Students’ Evaluation of Courses

There should be an established mechanism to enable students to evaluate courses delivered to

them at the end of each semester. This should be an integral component of the course credit
system, serving as feedback mechanism for achieving the following: Improvement in the
effectiveness of course delivery.
1. Continual update of lecture materials to incorporate emerging new concepts;
2. Effective usage of teaching aids and tools to maximize impact of knowledge on students; and
3. Improvement in students’ performance through effective delivery of tutorials, timely
presentation of continuous assessment and high-quality examination.

The evaluation should be conducted preferably before the final semester examinations. It is
particularly important that students’ evaluation of courses be administered fairly and transparently
using well-designed questionnaires. The completed questionnaires should be professionally
analysed and results discussed with the course lecturer(s) towards improvement in course
delivery in all its ramifications.

Global Course Structure

100- Level
Course
Code Course Title Units Status LH PH
GST 111 Communication in English 2 C 15 45
GST 112 Nigerian Peoples and Culture 2 C 30 -
BIO 101 General Biology I 2 C 30 -
BIO 102 General Biology II 2 C 30 -
BIO 107 General Biology Practical I 1 C - 45
BIO 108 General Biology Practical II 1 C - 45
CHM 101 General Chemistry I 2 C 30 -
CHM 102 General Chemistry II 2 C 30 -
CHM 107 General Practical Chemistry I 1 C - 45
CHM 108 General Practical Chemistry II 1 C - 45
MTH 101 Elementary Mathematics I 2 C 30 -
MTH 102 Elementary Mathematics II 2 C 30 -
PHY 101 General Physics I 2 C 30 -
PHY 102 General Physics II 2 C 30 -
PHY 107 General Practical Physics I 1 C - 45
PHY 108 General Practical Physics II 1 C - 45
PCY 101 Introduction to Pharmacy 1 C 15 -
Total 27

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200 Level
Course
Code Course Title Units Status LH PH
Philosophy, Logic, Environment and
GST 212 Sustainable Development 2 C 30 -
ENT 211 Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2 C 30 -
ANA 201 Basic Anatomy 2 C 30 -
ANA 202 Neuroanatomy 3 C 30 45
ANA 203 Histology 1 C 15 -
BCH 201 Biochemistry 3 C 30 45
BCH 202 Introductory Molecular Biology 3 C 30 45
PIO 201 Introductory and Blood Physiology 3 C 30 45
PIO 202 Neurophysiology and Special Senses 3 C 30 45
PCG 201 Introduction to Pharmacognosy 3 C 30 45
PCH 201 Physical Pharmaceutical Chemistry 3 C 30 45
PCH 202 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry 3 C 30 45
PCT 201 Pharmaceutics 2 C 30 -
Pharmaceutical Preparations and
PCT 202 Calculations 2 C 30 -
PCT 203 Dispensing Practical I 1 C - 45
PCT 204 Dispensing Practical II 1 C - 45
Introduction to Pharmaceutical
PHM 201 Microbiology 3 C 30 45
Total 40

300 Level
Course
Code Course Title Units Status LH PH
GST 312 Peace and Conflict Resolution 2 C 30 -
ENT 312 Venture Creation 2 C 15 45
Students Industrial Work Experience
PAA 399 (SIWES) 3 C - 12WK
CLI 301 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics 3 C 45 -
CLI 302 Health Psychology 1 C 15 -
PCG 301 Pharmacognosy I 3 C 30 45
PCG 302 Pharmacognosy II 3 C 30 45
PCH 301 Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry 3 C 30 45
Pharmaceutical Analysis I (Non-
PCH 302 Instrumental Methods) 3 C 30 45
PCT 301 Physical Pharmaceutics I 3 C 30 45
PCT 302 Rheology 1 C 15 -
PCT 303 Dispensing Practical III 1 C - 45
PCT 304 Physical Pharmaceutics II 2 C 30 -

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PCT 306 Dispensing Practical IV 1 C - 45
PHA 301 General Principles of Pharmacology 3 C 30 45
PHA 302 Autonomic/Neuropharmacology 3 C 30 45
PHM 301 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 3 C 30 45
SAP 301 Pharmacy Administration I 2 C 30 -
Total 42

400 Level
Course
Code Course Title Units Status LH PH
PAA 499 Students Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) 3 C - 12WK
BTG 401 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology I 3 C 30 45
CLI 401 Introductory Clinical Pharmacy 2 C 30 -
CLI 402 Pharmaceutical Immunology and Vaccines 2 C 30 -
CLI 403 Essentials of Nutrition 1 C 15 -
PAT 401 Pathology 3 C 30 45
PAT 402 Pathophysiology I 2 C 30 -
PCG 401 General Phytochemical Methods in Drug Analysis 2 C 30 -
PCG 402 Secondary Plant Metabolites 2 C 15 45
Pharmaceutical Analysis II (Instrumental
PCH 401 Methods) 3 C 30 45
PCH 402 Medicinal Chemistry I- Drug Design 2 C 30 -
PCT 401 Dosage Form Evaluation and Drug Stability 3 C 30 45
PCT 402 Physical Pharmaceutics III 3 C 30 45
PHA 401 Chemotherapy 2 C 30 -
PHA 402 Cardiovascular and Endocrine Pharmacology 3 C 30 45
PHA 404 Clinical and Environmental Toxicology 2 C 30 -
PSM 402 Biostatistics and Research Methodology 2 C 30 -
SAP 401 Pharmacy Laws and Ethics 2 C 30 -
SAP 402 Pharmacy Communication Skills 2 C 30 -
Total 44

500 Level

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Course
Code Course Title Units Status LH PH
PAA 502 Veterinary Pharmacy and Agrochemicals 3 C 45 -
PAA 504 Electronic Pharmacy 2 C 15 45
BTG 501 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology II 2 C 30 -
CLI 501 Pharmacotherapeutics I 2 C 30
CLI 502 Clinical Pharmacy Clerkship I 3 C - 135
CLI 503 Pharmaceutical Care 2 C 30 -
CLI 504 Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3 C 30 45
PAT 502 Pathophysiology II 2 C 30 -
PCH 501 Drug Quality Assurance 3 C 30 45
PCH 502 Medicinal Chemistry II 2 C 30 -
Herbal, Complementary and other Alternative
PCG 501 Medicines 2 C 30 -

PCG 502 Clinical Pharmacognosy 1 C - 45

PCT 501 Industrial Set-up and Formulation Processes 3 C 30 45
PHA 501 Central Nervous System Pharmacology 3 C 30 45
PHA 502 Biochemical Pharmacology 2 C 30 -
PHM 501 Microbial Chemotherapy and Bacterial Genetics 2 C 30 -
PHM 502 Preservation and Fermentation Biotechnology 2 C 30 -
SAP 501 Pharmacy Administration II 2 C 30 -
SAP 502 Pharmacoeconomics 1 C 15 -
SAP 504 Drug Informatics 2 C 30 -
Total 44

600 Level
Course
Code Course Title Units Status LH PH
PAA 602 Project 6 C - 270
BTG 601 Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 2 C 30 -
CLI 601 Clinical Pharmacy Clerkship II 6 C - 270
CLI 602 Clinical Pharmacy Clerkship III 6 C - 270
CLI 603 Emergency Preparedness 2 C 15 45
CLI 604 Pharmacotherapeutics II 3 C 45 -
Public Health Pharmacy and
CLI 606 Pharmacoepidemiology 3 C 30 45
PCH 601 Radiopharmaceuticals 2 C 30 -
PCT 601 Industrial Pharmacy 2 C 30 -
PCT 603 Ethical Dispensing 1 C - 45

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 Supply Chain Management of Drugs and other
SAP 601 Health Commodities 2 C 30 -
Total 35
TOTAL CREDIT UNITS Pharm. D 232

Course Contents and Learning Outcomes

100 Level Courses

GST 111: Communication in English (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. identify possible sound patterns in English Language;
2. list notable language skills;
3. classify word formation processes;
4. construct simple and fairly complex sentences in English;
5. apply logical and critical reasoning skills for meaningful presentations;
6. demonstrate an appreciable level of the art of public speaking and listening; and
7. write simple and technical reports.

Course Contents
Sound patterns in English Language (vowels and consonants, phonetics and phonology). English
word classes (lexical and grammatical words, definitions, forms, functions, usages, collocations).
Sentence in English (types: structural and functional, simple and complex). Grammar and Usage
(tense, mood, modality and concord, aspects of language use in everyday life). Logical and
critical thinking and reasoning methods (logic and syllogism, inductive and deductive argument
and reasoning methods, analogy, generalisation and explanations). Ethical considerations,
copyright rules and infringements. Writing Activities: (Pre-writing, writing, post writing, editing
and proofreading; brainstorming, outlining, paragraphing). Types of writing, summary, essays,
letter, curriculum vitae, report writing, note making and many others. Mechanics of writing.
Comprehension strategies: (Reading and types of reading, comprehension skills, 3RSQ).
Information and communication technology in modern language learning. Language skills for
effective communication. Major word formation processes. Writing and reading comprehension
strategies. Logical and critical reasoning for meaningful presentations. Art of public speaking and
listening. Report writing.

GST 112: Nigerian Peoples and Culture (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. analyse the historical foundation of the Nigerian culture and arts in pre-colonial times;

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2. list and identify the major linguistic groups in Nigeria;
3. explain the gradual evolution of Nigeria as a political unit;
4. analyse the concepts of trade, economic and self-reliance status of the Nigerian peoples
towards national development;
5. enumerate the challenges of the Nigerian State towards nation building;
6. analyse the role of the Judiciary in upholding people’s fundamental rights;
7. identify acceptable norms and values of the major ethnic groups in Nigeria; and
8. list and suggest possible solutions to identifiable Nigerian environmental, moral and value
problem.

Course Contents
Nigerian history, culture and art up to 1800 (Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo peoples and culture; peoples
and culture of the ethnic minority groups). Nigeria under colonial rule (advent of colonial rule in
Nigeria; colonial administration of Nigeria). Evolution of Nigeria as a political unit (amalgamation
of Nigeria in 1914; formation of political parties in Nigeria; nationalist movement and struggle for
independence). Nigeria and challenges of nation-building (military intervention in Nigerian
politics; Nigerian Civil War). Concept of trade and economics of self-reliance (indigenous trade
and market system; indigenous apprenticeship system among Nigeria peoples; trade, skill
acquisition and self-reliance). Social justices and national development (law definition and
classification). The Judiciary and fundamental rights. Individual norms and values (basic Nigerian
norms and values). Patterns of citizenship acquisition; citizenship and civic responsibilities;
indigenous languages, usage and development; negative attitudes and conducts. Cultism,
kidnapping and other related social vices. Re-orientation, moral and national values. The 3Rs –
Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Re-orientation. Re-orientation strategies: Operation Feed the
Nation (OFN), Green Revolution, Austerity Measures, War Against Indiscipline (WAI), War Against
Indiscipline and Corruption (WAIC), Mass Mobilisation for Self-Reliance, Social Justice and
Economic Recovery (MAMSER), National Orientation Agency (NOA). Current socio-political and
cultural developments in Nigeria.

BIO 101: General Biology I (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. explain cell structure and organisations;
2. summarise functions of cellular organelles;
3. characterise living organisms and state their general reproduction;
4. describe the interrelationship that exists between organisms;
5. discuss the concept of heredity and evolution; and
6. enumerate habitat types and their characteristics.

Course Contents
Cell structure and organisation, functions of cellular organelles, characteristics and classification
of living things, chromosomes, genes - their relationships and importance, general reproduction,
interrelationships of organisms (competitions, parasitism, predation, symbiosis, commensalisms,
mutualism, saprophytism). Heredity and evolution (introduction to Darwinism and Lamarkism,
Mendelian laws, explanation of key genetic terms), elements of ecology and types of habitat.

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BIO 102: General Biology II (2 Unit C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. state the unique characteristics of plant and animal kingdoms;
2. describe ecological adaptations in the plant and animal kingdoms;
3. give a summary of the physiology of plants and animals;
4. explain nutrition, respiration, excretion and reproduction in plants and animals; and
5. describe growth and development in plants and animals.

Course Contents
A generalised survey of the plant and animal kingdoms based mainly on study of similarities and
differences in the external features, ecological adaptations of these forms. Briefs on physiology
to include nutrition, respiration, circulatory system, excretion, reproduction, growth and
development.

BIO 107: General Biology Practical I (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. outline common laboratory hazards;
2. provide precautions on laboratory hazards;
3. state the functions of the different parts of microscope;
4. use the microscope and describe its maintenance;
5. draw biological diagrams and illustrations; and
6. apply scaling and proportion to biological diagrams.

Course Contents
Common laboratory hazards: prevention and first aid. Measurements in biology. Uses and care of
microscope: compound and dissecting microscope. Biological drawings and illustration, scaling,
accuracy and proportion. Use of common laboratory apparatus and laboratory experiments
designed to illustrate the topics covered in BIO 101.

