LESSON 1

 Art or “Sining” is defined as the different manners of expressing human skills and
imagination in the creation of aesthetic conditions, objects and presentations.
 Art is not confined only to what is seen. Art involves the use of all the physical senses in
order to appreciate it.
Elements of Art
1. Space In visual arts, space pertains to emptiness which may either be positive space or
negative space. Positive space refers to a part which is enclosed in a shape, while negative
space refers to the opposite part which the shape is enclosing.
2. Line In visual arts, a line is a series of connected points. It may come in two characteristics:
form – curved, dotted, or broken lines; and direction – vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines.
Different types of lines may convey different meanings. For example, a horizontal line usually
suggests calmness, vert ical lines may convey strength, diagonal lines create an impression of
action, curved lines create an expression of gradual change of direction, and circular line may
pertain an abrupt change of direction.
3. Shape and Form Shape is an area that is enclosed by a line or lines. Shapes are two
dimensional figures with height and width. There are different kinds of shapes and these are
geometric shapes (triangle, squares, rectangle, etc.), organic shapes (shapes found in nature,
e.g. shape of a leaf or cloud), abstract shapes (asymmetrical and free flowing shapes).
Meanwhile, forms are three dimensional figures. Its dimensions are height, width, and volume.
Unlike shapes, it has more depth.
4. Color In visual arts, color is associated with the natural phenomenon in our environment.
Scientifically, when a light passes through a prism, it will produce 12 different hues of different
wavelengths. These colors may pertain to lightness, darkness, coolness, or warmth.

5. Value In visual arts, value is considered a property of a color which pertains to its lightness or
darkness.

6. Texture In visual arts, texture is the element that appeals to our sense of feel on things, rough,
smooth, bumpy, or slippery. It pertains to the surface of an art piece.

Principles of Art
1. Proportion refers to the relationship of the size of elements in a body of art. For example,
when drawing a human standing beside a house, it is important to ensure that the size of the
human is proportional to the size of the house.
2. Harmony In visual arts, harmony is the unity of the artwork, specifically about the
arrangement of the related elements.
3. Variety In other terms, variety may be referred to as diversity. This means adding multiple,
different elements to break the monotony of an artwork and make it more interesting.
4. Movement In arts, movement is the illusion of motion in a painting, sculpture design, or in
a piece of art.
5. Rhythm This refers to the repetition of certain elements to produce a pattern. In visual arts,
repeated design elements may create a certain flow and may lead the viewer’s eyes.
6. Balance refers to the even and equal distribution of elements.
7. Emphasis is a principle which may refer to the greater impact given on a certain element.

LESSON 2
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ART
Ethnic Tradition
Art forms are primarily influenced by the geographical location and the experiences of the Filipinos
(Luzviminda & Sayseng, 2016). In this time, the purpose of arts is integral to life. Arts reflected the
pagan beliefs and practices, everyday activity such as fishing and farming, and specific decorative
art pattern to the community.

Banga
"Banga" literally mean pots. The Banga or pot dance is a contemporary performance of Kalinga
of the Mountain Province in the Philippines. This dance illustrate the languid grace of a tribe
otherwise known as fierce warriors. Heavy earthen pots, as many as seven or eight at a time,
are balanced on the heads of maidens as they trudge to the beat of the "gangsa" or wind chimes
displaying their stamina and strength as they go about their daily task of fetching water and
balancing the banga.

Manunggul Jar
The Manunggul Jar is a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in the
Manunggul cave of the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan, Philippines. It dates from
890–710 B.C. and the two prominent figures at the top handle of its cover represent the journey
of the soul to the afterlife.

Angono Petroglyphs
The Angono Petroglyphs is situated in Binangonan, Rizal. It was discovered by the National
Artist, Carlos “Botong” Francisco, in 1965. There are 127 human and animal figures engraved
on the rock wall and dated back to circa late Neolithic.

Spanish Colonial Tradition

Art forms were primarily influenced by religion and secularization. In this time, Spaniards used
arts to propagate the Catholic faith.

Langit, lupa, at Impyerno

by Josef Luciano Dans
This wall painting by Josef Luciano Dans will be found in St. James the Apostle Church in
Paete, Laguna. This painting was dated 1850 and depicts the heaven, crucifixion of Christ;
earth, Adan and Eve; and hell, sinners with different transgressions.
St. Paul Metropolitan Cathedral is located in Burgos, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. The original
structure was built in 1574 and replaced as a church in 1641. The cathedral follows a Baroque
architectural design.

American Colonial and Contemporary Arts Traditions

The American Art is that the main theme of art works in this time is national identity.
The Making of the Philippine Flag by Fernando Amorsolo
This painting was made by Fernando Amorsolo, “Grand Old Man of Philippine Art” and born in
Manila. It shows a reminder of the reminder of traditions and customs of the Filipino. The women
are Marcela Marino de Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza, and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad.

Bayanihan by Carlos “Botong” Francisco he was born in Angono, Rizal. This painting by him
was dated in 1962. This mural painting of Carlos “Botong” Francisco shows the Filipino’s
bayanihan tradition. This also shows the distinctive style of Francisco’s painting that showcased
his mastery in arts.

Contemporary art refers to the practice of art from 1970s to the present. Contemporary arts
mirror contemporary culture and society. Diverse and emerging art practices were being
introduced in this era.

Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series) by Federico Aguilar Alcuaz

Federico Aguilar Alcuaz was born in Santa Cruz, Manila. Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series)
depicts the variety of domestic activities (Guillermo, 2007

Art Installation in Sand Dunes of Paoay by Leeroy New

Leeroy New is one of the Philippines contemporary artists. He is born in General SANTOS City.
This art installation of Leeroy New was made for the La Milagrosa Festival in Ilocos Norte.
According to Leeroy New, the art installation symbolizes the great festivals, feasts and
celebrations (Lape𝑛̃a, 2012).