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atomic structure (1)

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atomic structure (1)

Uploaded by

juan.aguilar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Atomic structure

Tiny indivisible particles according to


Leucippus and Democritus
Particle Symbol Location Discovered Year Electric
by charge
Electron e- Outside the Thomson 1897 -1
nucleus.
Spinning
over it
Proton p+ nucleus Rutherford 1920 1

Neutron n+- nucleus Chadwick 1932 1


Mass number
The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom.
Mass number= protons number + neutrons number

Atomic number
The number of protons in an atom

Neutron number
The number of neutrons in an atom can be calculated by subtracting
the atomic number from the atomic mass.
Neutron number= mass number - atomic number

Neutron number= mass number - protons number


Net charge
How protons and electrons balance out
Ion
An atom or small group of atoms that has an electrical charge because it has
added or lost one or more electrons

Ionization

Strictly defined, ionization is the complete loss of an electron from an atomic or


molecular species. The resulting species is called an ion.

cation anion
Isotope
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. They share
almost the same chemical properties, but differ in mass and therefore in physical properties.

stable isotopes—-> do not emit radiation

unstable isotopes—--> radioisotopes.


Dalton’s atomic model - 1808
● All matter is made by atoms, which are indivisible
● Atoms of the same element are identical.
● Atoms of different elements have different masses
● Atoms are indestructibles
● Compounds are formed by the union of different kind of atoms
● Atoms can be rearranged to produce new substances
Thomson’s atomic model: discovery of the electron (1904)
● Cathode rays must be made of stuff that is negatively charged
● Particles that make up cathode rays are 1000 times smaller than a
hydrogen atom
● All different metals give off cathode rays
All atoms have tiny, negatively charged
particles inside them. ELECTRONS.

● Electrons are negative


● Atoms are usually neutral
● There must be positive charge in the
atom to balance out the electrons
Rutherford’s atomic model - discovery of the nucleus
(1911)
● The plum pudding model is an early attempt to show what an atom looks like.
● Bombardment of gold foil with alpha particles showed that some particles were
deflected.
● The nuclear model of the atom consists of a small and dense positively charged
interior surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Bohr’s atomic model (1913)
The Bohr model shows the atom as a
central nucleus containing protons and
neutrons with the electrons in circular
orbitals at specific distances from the
nucleus.

This model is based on observation of


the solar system
How the Bohr model works?
1 Bohr suggested that electrons are in fixed orbits
2 Light and energy can move electrons from one right to another creating light or
sending it into another to be absorbed ( like a lightbulb)
3 When electrons move from one ring to another they emit light, the farther away
the move from the atom the more light they generate.
4 when electrons move closer to the nucleus light is absorbed
Practice: absorption or emission
Identify each of these transitions as an absorption or emission

a) n=1 to n=4
b) n=3 to n=4
c) n=3 to n=1
d) n=7 to n=9
Orbitals
Electrons exhibit a negative charge and are found around the nucleus of the atom
in electron orbitals, defined as the volume of space in which the electron can be
found within 95% probability. The four different types of orbitals (s,p,d, and f) have
different shapes, and one orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. The p, d,
and f orbitals have different sublevels, thus can hold more electrons.
Hund’s rule

All orbitals will be singly occupied before any is doubly occupied. Therefore, two p
orbital get one electron and one will have two electrons. Hund's rule also
stipulates that all of the unpaired electrons must have the same spin.

Kernel electronic configuration


Electron configuration
Describe where electrons are located around the nucleus of an atom.
We can break each electron shell down into one or more subshells. The shells are
7, the number of families in the periodic table, and the subshells are designated by
the letters s, p, d and f and each letter indicates a different shape.
Auf bau principle
Electrons are filled into atomic orbitals in the increasing order of orbital energy
level. the available atomic orbitals with the lowest energy levels are occupied
before those with higher energy levels.
Quantum numbers
The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of the electron in
an atom are called quantum numbers. There are four quantum numbers,
namely, principal, azimuthal, magnetic and spin quantum numbers.
Principal Quantum Number

● Principal quantum numbers are denoted by the symbol ‘n’. They designate the principal
electron shell of the atom. Since the most probable distance between the nucleus and the
electrons is described by it, a larger value of the principal quantum number implies a greater
distance between the electron and the nucleus (which, in turn, implies a greater atomic size).

Azimuthal Quantum Number (Orbital Angular Momentum Quantum Number)

● The azimuthal (or orbital angular momentum) quantum number describes the shape of a given
orbital. It is denoted by the symbol ‘l’ and its value is equal to the total number of angular nodes in
the orbital.

Magnetic Quantum Number

● The total number of orbitals in a subshell and the orientation of these orbitals are determined by the
magnetic quantum number. It is denoted by the symbol ‘ml’.
● The value of the magnetic quantum number is dependent on the value of the azimuthal (or orbital
angular momentum) quantum number. For a given value of l, the value of ml ranges between the
interval -l to +l. Therefore, it indirectly depends on the value of n.
Electron Spin Quantum Number

● The electron spin quantum number is independent of the values of n, l, and ml. The value of this
number gives insight into the direction in which the electron is spinning, and is denoted by the
symbol ms.
● The value of ms offers insight into the direction in which the electron is spinning. The possible
values of the electron spin quantum number are +½ and -½.

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