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Heredity Class 10

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8 views5 pages

Heredity Class 10

Uploaded by

dipubhaimbbs39
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Heredity

Heredity:- transmission of characters from parents to the offspring that is from one generation to
next generation is called heredity.

Variations:- the difference in the traits shown by the individuals of a species, and also by the
springs of the same parents are referred to as variations.

Genetics:- in brief, genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity and
variations. The term genetics was coined by William Bateson in 1906.

Accumulation of variations during reproduction:-


During sexual reproduction, the variations are caused by –
I) chance separation of chromosomes during gamma formation
Il ) crossing over during meiosis
Ill ) John coming together of chromosomes during fertilisation
IV) mutation(alteration of genetic material)

Mendel’s contributions:
George Johann Mendel worked out the basic rule of inheritance of traits more than a century
ago. He studied the inheritance of contrasting traits such as tallness /dwarfness off plants,
round/wrinkled seeds, et cetera by working on garden Pea plant.

Mendel’s experimental plant:


Man selected garden pea plant(Pisum sativum) for series of experiments because it had the
following specific features –
1. It was easy to grow.
2. It had a short life cycle, and therefore, it was possible to study number of generations.
3. Garden pea plant had distinct, easily deductible, contrasting variations of features.
4. All the contrasting treats were existing in every generation because plants had bisexual
flowers and normally perform self pollination
5. In these bisexual plants, artificial cross fertilisation could easily be achieved.
6. Each plant produces many seeds in one generation
7. The garden Pea plants could easily to be raised, maintained and handled.
Contrasting traits or contrasting characters: the characters which always appears in two
opposing conditions are called contrasting characters.
Mental experimental technique:
Mental conducted breeding experiments in three steps
1. Selection of pure parent plants(plant producing similar traits in every generation)
2. Production of first generation of plants by cross breeding
3. Raising the second end, subsequent generations by self fertilisation of hybrids.
Medel’s mono hybrid cross:
A breeding experiment dealing with a single character is called a mono hybrid cross.
Mendel first selected pure line parent plant. Then he cross pollinated such plants having the
contrasting traits, considering one trait at a time.
After the transfer of pollen grains, the cross pollinated flower was properly covered and seed
produced were allowed to mature. All the seeds of F1 generation were carefully observed.
Manel observed that all the seeds of F1 generation were of round and there were no
intermediate characteristics.
He raised plants from F1 seeds and allowed the flowers to self pollinate to produce seeds of F2
generation. In F2 generation, mandal observed the appearance of both the characters in
approximately 3:1 proportion.
Phenotypic ratio : Tall plant: Dwarf plant
3:1
Genotypic ratio: TT: T t : t t
1:2:1

Dihybrid cross:
A breeding experiment dealing with two characters at the same time is called a dy hybrid cross.

In one such cross, Mendel considered shape as well as colour of the seeds.
Mendel’s conclusions:

Based on the findings of mono hybrid and dihybrid, cross, mandal concluded that –
1. In mono hybrid cross, only one of two contrasting traits appeared in F1 generation.
However, in F2 generation, both the parental traits appeared in certain proportions.
2. In dihybrid cross, when two contrasting pairs of traits were considered, simultaneously ,
only one parental combination appeared in F1 generation. However, in F2 generation,
raised by self pollination, four combinations of traits appeared.
Mental interpretation:
On the basis of mono hybrid and dihybrid process, mandal, postulates that –
1. There are a pair of unit factors controlling each character in Pea plant, one inherited
from each parent. Mendel considered these factors as the carrier of heredity Information
from one generation to another. At the time of reproduction, when gametes are formed,
these factor segregate so that each game receive only one factor of each character. This
is called law of segregation. fertilisation brings these two factors again together in the
offspring.
2. In F1 generation, only one character was expressed. Manel called it as dominant
character. The character which was not expressed was termed recessive character. This
phenomena of appearance of only one of two contrasting traits in F1 generation, is
termed as dominance.
3. The characters are not lost, even when they are not expressed
4. When F1 offsprings were allowed to be self pollinated, both the parental traits were
expressed in definite proportion in F2 generation.
Structure of DNA:
The expanded form of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. It was first isolated by the scientist
Frederick Meisher From the nucleus of the pus cells in 1869.
DNA is a macromolecule. It is made up of very large number of nucleotide units, hence is
termed polynucleotide.
Each nucleotide unit in a DNA molecule is made up of three components –
1. Deoxyribose sugar
2. Nitrogenous base
3. Phosphate group.

Genes:
Mental was the first scientist to visualise a gene as a unit of inheritance in 1866. He called it
factor. The word gene was however introduced by Johnnsen in 1909.
It is now well known that jeans are nothing but segments of DNA on a chromosome occupying
specific positions. For example, 30,000 to 40,000 Gs are present on 46 chromosomes.

How do traits get expressed?

Basic features of mechanism of inheritance:


1. Traits are controlled by genes, which are present on chromosomes.
2. Each gene controls one character.
3. There may be two or more forms of the gene.
4. One form maybe dominant over the other form.
5. An individual has two forms of gene.
6. The two forms of the gene, separate at the time of game formation so that each game
has only one form of the gene.
7. The two forms of the gene are brought together in the zygote after fertilisation of male
and female gametes.

Sex determination:
The mechanism by which the section of an individual is determined as it begins, life, is called
sex determination.
Genetics or chromosomal determination of sex:

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