BIO 108: General Biology Practical II (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. describe the anatomy of flowering plants;
2. differentiate types of fruit and seeds;
3. state ways of handling and caring for biological wares;
4. describe the basic histology of animal tissues; and
5. identify various groups in the animal kingdom.

Course Contents
Anatomy of flowering plants. Primary vegetative body: stem, leaf and root to show the mature
tissues, namely parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. Types of fruits and
seeds. Care and use of dissecting kits and other biological wares. Dissection and general histology

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of animal tissues based on vertebrate forms. Morphology and functions of epithelial, muscular,
nervous and connective tissues. Examination of various groups of lower invertebrates under
microscopes, identification of various groups of organisms in the animal kingdom and any
experiment designed to emphasise the practical aspects of topics in BIO 102.

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CHM 101: General Chemistry I (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. define atom, molecules and chemical reactions;
2. discuss the modern electronic theory of atoms;
3. write electronic configurations of elements on the periodic table;
4. justify the trends of atomic radii, ionisation energies, electronegativity of the elements based
on their position in the periodic table;
5. identify and balance oxidation – reduction equation and solve redox titration problems;
6. illustrate shapes of simple molecules and hybridised orbitals;
7. identify the characteristics of acids, bases and salts, and solve problems based on their
quantitative relationship;
8. apply the principles of equilibrium to aqueous systems using lechatelier’s principle to predict
the effect of concentration, pressure and temperature changes on equilibrium mixtures;
9. analyse and perform calculations with the thermodynamic functions, enthalpy, entropy and
free energy; and
10. determine rates of reactions and its dependence on concentration, time and temperature.

Course Contents
Atoms, molecules, elements and compounds and chemical reactions. Modern electronic theory of
atoms. Electronic configuration, periodicity and building up of the periodic table. Hybridisation
and shapes of simple molecules. Valence Forces; Structure of solids. Chemical equations and
stoichiometry; Chemical bonding and intermolecular forces, kinetic theory of matter. Elementary
thermochemistry; rates of reaction, equilibrium and thermodynamics. Acids, bases and salts.
Properties of gases. Redox reactions and introduction to electrochemistry. Radioactivity.

CHM 102: General Chemistry II (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to:
1. state the importance and development of organic chemistry;
2. define fullerenes and its applications;
3. discuss electronic theory;
4. determine structures in organic chemistry, qualitative and quantitative analysis in organic
chemistry;
5. describe rules guiding nomenclature and functional group classes of organic chemistry;
6. determine rate of reaction to predict mechanisms of reaction;
7. identify classes of organic functional group with brief description of their chemistry;
8. discuss comparative chemistry of group Ia, IIa and IVa elements; and
9. describe basic properties of transition metals.

Course Contents
Historical survey of the development and importance of Organic Chemistry; Fullerenes as fourth
allotrope of carbon, uses as nanotubules, nanostructures, nanochemistry. Electronic theory in
organic chemistry. Isolation and purification of organic compounds. Determination of structures
of organic compounds including qualitative and quantitative analysis in organic chemistry.
Nomenclature and functional group classes of organic compounds. Introductory reaction

87
mechanism and kinetics. Stereochemistry. The chemistry of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols,
ethers, amines, alkyl halides, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and derivatives. The
Chemistry of selected metals and non-metals. Comparative chemistry of group IA, IIA and IVA
elements. Introduction to transition metal chemistry.

CHM 107: General Chemistry Practical I (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the general laboratory rules and safety procedures;
2. collect scientific data and correctly carry out chemical experiments;
3. identify the basic glassware and equipment in the laboratory;
4. differentiate between primary and secondary standards;
5. perform redox titrations;
6. recording observations and measurements in the laboratory notebooks; and
7. analyse the data to arrive at scientific conclusions.

Course Contents
Laboratory experiments designed to reflect topics presented in CHM 101. These include acid-base
titrations, qualitative analysis, redox reactions, gravimetric analysis, data analysis and
presentation.

CHM 108: General Chemistry Practical II (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
1. identify the general laboratory rules and safety procedures;
2. collect scientific data and correctly carry out chemical experiments;
3. identify the basic glassware and equipment in the laboratory;
4. identify and carry out preliminary tests which includes ignition, boiling point, melting point,
test on known and unknown organic compounds;
5. execute solubility tests on known and unknown organic compounds;
6. execute elemental tests on known and unknown compounds; and
7. conduct functional group/confirmatory test on known and unknown compounds which could
be acidic / basic / neutral organic compounds.

Course Contents
Laboratory experiments designed to reflect topics presented in CHM 102.

MTH 101: Elementary Mathematics I (2 Units C: LH 30)

(Algebra and Trigonometry)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course students should be able to:
1. describe basic definition of set, subset, union, intersection, complements and use of Venn
diagrams;
2. solve quadratic equations;
3. solve trigonometric functions;

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 4. describe various types of numbers; and
5. solve some problems using Binomial theorem.

Course Contents
Elementary set theory, subsets, union, intersection, complements, Venn diagrams. Real numbers;
integers, rational and irrational numbers, mathematical induction, real sequences and series,
theory of quadratic equations, binomial theorem. Complex numbers; algebra of complex
numbers; the Argand diagram. De-Moivre’s theorem, nth roots of unity. Circular measure,
trigonometric functions of angles of any magnitude, addition and factor formulae.

MTH 102: Elementary Mathematics II (2 Units C: LH 30)

(Calculus)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course students should be able to:
1. recall types of rules in Differentiation and Integration;
2. recall the meaning of Function of a real variable, graphs, limits and continuity; and
3. solve some applications of definite integrals in areas and volumes.

Course Contents
Function of a real variable, graphs, limits and idea of continuity. The derivative, as limit of rate of
change. Techniques of differentiation. Extreme curve sketching; Integration as an inverse of
differentiation. Methods of integration, Definite integrals. Application to areas, volumes.

PHY 101: General Physics I (Mechanics) (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
On Completion of the course, the student should be able to:
1. identify and deduce the physical quantities and their units;
2. differentiate between vectors and scalars;
3. describe and evaluate motion of systems based on the fundamental laws of mechanics;
4. apply newton’s laws to describe and solve simple problems of motion;
5. evaluate work, energy, velocity, momentum, acceleration, and torque of moving or rotating
objects;
6. explain and apply the principles of conservation of energy, linear and angular momentum;
7. describe the laws governing motion under gravity; and
8. explain motion under gravity and quantitatively determine behaviour of objects moving under
gravity.

Course Contents
Space and time; units and dimension. Vectors and scalars. Differentiation of vectors:
displacement, velocity and acceleration; kinematics. Newton laws of motion (Inertial frames,
Impulse, force and action at a distance, momentum conservation). Relative motion. Application
of Newtonian mechanics. Equations of motion. Conservation principles in physics. Conservative
forces, conservation of linear momentum, Kinetic energy and work, Potential energy, System of
particles, Centre of mass; Rotational motion; Torque, vector product, moment, rotation of

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coordinate axes and angular momentum. Polar coordinates; conservation of angular momentum;
Circular motion; Moments of inertia, gyroscopes and precession; Gravitation: Newton’s Law of
Gravitation, Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion, Gravitational Potential Energy, Escape velocity,
Satellites motion and orbits.

PHY 102: General Physics II (Electricity & Magnetism) (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course the students should be able to:
1. describe the electric field and potential, and related concepts, for stationary charges;
2. calculate electrostatic properties of simple charge distributions using Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s
law and electric potential;
3. describe and determine the magnetic field for steady and moving charges;
4. determine the magnetic properties of simple current distributions using Biot-Savart and
Ampere’s law;
5. describe electromagnetic induction and related concepts, and make calculations using
Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws;
6. explain the basic physical of Maxwell’s equations in integral form;
7. evaluate DC circuits to determine the electrical parameters; and
8. determine the characteristics of AC voltages and currents in resistors, capacitors, and
inductors.

Course Contents
Forces in nature; Electrostatics; electric charge and its properties, methods of charging;
Coulomb’s law and superposition; electric field and potential; Gauss’s law; Capacitance; Electric
dipoles; Energy in electric fields; Conductors and insulators, current, voltage and resistance,
Ohm’s law and analysis of DC circuits; Magnetic fields; Lorentz force; Biot-Savart and Ampère’s
laws; magnetic dipoles; Dielectrics; Energy in magnetic fields; Electromotive force;
Electromagnetic induction; Self and mutual inductances; Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws; Step up and
step down transformers: Maxwell's equations; Electromagnetic oscillations and waves; AC
voltages and currents applied to inductors, capacitors, resistance, and combinations.

PHY 107: General Practical Physics I (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
On completion, the student should be able to:
1. conduct measurements of some physical quantities;
2. make observations of events, collect and tabulate data;
3. identify and evaluate some common experimental errors;
4. plot and analyse graphs; and
5. draw conclusions from numerical and graphical analysis of data.

Course Contents
This introductory course emphasizes quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement
errors, and graphical analysis. A variety of experimental techniques will be employed. The
experiments include studies of meters, the oscilloscope, mechanical systems, electrical and
mechanical resonant systems, light, heat, viscosity and many others covered in PHY 101 and PHY

90
102. However, emphasis should be placed on the basic physical techniques for observation,
measurements, data collection, analysis and deduction.

PHY 108: General Practical Physics II (1 Unit C: PH 45)

This is a continuation of the experiments designed for PHY 101 and PHY 102 some of which have
been covered under PHY 107.

PCY 101: Introduction to Pharmacy (1 Unit C: LH 15)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. define the role of Pharmacists in health services;
2. identify opportunities in various practice areas of Pharmacy;
3. identify various disciplines of Pharmacy;
4. interpret prescriptions; and
5. identify different dosage forms.

Course Contents
Orientation to Pharmacy - the role of a Pharmacist in health services. Opportunities in Pharmacy.
History of pharmacy. Evolution of the Pharmacy profession. Various disciplines of Pharmacy.
Stages in the development of a new drug. Concept of dosage forms. The prescription.

200 Level Courses

GST 212: Philosophy, Logic, Environment and Sustainable Development

(2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. analyse the concept of humanity, its origin, philosophy and cosmic environment;
2. improve their logical and critical thinking skills;
3. identify the basic roles of science and technology in human society;
4. describe renewable and non-renewable environmental resources available in the Nigerian
society;
5. identify resource conservation tools and techniques for sustainable environment;
6. analyse environmental effects of plastics, and other wastes;
7. suggest possible management techniques and solutions to identifiable environmental
challenges faced in different areas of the Nigerian society; and
8. list and describe unethical behaviour patterns that can hinder human societal growth and
development.

Course Contents
Concept of humanity, its origin, philosophy and cosmic environment. Concepts and techniques in
logic and critical thinking. Science and technology in human society and services. Renewable and
non-renewable environmental resources. Climate change and the principle of sustainable
development. Environmental effects of plastics, and other waste products. Elements of
environmental studies for productive, safe and healthy living. Environmental Challenges –
urbanisation, environmental pollution and degradation, soil erosion, desert encroachment, soil

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degradation and flooding. National Development Plans towards sustainable environment. Trends
in global action towards environmental sustainability.

ENT 211: Entrepreneurship and Innovation (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to:
1. explain the concepts and theories of entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, opportunity seeking,
new value creation, and risk taking;
2. state the characteristics of an entrepreneur;
3. analyse the importance of micro and small businesses in wealth creation, employment, and
financial independence;
4. engage in entrepreneurial thinking;
5. identify key elements in innovation;
6. describe stages in enterprise formation, partnership and networking including business
planning;
7. describe contemporary entrepreneurial issues in Nigeria, Africa and the rest of the world; and
8. state the basic principles of e-commerce.

Course Contents
Concept of Entrepreneurship (Entrepreneurship, Intrapreneurship/Corporate Entrepreneurship).
Theories, rationale and relevance of Entrepreneurship (Schumpeterian and other perspectives,
risk-taking, necessity and opportunity-based entrepreneurship and creative destruction).
Characteristics of Entrepreneurs (Opportunity seeker, Risk taker, Natural and Nurtured, Problem
solver and change agent, Innovator and creative thinker). Entrepreneurial thinking (Critical
thinking, Reflective thinking, and Creative thinking). Innovation (Concept of innovation,
Dimensions of innovation, Change and innovation, Knowledge and innovation). Enterprise
formation, partnership and networking (Basics of Business Plan, Forms of business ownership,
Business registration and Forming alliances and joint ventures). Contemporary Entrepreneurship
Issues (Knowledge, Skills and Technology, Intellectual property, Virtual office, Networking).
Entrepreneurship in Nigeria (Biography of inspirational Entrepreneurs, Youth and women
entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship support institutions, Youth enterprise networks and
Environmental and cultural barriers to entrepreneurship). Basic principles of e-commerce.

ANA 201: Basic Anatomy (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the basic organization of the human body;
2. describe the gross and microscopic structure of different organ systems; and
3. explain structure-function correlation.

Course Contents
Basic organization of the human body: A study of human biological structure at various levels of
complexity: from sub-cellular to gross and microscopic structure of individual organ systems.

