N
10 3 8y
20 700
3 8u n
10
20

n 2951918 L 13 8 4041

Not wetness
rainffmm.hnfax100
Index of

when Fw 100
Rain deficiency
RD 400 2W
 Evaporation
earth surface to vapour diffused in
process of change of water on
atmosphere

evaporation Total evaporation in unit time 11day

Rate of

As per dalton's law

Eux sew eas

air
pressure of
ews saturation vapour
11
ea Actual
ea evaporation
ew
ea saturation
en
sea condensation
on

actors affecting evaporation

Vapour pressure difference

Eu Lew a

wind velocity
PE a VaR

Atmospheric Pressure
PEL Patmte
 Presence of soluble salts
concentration
Eud a salt

Depth of late
Deep lake to
winter season
Shallow End
lake

Deep lake
Gb
summer season
Shallowlake

size of lake
shape A
1
evaporn.fi nigh
Euk
Regular
Irregular
length will be higher
Boundary
be more
will
adhesion
ELL
Area Area
ELT
Smallsin

eargf
is large
Area exposed
evaporation
will besame
depth of
large thus
area is
boundary
length of larger
adhesion
more
Measurement
of evaporation
Field Method

evaporation Pan
method
Evaporimeter

Ep Pan evaporation freeboard.IT yo

E take Evaporation

parent
w onto us

Lake evap Cpx Pan evap

class A evap pan

h 255mm Cp 07
D 1210mm

I'mtmdmd e gromm h 255mm Cp 08

coloradosmkehpan
cp.no 78

us
dmnt.TTm os

method
Analytical
water budget equation
equation
Energy budget
Bowen's ratio β Heatfrom surface to aide
vapour diffusing Hi
 empirical equations
Dalton's equation
EL C en ca

Dalton's coefficient
K f u

Meyer's formula
C Km It

E km sew ea 1 49

an
4 am aboveground
in km hr
Ug wind velocity

Evapotranspiration Infiltration

Evapotranspiration
n

n
f f erf
area
transpiration from vegetation evaporation for nearby
It is the
evapotranspiration
is a form representing
Consumptive use

ex ca 5mm day

Measurement
of evapotranspiration
FTd kfsf I the site which may be from zero
to Cu
Potential evapotranspiration PET
per demand at the
It is the consumptive use at
of crop
site It will always be equal to Cu

vary from one

If
0 can

APEI 0 0.25 0 25 0.5 0 5 0 75 0.75 1.0

Field or
Dry semi moist Moist
condition aid
Arid

Measurement Actual E T
of
measures the amount evapotranspiration
Lysimeter of
happened

iii i iiiiiiiiiiiii.it'jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiif.fiiiiiiiiiiiii'iii
i iiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiii i iii iii

I
Depth of AFT Volume of water added

perday top area of box

 Potential evapotranspiration life measurement
Blancy Griddleformula
crop evapotranspiration equation
Thomwhiteformula

NI these equations are based on sunshine hoursin a day

month ele
Temperature avg in a

Infiltration
P
d d d
Rate
ofinfiltration
the depth of Infiltration in unit
__NEd
time mm day
i i fp zero surface
Infiltration f runoff
to isfp surfacerunoff
I I I fdff.gg
s
E
seepage

measurement
of Infiltration
Field method
simple infiltrometer
Infiltrometer
of Double infiltrometer

SIMPE overestimates the rate of infiltration

if Insane

souf

4
 Double infiltrometer
serration

3132 917 Riyal dega

15am

Rainfallsimulator

1am
o

Infiltration rate

f
44 minor

Empirical methods
continuous rainfall with ponding
Horton's equation
f
fpit f Cfo fc e

Horton's exponentialdecay

final infation
capacity
fit him

totz
time
total maximum infiltration from
 to f fpett df

fcttfo fcle ktxlo.ly

Kita th
feltz t f to

initial Infiltration capacity

f
for Final
coefficient hour
K Horton's decay
time in hours

c e
kt mm hr has Initial
the infiltration capacity f c

time rate is 25mm hr

Infiltration rate 200mm hr After long
hour then what will be
is 90mm
If the rate offer 1hr

in months

Ca in mm hr
hour
Horton's decay coefficient in

solution
4 25mm hr
200 25 175 mm hr
fo fi
t
175 e 90
f 25

e R 0.371
Mio 3717 0 99
k
k 0
 horton's equation
tm parameter
of
kt
Ip to file
1.34am hr k 4.182 h
an fo 7.62 cm hr fee

