PHYSICS PROJECT

SESSION : 2024-2025
A Project Report On
Study of ' ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION'.

Submitted by Jatin Pratap Singh

Class – XIIth (Science)
Roll no. (cbse) – 23726124

Under the Guidance of

Mr. RAVI VERMA Sir
P.GT. (Physics)
 Table of Contents
 Certificate
 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of Project
 Introduction
 Theory
 Apparatus Required
 Law
 Coclusion
 Bibliography
 Diaomond Public School
Certificate

This is to certify that Jatin Pratap Singh student

th
of class XII (Science) has successfully prepared the report
on the Project entitled 'ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION' under the guidance of
Mr. Ravi Verma Sir (P.GT.Physics).
The report is the result of his efforts & endeavours.
The report is found worthy of acceptance as
final Project report for the subject
Physics of class XIIth (science).

Signature of Physics Teacher Signature of External Examiner

Signature of Principal
 Declaration

I hereby declare that the project work entitled

'ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION',
submitted to Department of Physics,
Diamond Public Senior Secondary School
is prepared by me.

JATIN PRATAP SINGH

Class: XIIth (Science)
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and
gratitude my project guide Mr. Ravi Verma Sir for
guiding me immensely through the course of the
project. He always evinced keen intrest in my project.
His constructive advice & constant motivation have
been responsible for the successful completion of
this project.

My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his co-

ordination in extending every possible support for the
completion of this project.

I must thanks to my classmates for their timely help

and support for completion of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those
who had helped directly or indirectly towards the
completion of this project.

JATIN PRATAP SINGH

Class- XIIth (Science)
 AIM
“To determine the Faraday’s law
of Electromagnetic Induction
using a copper wire wound over
an iron rod and a strong
magnet."
 Introduction
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of
electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating
principle of transformers , inductors, and many types of
electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently

by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however,
Faraday was the first to publish the results of his
experiments. Faraday explained electromagnetic
induction using a concept he called lines of force.
These equation for electromagnetic are extremely
important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how many natural physical phenomena in our
universe arise and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical
phenomena not only allows us to gain a better
understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible
a host of technological innovations that define modern
society. Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our
daily life function because of the principles behind
Faraday’s Law.
From natural technologies that improve our quality of
life such as electric power generation, Faraday’s law has a
great impact on many aspect.

Faraday’s law is the circuit of the experiments of the

English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. The
concept of electromagnetic induction was actually
discovered simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London
and Joseph, an American scientist working in New York,
but Faraday is credited for the law since he published his
work first. An important aspect of the equation that
qualifies Faraday’s law comes from the work of Heinrich
Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his contribution to
Faraday’s law, now known as Lenz’s law, in 1834
(Institute of Chemistry).
Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction,
whereby an electric field is induced, or generated, by a
changing magnetic field. Before expanding upon this
description, it is necessary to develop an understanding
of the fields, as well as the related concept of potentials.

Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of

electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he
wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring
or “torus” (an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal
transformer) to induce current.

Faraday’s First Experiment:-

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday’s law is a
single equation describing two different phenomena :-
The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a
moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer
EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the Maxwell-Faraday equation).
James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his
1861 paper on physical lines of force.
In this latter half part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a
separate physical explanation for each of the two
phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of
electromagnetic induction is made in some modern
textbooks.
 Theory
Magnetic flux :-

The magnetic flux (often denoted 𝚽 or 𝚽B ) through a

surface is the component of the B field passing through
that surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber
(Wb) (in derived units :- voltsecond), and the CGS unit is
the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a
flux-meter, which contains measuring coils and
electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the
measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux

passing through a surface of vector area S is
𝜱B - B∙S - BS cos 𝜽
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the
magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla),
S is the area of the surface, and 𝛉 is the angle between
the magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular)
to S.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the
magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area element dS,
where we may condiser the field to be constant .

dΦB - B∙dS

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A

and the fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic
flux may also be defined as :
ΦB -ΦdS𝑨. d 𝒍

Where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the

surface S, which is denoted dS.
 Apparatus Required
1. .Insulated copper wire
2.An iron rod
3.A strong magnet, and
4.A light emitting diode (LED)
 Law
. The most widespread version of Faraday’s law
states :-

“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is

equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.”

This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when the

closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid
in other circumstances as discussed below. A different
version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation (discussed below),
is valid in all circumstances.

When the flux changes – because B changes, or because

the wire loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday’s
law of induction says that the wire loop acquires an EMF
ε , defined as the energy available per unit charge that
travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is the
volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be
measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit
and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

F - q(E + V × B)
The EMF on a wire loop is :-

𝜺 - q Φ𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆 F∙d 𝒍- Φ𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆(𝑬 + 𝑽 × 𝑩) ∙ 𝒅l

1

where, E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka

magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), dl is an
infinitesimal arc length along the wire, and the line
integral is evaluated along the wire (along the curve the
coincident with the shape of the wire).
The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying
magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatially-
varying, nonconservative electric fields, and vice-versa.
The Maxwell-Faraday equation is :-
𝛁 × 𝑬 = − 𝒅𝑩/𝒅𝑻

Where 𝛁 is the curl operator and again E(r,t) is the

electric field and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields
can generally be functions of position r and time t.

The four Maxwell’s equation (including the Maxwell-

Faraday equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a
sufficient foundation to derive everything in classical
electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to “prove” Faraday’s law starting
with these equation. Faraday’s law could be taken as the
starting point and used to “prove” the Maxwell Faraday
equation and/or other laws.
 Conclusion

Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed

and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electromagnetic
concept. Although its mathematical representations are
cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp : it
relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many
farreaching ramifications that touch our lives in many
ways : from the shining of the sun to the convenience of
mobile communications, to electricity to power our
homes. We can all appreciate the profound Faraday’s law
has on us.
 Bibliography
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://www.google.co.in
 Class 12 Physics Lab Manual
 Class 12 NCERT Textbook
 https://www.khanacademy.org

Thank You!!

-Jatin Pratap Singh