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Structure-function correlations are emphasized. Integumentary system. Circulatory system.
Lymphoid system. Alimentary system. Musculoskeletal system. Respiratory system. Urinary
system. Genital system. Endocrine system. Organs of special senses.

ANA 202: Neuroanatomy (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the structural organization of the nervous system;
2. describe the spinal cord, and the brain;
3. describe the peripheral nervous system;
4. discuss general embryology, teratology and genetic anatomy; and
5. explain the influence of drugs on foetal development.

Course Contents
Basic structural organization of the nervous system: The neuron (Soma and neurites).
Centralization and Telencephalization. Neural Circuitry (receptors, effectors and the synapse).
Fate of the Neural Crest. Spinal Cord: general topography, grey matter, ascending and
descending pathways. Brain: general topography; brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon,
cerebrum. Meninges and ventricular system. Pia, arachnoid & duramatera. Secretion and
circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Blood-brain barrier. Peripheral nervous system; basic plan,
afferent and efferent cerebrospinal peripheral nerve endings, ganglia. Autonomic nervous
system; Basic plan; sympathetic system, parasympathetic system, autonomic effector endings.
General Embryology, Teratology and Genetic Anatomy. General embryology - Male gamete,
female gamete, fertilization (gametogenesis). Development of early embryo and developmental
malformations.
Systemic embryology - musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system,
nervous system, urogenital system, and developmental malformations.
Genetic anatomy - genetic apparatus, and genetically related malformations. Influence of drugs
on development.

ANA 203: Histology (1 Unit C: LH 15)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. explain the histology of lymphatic, alimentary and reproductive systems; and
2. describe the histology of the exocrine glands and organs of special senses.

Course Contents
The Tissues. The lymphatic system. The alimentary system. The exocrine glands. The urinary
glands. The reproductive system. Organs of special senses. This will involve the use of plastic
models and slides for Histology and class demonstrations.

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BCH 201: Biochemistry (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. list the importance of biochemistry in health sciences;
2. explain the structure and function of proteins;
3. describe digestion, absorption and transport across membranes; and
4. describe metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.

Course Contents
Importance of biochemistry to the health Sciences - levels of medical care and biochemistry.
Membranes and cell structure techniques used in biochemistry and medicine. Protein structure
and function- primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins in blood. Digestion, absorption
and transport across membranes. Protein calorie malnutrition.
Metabolism - introduction of the study of intermediary metabolism. Carbohydrate chemistry,
digestion, absorption and metabolism. Lipid chemistry, digestion, and metabolism including
phospholipids and prostaglandins. Lipidoses. Metabolism of amino acids. Amino acid degradation
and biosynthesis. Essential and non-essential amino acids. Ketogenic and glucogenic amino
acids.
Practicals: Relevant experiments to demonstrate absorption and transport across membranes.

BCH 202: Introductory Molecular Biology (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe nucleic acids and their structure;
2. explain genes and heredity, DNA replication and cell division;
3. define recombinant DNA technology and list its uses;
4. describe protein synthesis, hormones and their actions; and
5. name significant biochemical transformations of medical importance.

Course Contents
Nucleic acids - DNA, RNA and elementary treatment of their structure. Biochemistry of heredity.
Discovery and properties of the genetic materials, DNA replication and cell division. Cloning and
recombinant DNA Technology. Mutagens and mutation. Mechanism of protein synthesis.
Biochemistry of hormones and hormonal action to include actions of cyclic-AMP, cyclic-GMP,
adrenaline, glucagon and insulin. Detoxification mechanisms including cytochrome P450 and other
isoforms. Haem degradation and other significant biochemical transformation of medical
importance.
Practicals: Relevant experiments to demonstrate protein and nucleic acid synthesis.

PIO 201: Introductory and Blood Physiology (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe cell physiology and transport system; and
2. discuss physiology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal and endocrine
systems.

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Course Contents
Body fluids. Cell Physiology. Transport System. Excitable cells. Contractile tissues. Homoestasis.
Control systems. Blood. Introductory autonomic nervous system.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology: Cardiovascular physiology. Cardiac muscle. E.C.G.,
Haemodynamics. Systemic circulation. Events in cardiac cycle. Heart rate and its control. Blood
pressure. Cardiac output. Introduction to mechanics of respiration. Lung volumes. Gas tensions.
Oxygen Transport. Oxygen dissociation curve. Carbon dioxide transport. Carbon dioxide
dissociation curve. Nervous regulation of respiration. Chemoreceptors. Hypoxia, hyperpnoea,
apnoea. Periodic respiration. Dyspnea. Cyanosis.
Renal, Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Physiology: Introductory renal anatomy. Glomerular
filtration and clearance. Tubular reabsorption, Tm. Countercurrent mechanism. E.C.F. Regulation.
Dilute and concentrated urine output. Micturition. Renal hormones. Renin-Angiotensin system.
Mastication. Deglutition. Salivation. Stomach and its emptying. Small intestine. Large intestine.
Salivary, gastric and pancreatic juices. Reflexes. Digestion, absorption and assimilation. Bile.
Thyroid, parathyroid and calcium metabolism. Pituitary gland. Adenohypophysis,
neurohypophysis, adrenal cortex and medulla. Pancreas, thymus, pineal gland. Male and female
reproductive systems.

PIO 202: Neurophysiology and Special Senses (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the organization of the CNS and its control systems;
2. explain the state of sleep, memory and learning;
3. discuss autonomic nervous system; and
4. describe special senses.

Course Contents
Neurophysiology: Organisation of the CNS and CNS control systems. Spinal reflexes. Excitation
and Inhibition. Localization of functions in the cortex. Motor system. Pyramidal and
extrapyramidal sensory systems. Reticular formation. Cerebellum: Control of posture.
Neurobiology rhythms. Sleep and unconscious states. Memory, learning.
Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic and sympathetic neuroeffectors. Cholinergic
mechanisms. Adrenergic mechanisms. Autonomic reflexes. Adrenal medulla. Autonomic drugs.
Special Senses: Eyeball: retina, sight, accommodation. Photochemical mechanism. Receptor
potential. Light reflexes and adaptation. Ear: sound waves, hearing. Taste. Smell.
Practicals: Special exercises to illustrate various aspects of physiology treated above.

PCG 201: Introduction to Pharmacognosy (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, the student should be able to:
1. describe the scope of Pharmacognosy;
2. define basic pharmcognostic terms;
3. classify crude drugs;
4. identify some natural drugs obtained from plant, animal and mineral sources;
5. list some unrefined drugs that aid recovery from diseases of man and animals; and

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6. identify important factors involved in preparation of natural drugs for commerce.

Course Contents
Historical development and scope of Pharmacognosy. Terminologies used in Pharmacognosy.
Classification of crude drugs: Vegetable Drugs: Alphabetically, morphologically,
pharmacologically, and chemically. Plant description: Pharmacognostic profile of selected plants,
– taxonomy, morphology, and anatomy. The cell differentiation and organic cell contents –
carbohydrates, proteins, fixed oils, gums and mucilages with emphasis on those used in
phytotherapy and pharmacy as excipients and pharmaceuticals, as phytocosmetics and
nutraceuticals. Biological and geographical sources and other indigenous uses of medicinal plant
drugs – crude drugs, animal origin: honey, cod liver oil, spermaceti, cantharides, python fat and
shellac. Crude drugs of mineral origin: geophagic clay and bentonite with reference to Nigerian
sources. Evaluation of crude drug: Organoleptic, microscopic, macroscopic and
chemomicroscopy. Substitution of official crude drug. Field trip. Factors involved in production of
plant drugs for commerce: climate, cultivated and wild, collection, adulteration, and plant pests.
Practical: Introduction of whole and powdered parts of the crude drugs for evaluation; Plant drug
(macroscopy, and organoleptic characters) microscopical examination of powders. Longitudinal
section (L.S) and Transverse section (T.S) of the morphological part. Chemical and Limit tests
for others. Field trip/study tour is necessary and is usually scored.

PCH 201: Physical Pharmaceutical Chemistry (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. state the principles of thermodynamics;
2. explain chemical and ionic equilibria; and
3. list the effect of these on the feasibility of drug synthesis and solubility.

Course Contents
Review of principles of thermodynamics, chemical and ionic equilibria. Chemical kinetics relevant
to pharmacy, effect of these on the feasibility of drug synthesis, mixing, solubility. Biological redox
systems.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments on mixing, solubility, drug synthesis and many others.

PCH 202: Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. explain atomic and molecular structures;
2. explain the chemical and physical properties of inorganic elements and compounds and their
uses in pharmacy and medicine; and
3. differentiate between normality and molarity.

Course Contents
Atomic and Molecular Structure: Electronic structure of atoms and molecules. Relationship
between the electronic structure of elements and the formation of covalent, ionic and coordinative
(dative) bonds. Nature and pharmaceutically important application of co-ordination compounds,
metal complexes and chelating agents.

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Comparative study of the physico-chemical properties, preparation and uses of the elements of
the periodic table and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to physico-chemical properties of compounds
of pharmaceutical importance.

PCT 201: Pharmaceutics (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. recall the fundamental operations in weighing;
2. recognize errors in measurements and measuring techniques; and
3. describe the ethics of dispensing and identify different types of labels for the presentation of
products.

Course Contents
Fundamental operations in weighing: Errors in using dispensing balances. Minimum weighable
amounts and weighing techniques. Conical and beaker shaped measures for dispensing liquids.
Errors in measurements and measuring technique. Household measures and weighing of small
amounts of materials.
Ethics of dispensing and presentation of products: General dispensing procedure. The
prescription. Information given on the labels of dispensed medicines. Presentation of information
on labels. Additional labels.

PCT 202: Pharmaceutical Preparations and Calculations

(2 Units C: LH 30)
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. employ various calculations applicable to pharmaceutical preparations;
2. describe types of pharmaceutical preparations;
3. list pharmaceutical solutions; and
4. identify factors affecting the solubilities of pharmaceutical solutions.

Course Contents
Percentages, proportional calculations and allegation. Calculations involving very small quantities.
Types of Pharmaceutical preparations: Solutions, mixtures, linctuses, syrups, elixirs, oral liquids,
emulsions, applications, lotions, gargles, mouth washes, nasal and ear drops. Divided and bulk
powders, granules, cachets, capsules and tablets and many others.
Pharmaceutical solutions and solubility. Factors affecting solubility. Solutions of liquids in liquids.
Distribution of solutes between immiscible liquids and applications of the distribution law in
pharmacy. Colligative properties of solutions.
Phase equilibria: The phase rule. Systems of one and two components and applications in
pharmacy, such as eutectic mixtures and sublimation (freeze drying).

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PCT 203: Dispensing Practical I (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. use simple dispensing techniques;
2. prepare simple solutions; and
3. use appropriate packaging and labeling requirements for simple solutions.

Course Contents
Introduction to dispensing, packaging and labelling requirements for dispensing, containers and
closures. Weighing techniques, measurement of volumes, techniques in unit operations,
trituration and mixing of solids. Preparation of simple solutions. Dilutions of simple solutions,
syrup and aromatic waters.
PCT 204: Dispensing Practical II (1 Units C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. prepare elixirs, syrups, mixtures, and suspensions;
2. conduct measurements using aliquot methods; and
3. prepare different types of pharmaceutical powders.

Course Contents
Preparation of Liquid dosage forms, compounding, and dispensing of drugs, extemporaneous and
bulk preparation of mixtures of liquids and solid drug ingredients. Preparation of collodions and
paints, gargles, inhalants and drops (nasal and eye). Preparation of pharmaceutical powders
(bulk, compound and divided). Prescription reading.

PHM 201: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Microbiology (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. list the characteristics, and classify microorganisms;
2. state the nutritional requirements of bacteria, and identify culture media;
3. identify fungi, molds, viruses, other atypical organisms and parasites of public health
importance; and
4. recognise basic techniques of culturing, isolation, identification and counting of bacteria.

Course Contents
Historical development of microbiology and the effects on health. General structure of the
bacterial cell. The bacterial spore, its structure and resistance to inactivating agents. Systematic
classification of bacteria and characteristics of major groups – Taxonomy. Protoplasts,
spheroplasts and L-Forms. Nutritional requirements and growth of bacteria. Bacterial culture
media and evolution of pure culture technique. Enumeration of microorganisms. Fungi and molds;
their importance in pharmacy, and medicine. The Richettstia, Chlamydia, Viruses (including
HIV/AIDS) and viral replication. Introductory parasitology. Protozoal parasites of Public Health
importance.

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Practical - Laboratory exposure for handling, identification and growing of microorganisms.
Experiments to bring out other salient parts of the course.

300 Level Courses

GST 312: Peace and Conflict Resolution (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. analyse the concepts of peace, conflict and security;
2. list major forms, types and root causes of conflict and violence;
3. differentiate between conflict and terrorism;
4. enumerate security and peace building strategies; and
5. describe roles of international organisations, media and traditional institutions in peace
building.