Solution
F fpdt
182 dt
134 62s e

isnt

e 4.182
1.34A 1.502

34 2 07 0 1 502 1

F 4.1820m 41.82mm And

is observed that intensities were

pwmga3hourstorm.it
in 1st 2nd 3rd hour
comm hr 20mm hr and 10mm hr

horton's equation is
If
68 87 e t months then
f
3hours
whatis total infiltration in
30mm 28.67mm
27.51mm if 26.37mm

Effective rainfall
50m
8 ae t at GP
t.fco.s 9 to

Cost 4128982

6 St 8 7ft It 754
To 8 7
5
40mm
Total rainfall rainfall 11.34mm
fam effective

Horton's Infiltration equation

Total runoff
2
effectiverainfall
Runoff

ff
animation
e
Ef.FI
is

m
A 12 have etorm rainfall had the following terms

is 118 2 6,78 3.3 70 6 5 4,7 8 9 2 6 5 4 4 1 8,16

over the
am hour the surface runoff was 24 4am
over the
basin Determine the averageinfiltration rate
basin
 2.6 7.8 3 3 10 6 5 4 7 8 5 2 65
206 total rainfall
18
4 4 1.8 1.6 62 8 cm

P 62.8cm
R 24.4cm

63.422412 325am hour

w index
that
only
index 55 3 9m1hom
rainfall
produces bg
which
runoff

characteristics
to basin
Indy Includes initial losses due

d index PFI
TR time ofall pptcausing runoff
runoff
PR sum of rainfall producing

winde Refined index over of index

W Index
PERI
t total time
R total Runoff

Not First calculate w index

intensities.fi w Index
check all

ME index W Index
lesser than
otherwise remove all ppt having intensity
w index and calculate modified w index
 area was
over a basin of 50 hectares
surface runoff of flood
a
as follows
25000 m
The depth of rainfallis

5 6 7

si
som 3 10 m 30mm
R
Eff ftp
28 12 6 97 MM
P 6 11 34

97 0 7.833 mm hour
W
PF
Modified D 12 85
17 34 28

Wm 8 75 mm hour
8521

Always Ibinderwindext

are
m 6hr storm Intensity waso somehow
During
is 256000 m The total
8.6 km 2 the measured runoff
evaporation
due to infiltration
lost in am how
rainfall
transpiration
496 Data Not available
08 0 304 0
South 0.8 6 4 8 am hour

2977m
f i
w index 48
1971 Either
index too

W index is calculated intensity not depth

Note by
HYDROGRAPH
terms of
It is response of catchment to a rainfall input in

variation in streams with time

discharge

91m S

III III

M
It for.N
timeChow
Base
flow
dryweatherfowl

MA baseflow recession
Cp Depletion curve
AB Rising curve A starting ofhydrograph
BC Grest Segment End
D of hydrograph
p Peak point
Peakflow
also called flood hydrograph Spf
Note Hydrograph is discharge

Direct runoff hydrograph

which
It is the hydrograph

Teething dhhhhhhoff

_a arson
agingOp Peak discharge
of DRH
 RUNOFF VOLUME m
Area under DRE is
R PR d to
PEI
which
Effective Rainfall Pe in that portion of rainfall

directly becomes runoff

Pe LPR AER R

AIM
3 Pelm
Remoff volume m
Eyes

IT prn in response of som excess rainfall in

is _ha
a

The catchment area

catchment is shown below

sens
iap.im
I
g
m

6 3600 1 10800 m
Areaunder
DRH
Area 1080 11 216000 m

thus Area 21.6 hectares

 mmraintansnonnbeeow.in
catchment is
area of

m.g Areaunder DRH

28 24 3600
M

fff

qq.myyg.my
an m

UNIT HYDROGRAPH
as 1cm
It is a DRH having effective rainfall predefined
a
mlst
g
UH
D no unit hydrograph

ii Lmelhr

duration
to unit hydrograph same
Conversion
of flood hydrograph

of flood hydrograph Of m s
Ducharge ordinate
m s
11 DRH Of Baseflow
91m31s m s am
UH q
Pecum
 s
9cm