Course Contents
Concepts of Peace, Conflict and Security in a multi-ethnic nation. Types and Theories of Conflicts:
Ethnic, Religious, Economic, Geo-political Conflicts; Structural Conflict Theory, Realist Theory of
Conflict, Frustration-Aggression Conflict Theory. Root causes of Conflict and Violence in Africa:
Indigene and settlers Phenomenon; Boundaries/boarder disputes; Political disputes; Ethnic
disputes and rivalries; Economic Inequalities; Social disputes; Nationalist Movements and
Agitations; Selected Conflict Case Studies – Tiv-Junkun; Zangon Kataf, Chieftaincy and Land
disputes. Peace Building, Management of Conflicts and Security: Peace and Human Development.
Approaches to Peace and Conflict Management --- (Religious, Government, Community Leaders).
Elements of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution: Conflict dynamics assessment Scales:
Constructive and Destructive. Justice and Legal framework: Concepts of Social Justice; The
Nigeria Legal System. Insurgency and Terrorism. Peace Mediation and Peace Keeping. Peace and
Security Council (International, National and Local levels) Agents of Conflict resolution –
Conventions, Treaties, Community Policing: Evolution and Imperatives. Alternative Dispute
Resolution (ADR). a) Dialogue b). Arbitration, c). Negotiation d). Collaboration. Roles of
International Organizations in Conflict Resolution. (a). The United Nations, UN and its Conflict
Resolution Organs. (b). The African Union and Peace Security Council (c). ECOWAS in Peace
Keeping. Media and Traditional Institutions in Peace Building. Managing Post-Conflict
Situations/Crisis: Refugees. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). The role of NGOs in Post-Conflict
Situations/Crisis.

ENT 312: Venture Creation (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, students, through case studies and practical approaches, should be
able to:
1. describe the key steps in venture creation;
2. identify opportunities in problems and in high potential sectors regardless of geographical
location;
3. state how original products, ideas, and concepts are developed;
4. develop business concept for further incubation or pitching for funding;
5. identify key sources of entrepreneurial finance;

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6. implement the requirements for establishing and managing micro and small enterprises;
7. conduct entrepreneurial marketing and e-commerce;
8. apply a wide variety of emerging technological solutions to entrepreneurship; and
9. appreciate why ventures fail due to lack of planning and poor implementation.

Course Contents
Opportunity Identification (Sources of business opportunities in Nigeria, Environmental scanning,
Demand and supply gap/unmet needs/market gaps/market research, Unutilised resources, Social
and climate conditions and Technology adoption gap). New business development (business
planning, market research). Entrepreneurial Finance (Venture capital, Equity finance, Micro
finance, Personal savings, Small business investment organisations and Business plan
competition). Entrepreneurial marketing and e-commerce (Principles of marketing, Customer
Acquisition and Retention, B2B, C2C and B2C models of e-commerce, First Mover Advantage, E-
commerce business models and Successful E-Commerce Companies,). Small Business
Management/Family Business: Leadership and Management, Basic book-keeping, Nature of
family business and Family Business Growth Model. Negotiation and Business communication
(Strategy and tactics of negotiation/bargaining, Traditional and modern business communication
methods). Opportunity Discovery Demonstrations (Business idea generation presentations,
Business idea Contest, Brainstorming sessions, Idea pitching). Technological Solutions (The
Concept of Market/Customer Solution, Customer Solution and Emerging Technologies, Business
Applications of New Technologies - Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual/Mixed Reality (VR), Internet
of Things (IoTs), Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Renewable Energy. Digital Business and E-
Commerce Strategies).

PAA 399: Students Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) (3 Units C: PH 12 weeks)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. prepare to handle industrial work they will likely meet after graduation;
2. familiarise themselves with methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery
that may not be available in their institutions; and
3. transit from school to workplace easily.

Course Contents
This is a supervised work-experience progress of approximately three months' duration,
commencing with the long vacation (following the end of the 300 level second semester
examinations) as determined by the university calendar. During the programme, students are
attached to pharmaceutical establishments including drug manufacturing units, hospital
pharmacies, community pharmacies and many others. Each student keeps a record of his/her
training and experience during the programme in a logbook and is visited for supervisory purposes
by an academic staff member from the faculty. In addition, an experienced pharmacist located in
the pharmaceutical establishment to which the student is attached provides day-to-day
supervision.

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CLI 301: Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics (3 Units C: LH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the fate of a drug after administration;
2. describe pharmacokinetic parameters and learn their calculations;
3. identify different dosage regimens including prolonged dosage form administration and their
applications in therapy; and
4. discuss the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacologic response.

Course Contents
Definition of terminologies and symbols used in pharmacokinetics. Fate of drugs after
administration. Physical significance of drug concentration in the blood. Biological factors in drug
absorption. Physicochemical factors affecting drug absorption. Dosage form consideration in
gastrointestinal absorption. Drug-drug and drug-food interactions. Bioavailability and
bioequivalence with emphasis on product registration with regulatory bodies. Problems associated
with pre-formulation of drugs and the design of dosage forms from an industrial perspective.
Compartment models: single and multiple compartment models. Drug clearance. Hepatic
elimination of drugs. Intravenous infusions. Multiple dosage regimens. Prolonged action dosage
form administration. Non-linear pharmacokinetics. Relationship between pharmacokinetic
parameters and pharmacologic response. Calculation of various pharmacokinetic parameters.

CLI 302: Health Psychology (1 Unit C: LH 15)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. enumerate the general principles of psychology;
2. describe medical sociology;
3. explain the role of psychology in healthcare delivery; and
4. list the psychological factors in anxiety, depression and psychosomatic illnesses
5. identify personality profiles and explain their impact on communications skills and
interpersonal relationships.

Course Contents
General principles of psychology. Medical sociology. Role of psychology in healthcare delivery.
Management of aggression and stress. Psychological factors in anxiety, depression and
psychosomatic illnesses. Personality Profiles and their impacts in communication skills and
interpersonal relations.

PCG 301: Pharmacognosy I (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course the students should be able to:
1. identify natural sources and uses of resins and oleoresins;
2. recall ethnomedicinal uses and ethnobotanical sources of phytoenzymes;
3. classify and evaluate surgical fibers and sutures; and

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4. describe pharmacognosical profile of toxicants of higher plants.

Course Contents
Resins and Oleoresins: Introduction, classification, active constituents and pharmacological uses
of turpentine, benzoin, cannabis, myrrh and balsam enzymes: Enzymes obtained from plant
sources (phytoenzymes) Papain, Bromelain and malt extract. Enzymes obtained from animal
sources, renin, pepsin, pancreatin and pancrelipase. Surgical Dressings: Classification of fibers as
vegetable, animal and synthetic fibers. Evaluation of fibers and sutures with discussion based on
official compendia (BPC). Natural Toxicants: Plant toxicants, Description, Pharmacognostic
features, pharmacological actions, chemical constituents, treatment and prevention. Abrus
precatorius, Eucalyptus spp. Nicotiana tabacum, Papaver sominiferum and Datura metel. Plant
collection, preparation and storage of hebarium specimens. Standardization/evaluation of crude
drugs with particular emphasis on chemical constituents, adulteration and substitution, microbial
contamination, toxic residues, moisture content, ash values, extractive values, crude fibers, and
other numerical values of crude drugs. Formulation and production of phytomedicines of some
Nigerian medicinal plants. Physico-chemical characteristics and assessment of quality of the
phytomedicines.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to identification of sources and uses of resins
and oleoresins, evaluate surgical fibers and sutures, standardization and evaluation of crude
drugs.

PCG 302: Pharmacognosy II (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
1. recognize the current state of herbal medicine globally;
2. prepare monograghs, and herbarium specimens;
3. explain the principles involved in formulation of phytomedicines into dosage forms; and
4. assess herbal medicines for quality, efficacy, and safety.

Course Contents
History and present state of herbal medicines. The practitioners. The plant – collection, drying
and storage, pests and pesticides. Hebarium: Hebarium specimen and voucher numbers.
Research findings and documentation of medicinal plants. Selected examples of Nigerian
medicinal plants: local names, geographical sources, macroscopy microscopy, ethnomedicinal
uses, chemical constituents and toxicity profile. Preparation of Monograph of medicinal plants.
Effective use of Herbal Pharmacopoiae. Examples will be taken from the following areas:
antimalarials, antisicklings, antihypertensives, antidiabetics, antimicrobials. Toxic special plants –
hallucinogens, allergens and molluscicides. Phytochemical principles involved in formulation of
phytomedicines and nutraceuticals. Physicochemical and pharmacological assessment of quality,
efficacy and safety of medicinal plants.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to collection, drying and storage of plant
materials, prepare monographs and hebarium specimens.

PCH 301: Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes

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At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. synthesis and relate functional groups of compounds to physical and chemical properties and
the application of these groups in Pharmacy;
2. write the structure and discuss the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds especially those
being used as drugs and Pharmaceuticals; and
3. synthesise some drugs.

Course Contents
Reactivity of organic compounds. General review of the concept of aromaticity in benzene and
how this affects substitution in such structures. General review of organic reactions leading to
interconversion and modification of functional groups through nucleophilic and electrophilic
substitution, elimination, addition and rearrangement reactions. Utilization of these reactions for
isolation, characterisation, elucidation of structure and synthesis of medicinal products.
Stereochemistry - Review of total concept of stereoisomerism as distinct from isomerisms of other
types. Optical and geometrical isomerism. Chiral and achiral molecules. Resolution of racaemic
mixtures and importance in Pharmacy. Optical rotatory dispersion and its uses. Importance of
stereochemistry in terpenes.
Practical: Organic synthesis of medicinal compounds such as preparation of benzocaine (Ethyl-p-
aminobenzoate), preparation of aspirin, preparation of sulphanilamides.

PCH 302: Pharmaceutical Analysis I (Non-Instrumental Methods) (3 Units C: LH 30;

PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. explain Official standards for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and formulated
products;
2. describe Limit tests; and
3. identify sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals.

Course Contents
Official standards for pharmaceutical chemicals and formulated products. Drug description -
solubility, test for identity, physical constants. Qualitative and quantitative assays of pure chemical
entities in the case of pharmaceutical chemicals, or of the active pharmaceutical ingredients
(APIs) in the case of formulated product. Limit tests. Sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals.
Practicals: Qualitative and quantitative assays of pure chemical entities, active pharmaceutical
ingredients, limit tests and determination of sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals.

PCT 301: Physical Pharmaceutics I (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
1. describe adsorption and its mechanism;
2. explain surface and interfacial phenomena;
3. describe micelle formation and recall methods for the determination of the critical micelle
concentration (CMC); and
4. classify colloids and enumerate properties of colloidal solutions.

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Course Contents
Adsorption: The mechanism of adsorption: The Langmuir and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)
isotherms. Chemisorption and factors affecting the amount adsorbed. Application of adsorption
in pharmacy.
Surface and Interfacial Phenomena: Surface tension, contact angle and the wetting of solids.
Spreading of one liquid over another. Mechanism of capillary rise and effect of temperature.
Method of determining surface tension. Surface active agents and their classification.
Pharmaceutical applications and medicinal importance of surface active agents. Bulk properties
of surfactant solutions. Micelle formation and methods for the determination of the Critical Micelle
Concentration (C.M.C.). Factors affecting micelles. Stability of micelles. Solubilization. Factors
affecting solubilization, and pharmaceutical applications of solubilization.
Colloidal systems. Classification of colloids. Properties of colloidal solutions. Preparation of
lyophobic solutions. Stability of lyophobic colloids.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments relating to: mechanism of adsorption illustrating the
Langmuir and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherms, Surface and interfacial phenomena,
determine surface tension and contact angle of liquids, Micelle formation and methods for the
determination of the Critical Micelle Concentration (C.M.C.).
PCT 302: Rheology (1 Unit C: LH 15)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
1. describe flow characteristics of Newtonian fluids and effect of temperature on them; and
2. enumerate rheological properties of suspensions, emulsions, ointments and creams.

Course Contents
Newtonian fluids. Flow characteristics of Newtonian fluids and effect of temperature.
Determination of viscosity - principles of capillary tube, Redwood and falling sphere viscometers,
rotational viscometers. The flow properties of disperse systems and viscosity coefficients of
collodial dispersions. Viscosity imparting agents in pharmacy. Non-Newtonian fluids. Plastic,
pseudoplastic and dilatant flows. Thixotropic systems. Rheological properties of suspensions,
emulsions, ointments and creams. Mechanism of fluid flow. Significance of Reynold’s number.
Distribution of velocities across a tube and boundary layers.

PCT 303: Dispensing Practical III (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. prepare mixtures and suspensions;
2. carry out measurements using aliquot methods; and
3. prepare different types of pharmaceutical powders.

Course Contents
Preparation of Liquid dosage forms -mixtures, suspensions, compounding, and dispensing of
drugs, extemporaneous and bulk preparation of mixtures of liquids and solid drug ingredients.
Prescription reading.

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PCT 304: Physical Pharmaceutics II (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
1. list the factors affecting filtration and explain its mechanism;
2. describe filter media and aids;
3. enumerate principles of centrifugation;
4. compare flocculated and deflocculated systems;
5. differentiate and identify emulsion types;
6. identify different types of creams, ointments, pastes, gels and their preparations; and
7. describe suppositories and pessaries, their methods of preparation and packaging.

Course Contents
Filtration: factors affecting filtration. Mechanism of filtration. Filter media and aids. Filtration
equipment (continuous rotary vacuum filter, the filter press and the edge filters).
Centrifugation: principles of centrifugation. Laboratory and large-scale centrifuges. Dispersed
systems: Suspensions: factors affecting the preparation of a physically stable suspension.
Flocculated and deflocculated systems. Caking and resuspension. Sedimentation behaviour of
flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Pharmaceutical applications of suspensions. Colouring
agents used in the formulation of suspensions.
Emulsions and emulsification: types of emulsion and testing of emulsion types. Theories of
emulsions (Bancroft Harben’s oriented wedge and the complex film theories). Emulsifying agents
and their classification. Methods available for the preparation of emulsions. Preservation and
stability of emulsions. Concept of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Formation of emulsions by
HLB methods. Methods for determining HLB numbers. Semi-solid emulsions.
Creams - types and preparations.
Ointments - types of ointment bases and methods of preparation.
Pastes - their bases and method of preparation.
Jellies and Poultices - Kaolin Poultice B.P.C.
Gels: The structure and properties of gels. Application of gels in pharmacy.
Suppositories and pessaries: Methods of their preparation. Shapes and size properties of an ideal
suppository base. Types of suppository bases. General methods of preparation of suppositories
and their packaging.

PCT 306: Dispensing Practical IV (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. prepare emulsions, semi-solid dosage forms, suppositories and dispense these preparations
to Out-patients and In-patients; and
2. read prescriptions, compound and dispense drugs.

Course Contents
Emulsions, lotions, liniments, semi-solid dosage forms, suppositories, prescription reading,
compounding, and dispensing of drugs.

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PHA 301: General Principles of Pharmacology (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the basic principles and concepts in pharmacology;
2. describe methods and measurements in pharmacology;
3. explain process of drug development and clinical trials;
4. discuss pharmacokinetic processes that a drug undergoes in the body;
5. describe mechanisms of drug action, factors affecting drug action, dose-response
relationships and to differentiate between agonists and antagonists; and
6. describe drug toxicity and adverse drug reactions.

Course Contents
Definition of pharmacology. Scope and sub-divisions of pharmacology. Methods and
measurements in pharmacology: Drug development and evaluation. Biological assays. Clinical
trials. Measurement and evaluation of toxicity. Pharmacokinetics: routes of drug administration,
kinetics of drug absorption, distribution. Blood-brain-barrier, placental barrier, biotransformation
and elimination. Pharmacodynamics: mechanisms of drug action, drug receptors, signal
transduction and second messengers, selectivity of drug action, factors affecting drug action in
man, dose-response relationships, agonists, antagonists and their interactions with receptors.
Drug toxicity and adverse drug reactions.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to methods and measurements in
pharmacology, bioassays, measurements and evaluation of toxicity, routes of drug administration.

PHA 302: Autonomic/Neuropharmacology (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. identify the mechanisms of actions of drugs on the ANS;
2. describe the synthesis, release and degradation of acetylcholine, the structure – activity
relationship for cholinergic agonists and antagonists;
3. describe mechanism of action, pharmacological actions, and adverse effects;
of cholinergic agonists and antagonists and their therapeutic applications;
4. describe synthesis, release, uptake and metabolism of noradrenaline;
5. classify different adrenergic receptors and identify their locations;
6. explain the mechanism of action, pharmacological actions and adverse effects of adrenergic
agonists and antagonists and their therapeutic applications; and
7. discuss effect of drugs on some systems of the body and their therapeutic applications.

Course Contents
Review of the anatomy and physiology of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. General
principles of neurohumoral transmission.
Cholinergic transmission: Synthesis, storage and release of acetylcholine. Muscarinic and nicotinic
actions of acetylcholine. Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists. Cholinesterases and
anticholinesterases. Drugs used in myasthenia gravis. Drugs affecting autonomic ganglia.
Neuromuscular blocking agents.
Adrenergic transmission: Synthesis, storage, release and inactivation of noradrenaline. Neuronal
and extraneuronal uptake mechanisms. Sympathomimetic amines. Adrenergic neuron blocking

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drugs. Drugs affecting the storage, release and disposition of neurotransmitters. Adrenoceptor
blocking agents (alpha and beta blockers). Methods of studying neurotransmitters. Nitric oxide
(NO) and non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission.
Histamine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT): Synthesis and metabolism; receptors, physiological
functions. Antihistamines and 5-HT antagonists and their clinical applications.
Systemic Pharmacology: Ocular Pharmacology: - Miotics and mydriatics. Drugs used in glaucoma.
Ophthalmological diagnostic agents. Respiratory Pharmacology: - Asthma and anti-asthmatic
drugs. Expectorants, mucolytics and antitussives. Gastrointestinal pharmacology: - Laxatives and
purgatives. Anti-diarrhoeal drugs. Oral rehydration therapy. Anti-peptic ulcer drugs. Spasmolytics,
emetics and anti-emetics.
Renal Pharmacology: - Diuretics: osmotic diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazides, loop
diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics. Urine-pH altering agents.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to pharmacologic actions and adverse effects
of cholinergic, adrenergic agonists and antagonists. The effect of drugs on selected systems of
the body (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal systems)

PHM 301: Pharmaceutical Microbiology (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. list the factors affecting microbial death;
2. describe the production and storage of water; and
3. identify sources of microbial contamination of pharmaceuticals.

Course Contents
Production and storage of water. Quality determination. Parenteral products. Pyrogens and
pyrogen testing. Evaluation of microbial contents of pharmaceutical preparations and products.
Sources of microbial contamination of Pharmaceuticals. Hospital and Factory sanitation and
Hygiene.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to identification of sources of microbial
contamination of pharmaceuticals.

SAP 301: Pharmacy Administration I (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. recall and apply management principles in pharmacy practice;
2. generate and develop business ideas; and
3. select an appropriate business location.

Course Contents
Definition of pharmacy business, management and administration. Management process.
Importance of management in pharmacy business (customers/patients/public relationship, retail
competition, selling and promotion in hospital and community pharmacies). Industrial
pharmaceutical organisations (medical and sales representative). Marketing (concept, functions,
marketing mix and communication, product growth, salesmanship). Advertising and sales
promotion. Personnel management (leadership, recruitment, renumeration, negotiation, staff
training, evaluation, motivation and management). Entrepreneurial Development - Generating

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and developing business ideas. Conducting market surveys. Preparing a business plan. Selecting
a business location, including roads, water and electricity supplies, and appropriate technology
for the business.

400 Level Courses

PAA 499: Students Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) (3 Units C: PH 12 weeks)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. prepare to handle industrial work they will likely meet after graduation;
2. familiarise themselves with methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery
that may not be available in their institutions; and
3. transit from school to workplace easily.

Course Contents
This is a supervised work-experience progress of approximately three months' duration,
commencing with the long vacation (following the end of the 400 level second semester
examinations) as determined by the university calendar.
During the programme, students are attached to pharmaceutical establishments including drug
manufacturing units, hospital pharmacies, community pharmacies and many others.
Each student keeps a record of his/her training and experience during the programme in a
logbook and is visited for supervisory purposes by an academic staff member from the Faculty.
In addition, an experienced pharmacist located in the pharmaceutical establishment to which the
student is attached provides day-to-day supervision.

BTG 401: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology I (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. appraise basic techniques in biotechnology;
2. describe the clinical importance of recombinant proteins;
3. explain the use of biotechnology in the production of monoclonal and recombinant antibodies,
and vaccine development;
4. identify potential biotechnological products; and
5. appraise biotechnological products in current use.

Course Contents
Basic techniques in biotechnology – cutting and joining of DNA molecules. Cloning techniques.
Construction of RNA structure. Screening methods. DNA analysis. Mutagenesis. Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR). Clinical importance of recombinant proteins such as human insulin, growth
hormones and interferon. Pharmaceutical immunology including but not limited to Engineering
antibodies for therapy – production of monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies and
antibody fragment. Gene Therapy. Biotechnology in vaccines development – DNA vaccines,
vaccine production by recombinant DNA for prevention of viral and bacterial infections.
Identification of potential biotechnological products; plants and transgenic animals as potential

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sources of recombinant biotechnological products. Characterization of expressed proteins. An
overview of biotechnological products in current use.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to basic techniques in biotechnology, identify
potential biotechnological products and those in current use.

CLI 401: Introductory Clinical Pharmacy (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. outline the concept of clinical pharmacy;
2. define and utilise medical terms and abbreviations; and
3. obtain patient medication profile.

Course Contents
Introduction to clinical pharmacy. Principles of clinical pharmacy. Clinical pharmacy in the tropics.
Use of medical terms and abbreviations. Patient medication profile.

CLI 402: Pharmaceutical Immunology and Vaccines (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. state the principles of immunology;
2. describe antigen/antibody reactions and their applications;
3. recognise the importance of bacterial and viral vaccines; and
4. describe immunization procedures.

Course Contents
Principles of immunology. Antigen/antibody reactions and applications. Antibody production.
Antigen/antibody reaction – allergy. Immunological products. Immunization procedures. Bacterial
and viral vaccines. Diagnostic reagents. Immuno-sera.

CLI 403: Essentials of Nutrition (1 Unit C: LH 15)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. recall the importance of nutrition to good health;
2. explain the use of nutritional products in therapeutics; and
3. describe the usefulness of total parenteral nutrition.

Course Contents
Nutrition and food health. Total parenteral nutrition in emergency cases such as shock, coma,
and gastro-intestinal obstruction. Essential and non-essential amino acids formulation of total
parental nutrition.

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PAT 401: Pathology (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the normal and the adopted cell;
2. explain cell injury and cell death, inflammation and repair;
3. discuss cancers and its clinical presentations; and
4. discuss the pathophysiology of immune diseases, some systemic diseases, infectious diseases,
and deficiency disorders.

Course Contents
The normal cell and the adopted cell. Cell injury and cell death. Inflammation and repair.
Neoplasia and its clinical aspects. Diseases of immunity. Systemic diseases: Diabetes mellitus,
Iron storage disorders, Gout and urate deposits in the kidneys, Fluid and haemodynamic
derangements. Infectious diseases. Deficiency diseases: protein-calorie malnutrition, vitamins
and minerals deficiencies. Blood vessels and the heart. Lymph nodes and spleen. All systems:
skin, liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, breast and biliary tract.
Practicals: conduct relevant practicals pertaining to identification of normal and adopted cell,
deficiencies in some disease states.

PAT 402: Pathophysiology I (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. recall the various pathophysiological mechanisms of disease processes involved in the disease
conditions treated which are vital for the drug use decision-making process; and
2. apply the scientific knowledge essential for the application of pharmaceutical care.

Course Contents
The pathophysiological changes occurring in disease conditions which include cardiac, pulmonary
and vascular organ systems, metabolic and endocrine disorders, pathophysiology of
gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. Effect of liver disease on drug disposition. Principles of
enteral and parenteral nutrition. Monitoring of therapeutic outcomes.

PCG 401: General Phytochemical Methods in Drug Analysis

(3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. use the equipment provided;
2. identify which of the equipment are applicable in natural products analysis; and
3. carry out simple analysis using paper and thin layer chromatography.

Course Contents
Plant collection, drying and processing. Extraction methods including marceration, percolation,
Soxhlet and counter-current methods and other bioassay guided chemical tests. Separation and
isolation of constituents. Chromatographic techniques- analytical and preparative (paper,
conventional column, HPLC, GC, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography). Adsorbents in
chromatography. Application in analysis of natural products include determination of iodine value,

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Saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, ester value and acid value. Chemical tests for lipids,
agar, beeswax and gelatin.

Practicals: Conduct relevant practicals pertaining to extraction methods including maceration,

percolation, demonstrate Soxhlet and counter-current methods and other bioassays, separation
and isolation of constituents using chromatographic techniques.

PCG 402: Secondary Plant Metabolites (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the biological sources, biosynthesis, chemical constituents, and identification tests
for secondary plant metabolites; and
2. recall uses, side effects, precautionary measures, and control of the selected secondary
metabolites that were discussed.

Course Contents
Sources, biosynthesis, chemical constituents, identification tests, medicinal uses and toxicities,
side effects, precautionary measures and control of the following secondary metabolites:
Glycosides. Saponins – steroids, triterpenoids, carotinoids and many others. Natural steroids for
the production of pharmaceuticals Tannins and Galls. Anthraquinones – purgative drugs –
biological sources. Cardiac glycosides- biological sources. Alkaloids – Tropane alkaloids (including
cocaine), quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, steroids, alkaloid, glycosides. Indian hemp, and
anticancer agents from plants and semi-synthetic products. Others – Coumarins and flavonoids.
Practicals: Conduct relevant practicals pertaining to identification of secondary metabolites.

PCH 401: Pharmaceutical Analysis II (Instrumental Methods)

(3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe and apply the principles of spectroscopic, chromatographic and other analytical
techniques in quality control of medicines; and
2. perform qualitative and quantitative assay of drugs and other pharmaceuticals.