1
Effin am
984 op Spf B

1
a

a
S
m
Elias am

at set B a aimmhfdEaton
nu
same for FH
DRH UH
Of Q B q
g g pe

Note in m
x̅ Area under UH Runoff volume A
0
catchment 1m
Area of
Effective rainfall
Area under UH If'm
catchment
A Areaof
 36h
triomeular with time base
6hr unit hydrograph is
catchment is
18m31sec The area of
peak discharge

A m
18 36 3600 0

A 176 60 706 m
177 km nearly

Question
200m31s with BF 20m31s

A 2h storm produced FH of peak

and average losswas 04cm hour

was 2cm
If average ppt
m s on
2houruse is
then the peak of
100
180 150 120

solution
Opf 200m
180m s
Qp 200 20

2 04 2 1 2am
Pe PC Q D

Up 18 150

000 Linked answer type question

somehow
50km has 0 index o
The drainage area of 15hours
with
1h UH depth 1am is triangular
and B 70mih
beak at 5h the peakof uric
and
 Solutions
someone palmsstem
Pe 1cm

9p 15 3600 50 106

2m
g

For a storm
of 5 5am depth and 1 hour duration peak
ordinate hydrograph is
of
Ap 18.5
Pe 55 0.5 1 Scm

Qp 18.5 5 92 6 m 5 710 102 6m 1

D RO
Baseflow

60m31s at 10ᵗʰ hour andAB 30hr

Question I have Δ UH ofpeak
15m51s
and baseflow is
Pindex it 0 4am hour

The catchment area in km

Area in m
60 30 3600
100

Area in km 324 km

1hr and 5 4cm occurs ordinate of

If a rainfall of
FH at 15th hour is

t.EEi iii
Peak at 10th hour
 915 45m 14am Pe 0 4
225m 5
54
915 45 5

240M.lt
QI5 bf

Dhr UH to T hr UH
Conversion
of
Calculate fraction n

superposition naturalInteger
n

S curve method
Tfame
Superpositionmethod

D hr UH with time base to Thour UH with time

base to

tB IM
AB

ThrDRH Pe nom

Idaggedby D hr

Example qm142

I s 4 s tears
 Time1hr gemsstem

I
2 8

3 6

4 4
5 2

6 0

check 3 use superposition method

baseline 6T 2117 8 how

Time Chl 7hr uh

off unz on
o o
1 4 0 1'33
2 8 4 0 12 4

3 6 8 4 18 6
4 6 8 18 6
y
5 4 6 12 4
6 2 4 6 2
7 0 2 2 0167

8 0 0 0

in storm
Infcrease
when the myth use increases the peak is reducedand
delayed

ie seminon
westion

A watershed urban area in certain

got transformed from rural to
period of time _The effect on unit Hydrograph is
Decrease the runoff volume
Increase the time to peakdischarge
Decrease the firstbase
Decrease the peak discharge

S curve

It is the DRH obtained due to effective rainfall ofintensityforth

of infinite duration maximum ordinate

IQsixAT of
1 S curve
i intensity Jamth
A catchment Area

D hr use
Construction
of Scume from

conversion
ofT hr OH

D hr UH
construction
of S curve from

91m31sec

s aone

ftp.fffy Qs

iititian Emelhr
 5ft MIA Sit D

Example

Ch Ult SH D SIAI

I T.it
2 8 4 12

3 6 12 18

4 4 18 22
5 2 22 24
6 0 24 24
7 24 24
8 24 24
9 24 24

ale 2015 marks

the max ordinate same m s
The tho UH is given below find of
D 4hr7

Time hr Ulf Slt D Slt

4 31
6 10 0.6 10 6
8 13 3.1 161
10 9 10 6 1916
12 5 16.1 21.1
14 2 1916 21 6
16 07 21.1 21 8
18 03 21.9
21.6
20 0.2 21.8 22 hence Qs 22m 5
22 01 22
21.9
29 0 22
22
 Conversion S curve 7hr 0H
of