Course Contents
Absorption spectrophotometry. Infra-red (NIR, FTRI) spectroscopy. Fluorimetry. Atomic
Absorption spectroscopy. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometry, chromatographic
methods (TLC, GC, LC and hyphenated systems). Mass spectrometry. Other methods such as
Polarography, potentiometry; and polarimetry.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to spectroscopic, chromatographic and other
analytical techniques in quality control of medicines. Qualitative and quantitative assay of drugs
and other pharmaceuticals.

PCH 402: Medicinal Chemistry I –Drug Design (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

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At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe physicochemical approaches to drug design; and
2. discuss the nomenclature, physical and chemical properties, SAR, synthesis, assay, metabolism
and uses of the classes of drugs listed.

Course Contents
Physicochemical approaches to drug design. Historical, Free-Welcon and Hansch approaches. The
concept of isosterism. Bioisoterism as a tool in drug design. Structure-Activity-Relationship (SAR)
in drug design. Anti-metabolite and pro-drug approach to design of new drugs.
A study of the following classes of drugs in respect of their nomenclature, physical and chemical
properties, SAR, synthesis, assay, metabolism and uses: General and local anaesthetics, sedative-
hypnotics, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, analgesics, and antidepressants. Chemistry of drug
metabolism.

PCT 401: Dosage Form Evaluation and Drug Stability (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe standards for tablets and capsules;
2. describe in-vitro dissolution tests for solid dosage forms;
3. recall physical factors influencing chemical and microbiological degradation; and
4. perform relevant practicals in dosage form evaluation and drug stability.

Course Contents
Standard for tablets and capsules. Formulation factors affecting the dissolution rates of solid
dosage form. Liquids. Semi-solids. Tablets and Capsules. In-vitro dissolution tests for solid
dosage forms. Natural convention: Non-sink methods such as solvometer, hanging pellet, and
static disc methods. Forced convention: Non-sink methods such as wruble, beaker, oscillating
tube rotating disc, Sounder & Ellenbogen methods. Forced convention: Sink methods (adsorption,
partition, dialysis and column methods, continuous flow through system, computerised automated
systems). Drug Stability. Incompatibilities in liquid dosage forms. Chemical degradation of
pharmaceutical products. Physical factors influencing chemical degradation. Microbiological
degradations. Accelerated stability testing.
Metals (tin, iron and aluminium) and plastics. Solvent properties, toxicity, permeability and light
transmission characteristics.
Glass - mechanical strength and resistance to thermal shock. Flake and spicule formation.
Paper and board. Closure testing. Folded, bung and push-on seals. Reasons for test failures.
Package testing.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments to determine standards for tablets and capsules,
microbial degradation and drug stability including accelerated stability testing.

PCT 402: Physical Pharmaceutics III (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. describe size classification;

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2. describe size distribution during comminution;
3. explain mixing of powders and drying of solids;
4. enumerate factors affecting the flow properties of powders; and
5. describe methods of manufacture of solid dosage forms – tablets and capsules production.

Course Contents
Size classification. Particle shape and size. Sieving and sifting. Determination of particle size.
Comminution: General principles, size distribution during comminution and importance of fine
particles in pharmacy, communiting machines.
Mixing: Definition and objective of the mixing process. The degree of mixing and de-mixing of
powders. Drying of solids: Freeze drying. Flow properties of powders. Cohesive pharmaceutical
powders. Experimental methods used for measuring the "cohesiveness" of powder beds. Factors
affecting the tensile strength of powders. Factors affecting the flow properties of powders.
Granulation and tablet technology. Reasons for and methods of granulation. Essential granule
properties. Tablet manufacture. Solid dosage coating. Types of coating materials and methods.
Requirements for core tablets and coating of granules. Fluidized bed and compression coating.
Capsules: Hard gelatin capsule, materials for capsules. Method of capsule production. Capsule
filling equipment and operations. Formulation and finishing of capsules. Soft gelatin capsules:
Nature of the soft gelatin shells and of the capsule content.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to particle size analysis, mixing of powders,
drying of solids, flow properties of powders, granulation, characterization of granules,
compression and characterization of tablets. Filling of hard gelatin capsules and it’s
characterization.

PHA 401: Chemotherapy (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the concept of chemotherapy and its application in the treatment of infections and
malignancies; and
2. discuss different chemotherapeutic agents and their applications in treatment of infections and
malignancies.

Course Contents
The pharmacology of the following drugs: Sulphonamides. Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins,
cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams). Tetracyclines. Chloramphenicol.
Aminoglycosides. Miscellaneous antibiotics - macrolides, polymyxins, lincosamides,
flouroquinolones, metronidazole, bacitracin.
Chemotherapy of tuberculosis and leprosy. Antifungal agents. Chemotherapy of protozoan
parasitic infections: antimalarials, antiamoebics, drugs used in trichomoniasis, giardiasis,
trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis. Antihelmintics. Antiviral agents; HIV/AIDS treatment.
Antineoplastic agents.

PHA 402: Cardiovascular and Endocrine Pharmacology (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

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1. identify different classes of drugs and describe their application in cardiovascular disorders;
and
2. identify and describe drugs affecting the endocrine system and their therapeutic applications.

Course Contents
Physiology of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac glycosides. Anti-arrhythmics. Vasodilators. Anti-
angina drugs. Anti-hypertensive drugs including diuretics, vasoactive peptides and their
analogues. Drug treatment of shock. Cholesterol and hypocholesterolaemic drugs. Anti-
coagulants and fibrinolytics. Oxytocin and the ergot alkaloids.
Introduction to endocrine pharmacology. Hypothalamo-pituitary axis. Hormones of the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Thyroid and antithyroid drugs. Adrenocortical hormones.
Oestrogens and progestogens. Oral contraceptives and ovulatory drugs. Androgens, anabolic
steroids; mineralocorticoids. Insulin and orally effective hypoglycemic drugs. Parathyroid
hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to the cardiovascular and endocrine systems.

PHA 404: Clinical and Environmental Toxicology (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
1. describe toxicology and toxicant;
2. identify and describe the different toxins; and
3. describe the toxicity and management of poisoning by these toxins.

Course Contents
Definition of toxicology and toxicant. Management of acute drug poisoning. Plant, bacterial and
animal poisoning. Solvent poisoning. Pesticides and herbicides. Radiation toxicology. Air-borne
poisoning. Food additives and food poisoning. Poisoning caused by animal bites. Heavy metals
and chelating agents. Toxicity of drug-drug interactions. Management of poisons.

PSM 402: Biostatistics and Research Methodology (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to:
1. explain numerous study designs and best practices for their use;
2. use and evaluate biostatistical and research methodologies in pharmaceutical care;
3. evaluate the appropriateness of the research methodology designed to answer a research
question or to test a hypothesis; and
4. select an appropriate statistical test, analyse data using a statistical computer package,
explain and evaluate the results, and apply the results to decisions about research and
practice.

Course Contents
Review of basic statistics including types of data, sampling methods, and presentation of data.
Measures of central tendency. Paired and unpaired sample hypothesis: Parametric and non-
parametric analysis. Multi-sample hypotheses and multiple comparisons including analysis of
variance (one way and multi-factorial). Data transformations. Measures of association including

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regression (simple, multiple, correlation, non-linear, logistic), chi square test (and Fisher’s Exact
test), odds ratios, and relative risk. Binomial distribution, testing for randomness and analysing
data using statistical computer packages. Designing research methodology. Selecting appropriate
statistical test. Computer-based data analysis. Interpretation and evaluation of results.

SAP 401: Pharmacy Laws and Ethics (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. relate the history of Pharmacy;
2. list the various arms of the Pharmacy Profession;
3. describe the role of the Pharmacist in each of these practice sector; and
4. recall the laws, regulations and ethics guiding the practice of Pharmacy.

Course Contents
History of pharmacy in Nigeria. Ethics of pharmacy profession in Nigeria. Laws related to the
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), National Drug Law
Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), Pharmacists Council of
Nigeria (PCN), WHO/FAO Codex Alimentarium Commission, United Nations Narcotic Commission,
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Food, drug
and cosmetics laws including regulation, inspection, registration, advertising, manufacture, and
sale/distribution. Poison, Dangerous Drugs and Pharmacy Acts. Essential Drugs List (EDL). Fake
and Counterfeit Drug Laws. Consumer Protection Council Law. Policy and Legal Framework - Legal
procedure. Information service. Intellectual property rights and patenting of inventions. Risk and
insurance. Legal aspects of employment. Taxation. Ethics and good business practice. All other
relevant laws related to the practice of pharmacy including those of the Pharmacists Disciplinary
Committee and Assessors Rules, Pharmacists Registration Rule, Dispensing of Drugs, Patent and
Proprietary Medicines, Legislation on animal health products. National Health Insurance Scheme
(NHIS) and other health policies, and National Drug Policy.

SAP 402: Pharmacy Communication Skills (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. counsel patients regarding the use of their medications;
2. communicate with other health care professionals and the public; and
3. deliver seminars and health presentations to lay audience and professional groups.

Course Contents
Principles of communication. Appearance as a mode of communication. Various styles of listening
and response to patient interview and education. Interpersonal communication. Emphatic
listening. Conflict management, assertiveness, patient education and counselling. Patient
interview. Medication history taking. Pharmacist relationship with other health care professionals.
Case studies and scenarios to be presented.

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500 Level Courses

PAA 502: Veterinary Pharmacy and Agrochemicals (3 Units C: LH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. explain formulation, storage and administration of veterinary drugs;
2. list common animal diseases of ruminants and their treatment;
3. identify common veterinary drugs, vaccines and other biologicals; and
4. describe use of insecticides, pesticides, disinfectants and recall their effects on veterinary
animals.

Course Contents
Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacy. Formulation and storage of veterinary drugs.
Administration of veterinary drugs. Growth promoters. Agrochemicals.
Common animal diseases of ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle), horses, pigs, fish, small animals
(cats and dogs) and poultry. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot and mouth disease,
sleeping sickness, African swine fever, rinderpest, rabies, fowl cholera, salmonellosis and
coccidiosis.
Therapy of common animal diseases. Veterinary dosage forms and routes of drug administration
in veterinary practice. Common veterinary drugs – antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal,
antiprotozoan and anthelmintics. Vaccines and other biologicals. Anti-inflammatory agents and
corticosteroids. Vitamins, haematinics, dietary supplements, digestants and other feed additives.
Insecticides, ascaricides and rodenticides. Disinfectants (antiseptics - topical and urinary).

PAA 504: Electronic Pharmacy (2 Unit C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, the student should be able to use electronic technology to:
1. dispense medicines;
2. access patient medication history; and
3. identify possible harmful interactions.

Course Contents
Definition of terminology. Risks. Types. Benefits. Requirements. Automated dispensing. Barcode
medicine identification. Health information technology (HIT). Electronic prior authorisation (ePA);
retrospective prior authorisation, prospective prior authorisation. Rational database, Queries,
Forms Reports; Receipt of e-Prescriptions via Pharmacy Electronic Medical Records (EMR)
platforms. Feedback media (online same/similar EMR platform, Fax, email, Telephone
Management) Patients follow up- pre/post dispensing using programmed pharmacy software
alerts/notifications including Pharmacy appointment booking, Medication reminders, prescription
& dispensing card/label printing. ePharmacy Billing practice including Medical Insurance billing.
Software applications for medical/pharmaceutical operations: Software for digital pharmacy
practice is usually designed and tailored to the needs of a Pharmacy institution/operations based
on local needs, so the faculty should acquire one and use it for training. Innovations in use of
robotics in dispensing, drug delivery and counselling (drones, robots).
Practicals: Hands -on training using software for digital pharmacy practice.

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BTG 501: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology II (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. appraise basic techniques in biotechnology;
2. recognise techniques in cloning;
3. recognise the role of biotechnology in vaccine development;
4. describe vaccine production by recombinant DNA for prevention of viral and bacterial
infections;
5. explain the layout and requirements of biotechnological manufacturing facilities; and
6. employ quality assurance in production and biosafety.

Course Contents
Vaccine production by recombinant DNA for prevention of viral and bacterial infections.
Biotechnological manufacturing facility and environment. General layout, environmental
requirements and associated quality assurance (QA) in production. Biosafety. Biotechnological
products and Pharmaceutical Care - an overview of relevant information service to patients on
storage, re-constitution, stability, antigenicity, and self-administration.

CLI 501: Pharmacotherapeutics I (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. develop skills for planning rational therapeutic and non-drug therapy of selected diseases
using knowledge of their pathophysiology; and
2. evaluate clinical outcomes of treatment and management plans for the diseases using case
studies and WHO/other standard indicators/prescribing guidelines.

Course Contents
Application of the knowledge of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, epidemiology,
diagnosis, biopharmaceutics and pharmaceutical care to develop skills in planning the rational
therapeutic and non-drug therapy of selected diseases.
Case studies and WHO/other standard indicators/prescribing guidelines employed as approaches
to developing the ideas of rational drug therapy, monitoring drug therapy and drug interactions.
Areas to be covered include cardiovascular system, nephrology, psychiatry, neurology,
haematology, oncology, infectious diseases (including HIV/AIDS and STDs), common eye and ear
disorders, paediatric and geriatric drug therapeutics, drug therapy in pregnancy and clinical
toxicology.

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CLI 502: Clinical Pharmacy Clerkship I (3 Units C: PH 135)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. apply previously acquired pharmaceutical knowledge in a patient care environment;
2. utilize clinical pharmacy communication skills emphasizing empathy, education and ethics
through interactions with a variety of patients on specific-drug related problems and medical
diseases;
3. improve professional communication and interpersonal relationship with other health care
providers through ongoing interactions related to patient care issues;
4. develop good problem-solving skills and professional judgment;
5. perform drug information services to clinicians, patients and the community; and
6. consider appropriate selection of drugs and monitoring of drug therapy.

Course Contents
Areas where students will be posted to will include psychiatry and community pharmacy practice.
Activities will cover history taking, medication records review, patient education and counselling,
drug therapy monitoring, interventions and counter prescribing, health promotion, disease
prevention and responding to symptoms.
The students will be rotated through different sites including teaching and specialist hospitals,
community pharmacies, and primary health care centres.
In consultation with hospital authorities, students will participate in each rotation under the
instruction of a preceptor (registered pharmacist resident in the site) who will be assisted by a
Faculty clinical instructor. In hospitals, students will also participate in consultants ward rounds
and be involved in drug decision-making process in the care of in-patients, in consultation with
the medical/pharmaceutical consultants.
Each student will make an oral case presentation and submit a written report at the end of each
rotation.

CLI 503: Pharmaceutical Care (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. explain the concept and philosophy of pharmaceutical care;
2. describe its applications in the provision of patient-oriented care;
3. analyse the cultural aspects of attitudes, beliefs and behaviours related to medical and non-
medical uses of drugs; and
4. apply pathophysiologic, and pharmacotherapeutic considerations in the management of the
listed illnesses.

Course Contents
Principles and concept of pharmaceutical care including health promotion, health defeating
behaviours, proper nutrition; responding to symptoms; referral and intervention, counter
prescribing. Interaction of healthcare professionals to provide care in hospitals, long-term care
facilities, ambulatory and managed-care institutions. Role of government as payer and provider
of healthcare, the effect of managed-care systems on quality and access to healthcare, and the

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mechanisms by which health policies are formulated. Cultural aspects of attitudes, beliefs and
behaviours related to medical and non-medical uses of drugs, decisions about non-prescription
drugs and subscription to unorthodox healing systems. Pathophysiologic, pharmaceutical,
pharmacologic, and therapeutic considerations in managing pain, fever, nausea, vomiting,
constipation, and diarrhoea.

CLI 504: Clinical Pharmacokinetics (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. apply the knowledge of pharmacokinetics in choosing medications for individual patients;
2. describe the effect of some disease/physiologic states on the pharmacokinetics of some drugs;
and
3. calculate and adjust drug dosages in individual patients with impaired drug elimination due to
hepatic or renal dysfunction.

Course Contents
Linear and non-linear pharmacokinetics; compartment models (single and multiple compartment
models) that describe disease progression with and without simultaneous drug treatment. Drug
clearance: Hepatic elimination of drugs, Intravenous infusions, Multiple dosage regimens.
Prolonged action dosage form administration. Bioavailability and bioequivalence including
methods of determination. Clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic parameters; bioequivalence and
bioavailability in clinical practice. Therapeutic drug monitoring. Drug-drug interactions.
Pharmacokinetics of drugs under conditions that modify body functions such as cardiac, renal and
liver diseases, pregnancy and lactation, elderly and pediatric population, protein binding and
many others. Adjustment of drug dosage in individual patients with impaired drug elimination due
to renal and hepatic dysfunction. Clinical pharmacokinetics of individual drugs and groups of
drugs.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to bioavailability and bioequivalence, state
the clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic parameters. Analysis pharmacokinetic data in
therapeutic drug monitoring.

PAT 502: Pathophysiology II (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. explain various pathophysiological mechanisms of disease processes involved in the disease
conditions treated which are vital for the drug use decision-making process; and
2. acquire scientific knowledge essential for the application of pharmaceutical care.

Course Contents
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of selected haematologic and oncologic disorders.
Rational use of supportive therapy in management of patients receiving chemotherapy.
Appropriate therapy of common infectious diseases. Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
of selected diseases affecting the immune system, skin and eyes, acute and chronic renal
disorders. Principles of fluid and electrolyte therapy. Monitoring therapeutic outcomes.

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PCG 501: Herbal, Complementary and other Alternative Medicines
(2 Units C: LH 30)
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. list the benefits and risks of herbal medicines;
2. name the importance of taking proper case history of patients on herbal therapy;
3. identify other forms of alternative medicine practices;
4. compare complementary and alternative medicines with orthodox medicines;
5. identify and describe the use of specific plants in the treatment and management of diseases
in animals and humans;
6. identify drug – herb interactions; and
7. state the role of regulatory agencies in controlling the use of herbal, complementary and
alternative medicines.

Course Contents
Health conditions where herbalists are frequently consulted: Reasons for the rising trend towards
alternative medicine: cultural, socioeconomic, immigration, and perceptions of conventional
medicine. Global situation in the use of traditional medicine. Plant toxicants and antidotes and
their biological sources. Drug-herb interactions.
Clinical Pharmacognosy: Study of the rational use of herbs, herbal medicines and nutraceuticals
in the management and treatment of diseases in animals and humans. These include:
CNS disorders- Strychnos nux-vomica, Datura stramonium, Cannabis sativa, Papaver somniferom,
Atropa belladonna.
Musculo-skeletal disorders: Nigella sativa, Phycotis ajowan, Trigonella foemaum-graecum,
Zingiber officinale.
Renal disorders: Cucumis indica, Berberis vulgaris, Zea mays, Tribulus terrestris.
Reproductive disorders: Saraca indica, Ruta graveolens, Nigella sativa, Glycyrrhiza glabra,
Claviceps purpurea, Myristica fragrance.
G.I.T. disorders: Foeniculum vulgare, Ferula foetida, Cumimum cynimum, Aegle marmelos,
Prumus domestica.
Other forms of Alternative medicine: Acupuncture, Ayurveda, Unani, Hypnosis, Aromatherapy,
Homoeopathy, Hydrotherapy.
Regulation of herbal and alternative medicines. Possible reasons for synergy, antagonism and
contraindication and drug-herb interactions.

PCG 502: Clinical Pharmacognosy (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. appraise the concept of clinical pharmacognosy;
2. describe the prevalent diseases in the environment and identify plants that are known for
their management;
3. recognise poisonous plants as well as antidotes that can be administered in acute poisoning;
4. identify herbal drug interactions;
5. acquire knowledge of food plants of medicinal interest; and
6. utilize professional approach to traditional communication skills with reference to accurate
rational dosage patterns towards achievement of expected outcomes in phytotherapy by

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 visiting selected natural medical centres/herbal clinics in their locations for practical
experience.

Course Contents
Clinical practice: posting of students to designated selected natural medicinal institutions/herbal
clinics. Familiarising them with patient/pharmacist, traditional healers/pharmacist interactions,
developing communication skills with reference to weights and measurements that enhance
accurate dosing in phytotherapy. Recognition of plants used in medicines, food and cosmetics,
and their interrelationships. Efficacy of secondary metabolites, their nutraceutical effects, and
plants toxicants and antidotes.
Practical management of poisonous, drug-drug, herbal-drug interactions.

PCH 501: Pharmaceutical Quality System (PQS) (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe basic test methods for essential drugs;
2. illustrate how laboratory testing methods become official/monograph or pharmacopeial
method; and
3. describe pharmaceutical quality system and its impact on quality of medicines.

Course Contents
Definitions and elements of pharmaceutical quality system. Concept and impact of a good quality
system on the following: pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, good manufacturing practices,
good packaging practices, good compounding practices and many others. International Standard
Organization (ISO) and WHO standards and certification/accreditation systems for
pharmaceuticals, including vaccines and other biologicals. International Conference on
Harmonization (ICH) series on stability, QbT, QbD, APIs. Maintenance/calibration of analytical
instruments, Analytical testing, Public monograph development.
Practicals: Drug quality assurance system. Monographs and specifications for drugs and drug
products. Applications of chemical and physicochemical analytical methods in purity
determinations. Identification of pharmaceuticals, radiopharmaceuticals and medicinal products.
Basic tests methodology for essential drugs. Equivalence and bioequivalence of drug products.
Biopharmaceutical methods in purity determination. Analysis of drugs in biological samples.

PCH 502: Medicinal Chemistry II (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. explain the chemistry of medicinal compounds and their synthesis where necessary; and
2. recall the metabolism and uses of various medicinal agents.

Course Contents
Study of the chemistry of medicinal compounds. The chemistry, nomenclature, physicochemical
properties, stereochemistry, synthesis (where necessary), structure-activity-relationship,
metabolism and uses of the following groups of drugs:

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Antihypertensives, diuretics, steroids including steroidal hormones. Chemotherapeutic agents
such as sulphonamides, anti-malarials, antibiotics, anthelmintics, trypanocides, schistosomicides,
amoebicides, anticancer and antiviral agents.
Photochemistry: General principles. Characteristics of photochemical reactions and applications
both in the synthesis and spoilage of drugs.

PCT 501: Industrial Set-up and Formulation Processes (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe formulation and production of medicines;
2. recognise present state and systematic development of pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria;
3. scale up technologies from pilot to full scale for tablets and capsules; and
4. formulate herbal medicines and aerosol systems.

Course Contents
Formulation and production of medicines. Present state of Pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria.
Systematic development of Pharmaceutical industry. Essential elements for setting up a viable
Pharmaceutical industry including primary and auxiliary industries. Materials of construction, plant
design, infrastructural facilities, building specifications. Production management. Potential and
unexplored raw materials in Nigeria for Pharmaceutical industry: pilot plant, scale up technologies
for tablets, capsules, semi-solids. Formulation of herbal medicines into dosage forms.
Standardization, stability studies, microbiological evaluation and standardization of doses. Aerosol
science and technology. Formulation of aerosols. Basic aerosol technology. Formulation
techniques of different aerosol systems. Factors affecting spray characteristics of aerosols. Filling
techniques and testing methods of aerosol packs.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to formulation and production of medicines
including industrial visit(s).

PHA 501: Central Nervous System Pharmacology (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to describe:
1. drugs acting on the CNS including drugs of abuse and dependence;
2. drugs used in the management of psychiatric and neurological disorders; and
3. drugs used in pain and inflammation.

Course Contents
Review of the functional organization of the CNS. Local anaesthetics. Theories of general
anaesthesia. General anaesthetic agents. Pre-anaesthetic medication. Hypnotics and sedatives.
Centrally acting muscle relaxants. Alcohol and alcohol abuse. CNS stimulants. Drugs used in
Parkinson’s disease. Drugs used in other neurodegenerative diseases. Antipsychotics.
Antidepressants and mood stabilizing drugs. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. Non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory analgesics. Antiepileptic drugs.
Practicals: Conduct relevant experiments pertaining to some selected drugs acting on central
nervous system.

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PHA 502: Biochemical Pharmacology (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. describe the principles of biochemical pharmacology;
2. enumerate various methods for screening of drugs; and
3. discuss biochemical mechanisms of drug action and drug resistance.

Course Contents
Principles of biochemical pharmacology. Pharmacological methods of screening various drugs
such as analgesics. Screening of sedatives, hypnotics, neuroleptics, diuretics, muscle relaxants,
local and general anaesthetics. General principles of drug evaluation – clinical trials, potency and
toxicity. Statistical calculations of LD50, ED50, and data comparison (Student t-test). Drug
antagonism and determination of pA values – Schild plot. Transport of drugs across biological
membranes. Function of sub-cellular structures. Neurohumoral transmission. Drug-receptor
interactions and theories of drug action. Mechanisms of drug action. Biochemical mechanisms of
drug resistance. Structure-activity-relationships (sympathomimetics, cholinomimetics, narcotic
analgesics, barbiturates and many others).

PHM 501: Microbial Chemotherapy and Bacterial Genetics (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. reiterate a brief historical perspective of chemotherapy;
2. describe the fundamental principles of rational chemotherapy;
3. classify antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral agents by their mechanism of action and
chemical structure; and
4. describe the development of resistance to antibiotics by microorganisms and proffer solutions.

Course Contents
Brief historical perspective of chemotherapy. Fundamental principles of rational chemotherapy –
selective toxicity principle. Classification of antimicrobial agents with special reference to
mechanism of action and chemical structures. Drugs inhibiting cell wall synthesis (beta-lactam
antibiotics). Inhibitors of protein synthesis (aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines). Drugs
which interfere with cell membrane integrity. Inhibitors of RNA and DNA synthesis (quinolones).
Miscellaneous antimicrobials such as sulphonamides, trimethoprim, fusidic acid, clindamycin,
lincomycin, chloramphenicol. Antifungal agents. Antiviral agents. Interferon and interferon
inducers. Development of resistance to antibiotics by microorganisms: plasmid mediated and
biochemical basis. Control of emergence of resistance. Introduction to bacterial genetics and
genetic engineering.