SACrowe

IFF un gas g
times

Let us say SA
eef T shows

SA UIT T 5hr

IF SA SB DIT

i 3
Tough act hai buthighly
12

18
prom to mistake
22 4 6

24 12 4
24 18 2
24 22 067
24 24 0
24 24 0
24
24
24
 Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph
it 6 11
amased

life
if FB time

Synthetic unit Hydrograph EUR from empirical methods

Snyder's method

notes
of 1hr use at hour internals startingfrom time to
all 0 2 6 4 2,1 and ms s

Catchment area represented is

Ordinates 3 H use for the catchment

of a
2

If Is 3801
0 0'67
1 2
2 0 2.67
2 6
3 4 6 2 4
6 4
4 2 4
5 1 2 4 2.33

6 0
2
T
O 1 0 33
8 0 0
vestion IGATE 2006 2 market

For a catchment _the Same for a rainfall of a intensity 1am hour

is given by 9 4 Lttle't in hour and s in m see

solution

Qs I m s ixA

A 36 104 m 0.36km
Ordinate
of 2H UH at 3h for this catchment

D 1 little_t

t O 5107 0

t t scr 1 2 e 0 264

4 2 562 0 594

3 5231 0 801

SA SB DT
A SA SB
o o
o
1 0264 0 132

2 0 594 0
0297
3 0 801 0.264 0 2685 7 0 27 will be the
0594 answer

5 0 801
ate2000 convert the 64 UH given below into 9h ore using S

curve method diff

maximum

6 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Timesha 0 3 9
30 2 14.6 5.3 18 0
18 154 30 960 4 85 6
Ult 0

0 18 54 32.7 75 8 1183 106 132 9

Slt D
329 111.5 134.7
118 154 32.7 758 118.3 106
SHA 0

18 15 4 72 7 75 8 118 3 108
SB 0

1029 18 6 myser
4
 RUNOFFS FLOODS

amoffe

It is that part
of precipitation which is found to flowing as

discharge in rivers streams

Direct Runoff Surface Remoff Interflow

Runoff Direct Runoff Baseflow

Measurement
of Remoff

Rainfall runoff correlation

SN Plan RCaml EP ER P2 EPR

f l
a NEPR EP ER
2 l l 2
NEP2 P
3 1
I
1 be ER
1 I
I l page
i
I 1 tepid

Rational formula

Op K ii A MS
A farthesttime

K runoff coefficient
Critical rainfall intensity to time ofconcentration
is
Duration to cm hour

A catchment Area ha
0 Remoff coefficient method Barlow's table
Iasu coefficient

Inglis and Desouza formula

Western Ghat
R O 850 30 5

Deccan Plateau

R P 178

P cm R m sec

Khosla's formula

Mean Lm FCT
monthly losses

0.48 Tm Tm 7 4.5 C
in
2 17 to 1 52 TM 4.5 to 6 50C

Rm Pm Lm

Lean
money runoff depth
Floods Flood Frequency

unusual level water in river which inundates

loods It is an
of
the banks adjoining area
of river

measurement
of flood

Rational formula
Qp k Ic A

a A n'is
Thinking
catchment Area Km

CR Ryne's constant

8.8 within 80km from Coast

8s Area from so to 160from coast

10 2 Area awayfrom coast

Hrely

Dicken's formula

Sp CDA314
Mo
enkf A Catchment Area

9 Dicken's constant

6 to 30

Inglis formula
misee a 100km
gI u

1235A m see A 100 km

Flood frequency studies
method
Gumbel's extreme value distribution

distribution method
log Pearson type III
method
normal distribution
Log
method
Probability
The time in years between two consecutive

food event is called Retrom Period

offlood T of that

magnitude

an event in a given year

Probability of occurring
of
P

Probability Non occurrence

of
Q I P 1

event r times in next nyears

Probability of occurring of an
Pñaprqnf