PHM 502: Preservation and Fermentation Biotechnology (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. discuss the general principles of spoilage and preservation against biodegradation;
2. describe water and its quality standards;
3. describe fermentation and product recovery; and

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4. describe isolation of mutants and media development.

Course Contents
General principles of spoilage and preservation against biodegradation. Raw materials quality.
Water and its purity. In-process microbiological controls. Quality Assurance of finished products.
Limiting number of viable organisms. Principles of preservation of multiphase systems. Factory
and Hospital hygiene. Code of Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice (GPMP).
Fundamentals of industrial fermentation. Use of microorganisms in biotechnology. Search for
cultures. Approaches in strain development. Genetic/enzymatic engineering techniques. Selective
isolation of mutants. Maintenance and preservation. Media development and processing.
Fermentation and product recovery. Primary and secondary metabolites. Clinical trials
registration. Intellectual property and patent rights of biotechnological products.

SAP 501: Pharmacy Administration II (2 Unit C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. establish and manage a pharmacy enterprise; and
2. manage human and material resources.

Course Contents
Starting and managing a Pharmacy Enterprise: Pharmacy financing and administration (sources
and limitations of funds, choosing between new pharmacy and buying existing one, purchasing
part-time interest in existing pharmacy) and healthcare financing (government and donor finance,
revolving funds. Managing drug supply (drug procurement, quality assurance, storage,
distribution, and inventory control/management). Finance and Record Keeping: Financing
business venture. Costing and pricing products/services. Financial analysis and control (record-
keeping systems, financial statements and their analysis, budgeting and cash flow).
Research and Development: Consultancy and research services. Product design, development
and presentation. Launching of new products/services.

SAP 502: Pharmacoeconomics (1 Unit C: LH 15)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. recall the concept of Pharmacoeconomics and apply it in pharmacy practice; and
2. describe the National Health Insurance Scheme and its impact on the patient.

Course Contents
Definitions, overview of basic economics. Structure and politics of Nigerian health system.
Healthcare costs. Pharmacoeconomic techniques i.e., cost minimization, cost effectiveness, cost
utility, cost benefits. Pharmacoeconomic methods - objectives, study design, comparison of
alternatives and cost assessment. Pharmaceutical outcomes. Health maintenance organizations
(HMOs). National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS).

SAP 504: Drug Informatics (2 Units C: LH 30)

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Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. identify various types of reference sources;
2. apply systematic approach to answering drug information requests;
3. generate drug information, evaluate the literature and communicate a drug information
response;
4. recall the legal status of advice on drug information and its relationship to professional
responsibility and negligence; and
5. describe the principles of pharmaco-informatics.

Course Contents
Information sources and services. Methods of use and the nature and status of information
available such as books and journals. The pharmaceutical associations. Drug information centres,
poison centres, self-help societies, industries and Internet-based information. Skills required in
disseminating information. Limitations on the use of drug leaflets. Legal status of advice from
local drug information centres and its relationship to professional responsibility and negligence.
Principles of information evaluation. Drug information service and monitoring/evaluation of
adverse drug events. Principles of pharmaco-informatics.

600 Level Courses

PAA 602: Project (6 Units C: PH 270)

It is expected that each student at the level of final year (fifth professional year) should carry out
independently a project encompassing a written research dissertation as well as a specific amount
of laboratory or field work in some fields under a capable academic supervisor. The period spent
on such projects will have to be carefully guided. Seminars and oral defence.

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BTG 601: Pharmacogenetics and Genomics (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course students are expected to be able to:
1. explain the basic principles of human genetics and heredity as they apply to inter-individual
variation in treatment response;
2. apply the principles of molecular and cellular biology to explain the genetic basis of variability
in drug response;
3. outline how genetic variability in genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes, drug
transporting proteins, and drug receptors (targets) can contribute to variability in drug
disposition and action, leading to changes in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and
clinical outcome;
4. describe the impact of pharmacogenetics and genomics in different therapeutic areas;
5. discuss case studies reporting the clinical consequences of pharmacogenomics on therapeutic
efficacy or toxicity; and
6. apply pharmacogenomic concepts to drug therapy to solve relevant problems in
pharmaceutical care.

Course Contents
Genomics. Phenotyping, Genotyping. Drug metabolism and disposition. Drug-drug interactions.
Implication and application in drug delivery systems.

CLI 601: Clinical Pharmacy Clerkship II (6 Units C: PH 270)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. apply previously acquired pharmaceutical knowledge in a patient care environment;
2. utilize clinical pharmacy communication skills emphasizing empathy, education and ethics
through interactions with a variety of patients on specific-drug related problems and medical
diseases;
3. improve professional communication and interpersonal relationship with other health care
providers through ongoing interactions related to patient care issues;
4. develop good problem-solving skills and professional judgment;
5. perform drug information services to clinicians, patients and the community; and
6. consider appropriate selection of drugs and monitoring of drug therapy.

Course Contents
Areas where students will be posted to will include general practice medicine, obstetrics and
gynaecology, surgery as well as first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Activities will cover history taking, medication records review, patient education and counselling,
drug therapy monitoring, interventions and counter prescribing, health promotion, disease
prevention and responding to symptoms.
The students will be rotated through different sites including teaching and specialist hospitals,
community pharmacies, and primary health care centres.
In consultation with hospital authorities, students will participate in each rotation under the
instruction of a preceptor (registered pharmacist resident in the site) who will be assisted by a
Faculty clinical instructor. In hospitals, students will also participate in consultants ward rounds

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and be involved in drug decision-making process in the care of in-patients, in consultation with
the medical/pharmaceutical consultants.
Each student will make an oral case presentation and submit a written report at the end of each
rotation.

CLI 602: Clinical Pharmacy Clerkship III (6 Units C: PH 270)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. apply previously acquired pharmaceutical knowledge in a patient care environment;
2. utilize clinical pharmacy communication skills emphasizing empathy, education and ethics
through interactions with a variety of patients on specific-drug related problems and medical
diseases;
3. improve professional communication and interpersonal relationship with other health care
providers through ongoing interactions related to patient care issues;
4. develop good problem-solving skills and professional judgment;
5. perform drug information services to clinicians, patients and the community; and
6. consider appropriate selection of drugs and monitoring of drug therapy.

Course Contents
Areas where students will be posted to will include paediatrics, internal medicine, critical
care/drug information service.
Activities will cover history taking, medication records review, patient education and counselling,
drug therapy monitoring, interventions and counter prescribing, health promotion, disease
prevention and responding to symptoms.
The students will be rotated through different sites including teaching and specialist hospitals,
community pharmacies, and primary health care centres.
In consultation with hospital authorities, students will participate in each rotation under the
instruction of a preceptor (registered pharmacist resident in the site) who will be assisted by a
Faculty clinical instructor. In hospitals, students will also participate in consultants ward rounds
and be involved in drug decision-making process in the care of in-patients, in consultation with
the medical/pharmaceutical consultants.
Each student will make an oral case presentation and submit a written report at the end of each
rotation.

CLI 603: Emergency Preparedness (2 Unit C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. respond to an emergency;
2. demonstrate some first aid techniques;
3. recall standard precautions; and
4. utilise aseptic techniques.

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Course Contents
Emergency management. First Aid techniques: Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR),
Abdominal thrust. Choking, Burns, Bites, Stings, Cuts, Sprain, Muscle Cramps. Infectious diseases;
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs). Hand washing, Standard Precautions. Aseptic techniques.
Disaster and Humanitarian services.
Practicals: Conduct training in first aid techniques and emergency management. Organisations
such as Red Cross, FRSC, NDLEA and many others can be utilised for such trainings.

CLI 604: Pharmacotherapeutics II (3 Units C: LH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. apply their knowledge of pathophysiology in developing skills for planning rational therapeutic
and non-drug therapy management of selected diseases; and
2. evaluate clinical outcomes of treatment and management plans for the diseases using case
studies and WHO/other standard indicators/prescribing guidelines.

Course Contents
This course emphasises the application of the knowledge of the pathophysiology, clinical
manifestations, epidemiology, diagnosis, biopharmaceutics and pharmaceutical care to develop
skills in planning the rational therapeutic and non-drug therapy of selected diseases. Case studies
and WHO/other standard indicators/prescribing guidelines are employed as approaches to
developing the ideas of rational drug therapy, monitoring drug therapy and interactions.
Areas to be covered will include, fluid and electrolyte balance, pulmonary system,
gastroenterology, rheumatology, endocrinology, medical emergencies and critical care
therapeutics including treatment of poisoning and adverse drug reactions.

CLI 606: Public Health Pharmacy and Pharmacoepidemiology

(3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
1. describe the principles and concept of Primary Health Care (PHC);
2. identify and use epidemiological methods in designing research;
3. explain the place and role of Pharmacy and Pharmacy professionals in promoting public
health; and
4. demonstrate knowledge on drug use and management in PHC including the Essential Drug
List concept.

Course Contents
Overview of epidemiological methods (types of epidemiological studies, sampling techniques,
sample size and power). Epidemiology, prevention and control of communicable and non-
communicable diseases. Literature search, data gathering modalities, questionnaire design,
approaches to data analysis, operational research and experimental design and report writing.
Principles and concept of Primary Health Care (PHC). Drug use and management in PHC
(commonly used drugs, drug selection and distribution/essential drug list concept and drug
information/education in primary health care). Traditional Medicines in PHC with emphasis on
health technology and available resources, community participation.

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Drug use in infertility and family planning management. Nutrition (good nutrition, nutritional
status of the community and drug management/prevention of malnutrition). The provision of
preventive, curative, promotive and rehabilitative services and public education/enlightenment in
primary health care, with special emphasis on the role of pharmaceutical care in promoting public
health.
Practicals: Conduct relevant practicals on epidemiological methods, field visits to PHC centers and
some communities for hands-on training.

PCH 601: Radiopharmaceuticals (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. identify the types of radioactivity and radioactive decay particles and their measurements;
2. describe the application of radio isotopes in research and clinical settings;
3. describe the production, handling, and use of radiopharmaceuticals; and
4. calculate radiation doses for diagnosis and therapy.

Course Contents
Introduction to Radiopharmacy. Types of radioactivity and radio-active decay particles and their
measurements. Pharmaceutical application of radio isotopes. Radiotherapy and dose calculations,
dosing intervals, radiation safety determinations. Regulations guiding use of radiations in research
and therapy. Nuclear medicine. Role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in
production, utilization, storage and disposal of radioactive isotopes.

PCT 601: Industrial Pharmacy (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. correlate in-vitro and in-vivo tests of some selected drugs;
2. discuss drug delivery systems and biotechnology, and manufacture of sterile products;
3. explain all aspects of cGMP; and
4. explain the application of nanomedicines in biomedical sciences.

Course Contents
Correlation of in-vitro and in-vivo tests. Examples of correlation of in-vitro and in-vivo data of
some drugs, such as aspirin, digoxin, griseofulvin and oxytetracycline tablets and capsules.
Problems involved in obtaining perfect correlation. Regulatory affairs and clinical trials.
Drug Delivery Systems and Biotechnology. Drug release mechanisms. Ocular, transdermal and
transnasal delivery systems. Other novel drug delivery systems: site-specific/targeted delivery,
bioartificial organs, production of therapeutic proteins/biochemicals, gene therapy,
protein/peptide delivery, liposomes, polymeric substances. Design of therapeutic and diagnostic
agents. Applications of nanomedicines in biomedical sciences.
cGMP. General introduction with glossary of terms. General inspection, quality assurance and
quality control procedures and sampling. Personnel and training. Building and environmental
hygiene. Planning formula and manufacturing instructions. Handling of starting materials,
packaging materials, intermediate products, and finished products. Standard and batch packaging
and labelling instructions. Control of packaging materials and packing operations. Supervision of

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production, storage, transport and distribution. Manufacture and control of sterile medicinal
products including premises processing environment, aseptic area and equipment.

PCT 603: Ethical Dispensing (1 Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, the student should be able to:
1. interpret prescriptions and medication orders;
2. identify drug interactions;
3. dispense drugs and counsel both in-patients and out-patients;
4. utilise generic drugs to make substitutions; and
5. maintain records in prescription books and dangerous drugs register.

Course Contents
Handling of prescription (in- and out-patients). Patient counselling. Pharmacist and Doctor
interactions. Re-constitution solutions. IV admixtures and rate of flow. Interpretation of
prescriptions or medication orders: Expiry date, calculations associated with drug availability and
pharmacokinetics, patient safety, dosage form non-bioequivalence, veterinary rugs and veterinary
pharmacy practice, generic substitution, drug interactions, drugs supply to end user facilities.
Emergency supplies – Requisitions. Record keeping: Prescription books, dangerous drugs register,
disposal of poisons and dangerous drugs with respect to their sale and supply. Use of computers
in Dispensing.

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