‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ‬

Page 1:

Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms.

.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ‬

Objectives + Become familiar with the characteristics of a sinusoidal waveform,

including its general format, peak value, peak-to-peak value, period, and frequency.

.‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ‬،‫ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬+ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬

+ Be able to determine the phase relationship between two sinusoidal waveforms of

the same frequency and which one leads or lags.

.‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺘﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺳﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺗﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬+

+ Understand how to calculate the average and effective values of any waveform.

.‫ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬+

+ Become familiar with the use of instruments designed to measure ac quantities.

.‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬+

13.1 INTRODUCTION.
.‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬13.1

Page 2:

546 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

‫ ||| ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬٥٤٦

o)

o)

notation given in Chapter 14 is understood, most of the concepts intro-

.‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬، 14 ‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

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‫‪13.2 SINUSOIDAL ac VOLTAGE‬‬

‫‪CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINITIONS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ‪ ac‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻮﻱ‬

‫‪Generation‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ )ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮ( ﻭﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺟﻬﺪﺍ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪:Faraday‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺍ )ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﻴﻦ( ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫‪) 13.2‬ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ‪) ac‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺟﻬﺪﺍ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺎ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ac‬ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ‪،‬‬

‫‪ac‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ac ( 13.2 ()) .‬‬

‫‪ac .‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺪﺩ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺠﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫‪( 13.2 ()) ac‬‬
‫‪ac .‬‬
‫))( ‪( 13.2‬‬
‫‪dc.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺣﺔ‬

‫‪ ||| ٥٤٦‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻱ‬

‫‪Through proper design of the generator, a sinusoidal ac voltage is‬‬

‫‪developed that can be transformed to higher levels for distribution‬‬

‫‪through the power lines to the consumer.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺪ ‪ ac‬ﺳﻨﺴﻮﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬

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 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ‬

For isolated locations wher

power lines have not been installed, portable ac generators [Fig. 13.2(b)]

are available that run on gasoline.

.‫ )ﺏ([ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬13.2 ‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ]ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ac ‫ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ‬

AS in the larger power plants, however,

‘an ac generator is an integral part of the design.

.‫ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ac ‫ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬

In an effort to conserve our natural resources

and reduce

pollution,

wind power, solar energy, and fuel cells are receiving increasing interest

‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝ‬
Page 3:

U SINUSOIDAL ac VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINITIONS || 547

‫ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬inverter ‫ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬sinusoidal ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬

sinusoidal.

‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻳﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬.‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺟﻌﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬.(¢)13.2
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪sinusoidal‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪sinusoidal 13.3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺬﻛﺮ‪،‬‬

‫‪13.3‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ ‪.sinusoidal‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،13.3‬ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪(¢ e‬‬
‫‪13.3).‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟـ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪[E‬‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (13.3‬ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ‪ ،V‬ﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ‬

‫‪} 13.3‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪E،،‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،13.3‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻟﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

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: E Vp.p (
13.3)

.‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬،‫ﺃﻱ‬

Page 4:

548 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

‫ ||| ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ‬548

Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually repeats itself after the same time
interval.

.‫ ﺗﻤﻮﺝ ﻳﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬

The waveform in Fig. 13.3 is a periodic waveform.

.‫ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻤﻮﺝ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ‬13.3 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Period (T): The time of a periodic waveform.

.‫ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬:(T) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬

Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.

.‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬

The cycles within T, T;, and T3 in Fig. 13.3 may appear differently in Fig. 13.4, but they
are all bounded by one period of time and therefore satisfy the definition of a cycle.
.‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬،13.4 ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬13.3 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬T3 ‫ ﻭ‬,;T, T ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ‬

Frequency (f): The number of cycles that occur in 1 s.

.‫ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬:(f) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

The frequency of the waveform in Fig. 13.5(a) is 1 cycle per second, and for Fig.
13.5(b), 2 cycles per second.

.‫ )ﺏ( ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬13.5 ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ )ﺃ( ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬13.5 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ‬

If a waveform of similar shape had a period of 0.5 s [Fig. 13.5(c)], the frequency
would be 2 cycles per second.

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 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ‬

.‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬،[(‫ )ﺝ‬13.5 ‫ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ]ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬0.5 ‫ﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz. FG. 135

.13.5 ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬.‫ﻫﺎﻳﻨﺮﻳﺶ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﻟﻒ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

Demonstrating the effect of a changing frequency on the period of a sinusoidal

waveform.

.‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﺝ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ‬

The unit of measure for frequency is the hertz (Hz), where hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per
second (cps).

.‫( = ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬Hz) ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬،(Hz) ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬

The unit hertz is derived from the surname of Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, who did
original research in the area of alternating currents and voltages and their effect on
the basic R, L, and C elements.

.‫ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬R, L, C ‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬،‫ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎﻳﻨﺮﻳﺶ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﻟﻒ‬

The frequency standard for North America is 60 Hz, whereas for Europe it is
predominantly 50 Hz.

.‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬50 ‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬،‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬60 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ‬
As with all standards, any variation from the norm will cause difficulties.

.‫ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻴﺴﺒﺐ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬،‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬

In 1993, Berlin, Germany, received all its power from plants generating ac voltages
whose output frequency was varying between 50.03 Hz and 51 Hz.

.‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬51 ‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻭ‬50.03 ‫ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺗﻠﻘﺖ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬،1993 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

The result was that clocks were gaining as much as 4 minutes a day.

.‫ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ‬4 ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬،‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬

In 1994, however, when power was linked with the rest of Europe, the precise
standard of 50 Hz was reestablished and everyone was on time again.

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‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ‪ 50‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1994‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺭﺑﻂ‬

‫‪Page 5:‬‬

‫‪EXAMPLE 13.1 For the sinusoidal waveform in Fig. 13.7:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ 13.1‬ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻢ‪:Fig. 13.7‬‬

‫?‪What is the peak value‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ؟‬

‫?‪What is the instantaneous value at 0.3 s and 0.6 s‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.3‬ﺙ ﻭ ‪ 0.6‬ﺙ؟‬

‫?‪What is the peak-to-peak value of the waveform‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

‫?‪What is the period of the waveform‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

‫?‪How many cycles are shown‬‬

‫ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ؟‬

‫?‪What is the frequency of the waveform‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

‫‪FIG. 13.7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪13.7 .‬‬

‫‪Example 13.1.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ‪.13.1‬‬

‫‪Solutions:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪b 4.‬‬

‫ﺏ = ‪.4‬‬

‫‪t 8V.‬‬

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‫‪.‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ‪t = 8‬‬

‫‪At 0.35 s, -8 V; at 0.6 s, 0 V.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 0.35‬ﺙ‪ 8- ،‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ؛ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 0.6‬ﺙ‪ 0 ،‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ω 4 s.‬‬

‫ﻑ = ‪ 4‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪35 cycles.‬‬

‫‪ 35‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.5 Hz, or 2.5 Hz.‬‬

‫‪ 2.5‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 2.5‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Page 6:‬‬

‫‪560 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U‬‬

‫‪ ||| 560‬ﺃﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫‪VLF‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ‬

‫}‪}-— Microwave —+‬‬

‫{‪ —-‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻭﻳﻒ —‪{+‬‬

‫‪Microwave‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻳﻒ‬

‫‪oven EHF‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻭﻳﻒ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

‫‪HF 30 GHz-300 GHz.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ 30‬ﻏﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 300‬ﻏﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‪.‬‬

‫)‪. ‘Patel High Freq‬‬

‫‪' .‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﺗﻴﻞ(‬

‫)‪UE [5 Giz-30 cite Super ch Freq‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫) ‪UE [5 -30‬‬
‫)‪VHF [390 MH2-3 GHz (Uitrahigh Freq.‬‬

‫) ( ‪VHF [390 -3‬‬

‫)‪HE_F5y yao tte (ery High Freq‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ )ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻳﻚ(‬

‫)‪MEF yar 50 tt igh Freq‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ )ﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻚ(‬

‫)‪LE Foo eis tt (Medium Fey‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ )ﻣﻴﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﺮﻳﻚ(‬

‫)‪30 KHz-300 kHz (Low Freq‬‬

‫‪ 30‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 300‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻫﺮﺗﺰ )ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ(‬

‫‪ELF‬‬

‫‪ELF‬‬
‫)‪3 RHe-30 kHz (Very Low Freq‬‬

‫‪ 3‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 30‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻫﺮﺗﺰ )ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ(‬

‫)‪30 Ha-3 Kz (Extremely Low Freq‬‬

‫‪ 30‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 3‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻫﺮﺗﺰ )ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ(‬

‫)‪RADIO FREQUENCIES (SPECTRUM‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ )ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ(‬

‫‪SKH2-800 GHz‬‬

‫‪SKH2-800‬‬

‫‪AUDIO FREQUENCIES‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬

‫‪15 He-20 kHz‬‬

‫‪ 15‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 20‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬

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TH2 l0Hz 1002 1kiz 10kz 10DKHz Miz 10M 100 Miz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100GH2 100)GH2
Tilog scale)

TH2 l0Hz 1002 1kiz 10kz 10DKHz Miz 10M 100 Miz 1 100 ‫ ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬10 ‫ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬GH2
100)GH2 ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﻍ‬

AM rM

AM rM

053 Mie-1.71 Miz ‘88 MHz-108 Miz

‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬108-‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬88' ‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬1.71 ‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ‬053

'V channels (2-6)

(6-2) ‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬

[ij s4 Metz-88 Miz

[ij s4 ‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬88-‫ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬

TV channels (7-13)

(13-7) ‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ‬

Tv [ifi74 Mirtz216 Mie

(83-14) ‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ‬

470 Miz-890 Miz

‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬890-‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬470

Shortwave

‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ‬

cer pine

cer pine

iG. 138

iG. 138

Areas of application for specific frequency bands.

.‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ‬

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is available for telecommunications.

.‫ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬

In fact, there is an Intemational Telecommunications Union (UTC) whose primary

function is to coor-

(UTC)

.
dinate the use of specific frequencies on an international basis.

.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬

In 2014, the search for Malaysia Airlines’ flight 370 involved listening for pings

‫ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ‬370 ‫ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬،2014 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

(short high-pitched ringing sound) at 37.5 kHz—an international stan-

‫ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬- ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬37.5 ‫)ﺻﻮﺕ ﺭﻧﻴﻦ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ( ﻋﻨﺪ‬

dard for the black box carried in commercial airlines.

.‫ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

The aircraft emer-

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬

gency frequency reserved solely for planes in distress is 121.5 MHz for

‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻟﻞ‬121.5 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﻫﻮ‬

commercial airlines and 243.0 MHz for military aircraft.

.‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬243.0‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ‬

For marine

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ‬

Instructions:

:‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬

- Translate every sentence

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 ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺖ‬

‫‪Page 7:‬‬

‫‪TABLE 13.1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪13.1‬‬

‫‪Prominent Frequencies‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ‬

‫)‪15 Hz-20 kHz Audio range (human ear‬‬

‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ )ﺃﺫﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﻣﻦ ‪ 15‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 20‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪50 Hz Power distribution frequency in Europe, Asia, Australia, and so on, and clock‬‬
‫‪construction‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ 50‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫‪60 Hz Power distribution frequency in North America and South America‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ 60‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫‪32,768 Hz Crystal oscillator for clock construction‬‬

‫ﻣﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ‪ 32,768‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫‪37.5 kHz Black box ping frequency for airlines‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻲ ﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪0.53-1.71 MHz AM radio‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ‪ AM‬ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.53‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1.71‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪54-890 MHz, 1v‬‬

‫‪ 54-890‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‪1v ،‬‬

‫‪88-108 MHz, FM radio‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ‪ FM‬ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ 88‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 108‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪1215 MHz Aircraft distress frequency‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ‪ 1215‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪130.167 MH. Space station‬‬

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‫ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ‪ 130.167‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪156.8 MHz. Marine distress frequency‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ‪ 156.8‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪243.0 MHz Military aircraft distress frequency‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ‪ 243.0‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪850 MHz, 1.9 GHz Prominent mobile communications frequencies‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ‪ 850‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‪ 1.9 ،‬ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪157 GHz cy‬‬

‫‪ 157‬ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪24, 3.6, 4.16, §, 5.96 GHz Wi-Fi frequencies‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻱ ﻓﺎﻱ ‪ 5.96 ،4.16 ،3.6 ،24‬ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪purposes the VHF radio channel 16 at 156.8 MHz is employed. By sim-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪ 16‬ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ‪ VHF‬ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ‪ 156.8‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬

‫‪Simply tuning into these frequencies an aircraft or vessel can quickly send‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫‪‘out a distre‬‬
‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‬

‫‪signal. Any inappropriate use of such frequencies would‬‬

‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻷﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪carry a severe penalty for obvious reasons. Bands of frequencies set up‬‬

‫ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻷﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬

‫‪solely for mobile communications include 806-960 MHz, 710-2025‬‬

‫ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻷﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬

‫‪MHz, 710-2025 MHz, 2110-2200 MHz, and 2500-2690 MHz, although the most com-‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ‪ 960-806‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‪ 2025-710 ،‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‪،‬‬

‫‪mon are the bands of 824-896 MHz and 1850-1990 MH, often referred‬‬

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‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ‪ 896-824‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﻭ ‪ 1990-1850‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫‪to as the 850 MHz and the 1.9 GHz bands. Both bands are commonly‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ‪ 850‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﻭ ‪ 1.9‬ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‪ .‬ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫‪used by AT&T; and Verizon to provide cell phone service. Table 13.1 is a‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ;‪ AT&T‬ﻭ ‪ Verizon‬ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 13.1‬ﻫﻮ‬

‫‪brief review of prominent frequencies.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Since the frequency is inversely related to the p‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻳﻌﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫‪jod—that is, as‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪the other decreases by an equal amount—the two can be‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻢ‬

‫‪Page 8:‬‬

‫‪SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Relatively low frequency, low amplitude‬‬

‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬

‫‪Example 13.3 Determine the frequency of the waveform in Fig. 13.9.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ 13.3‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪.13.9‬‬

‫‪Solution: From the figure, T = (25 ms ~ 5ms) or (35 ms ~ 15 ms) 20ms, and‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺕ = )‪ 25‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ~ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ( ﺃﻭ )‪ 35‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ~ ‪ 15‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ( ‪ 20‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪4 = 50M 20 x1‬‬

‫‪ 50 = 4‬ﻡ ﻭ ‪1 × 20‬‬

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In Fig. 13.10, the seismogram resulting from a seismometer near an earthquake is

displayed.

.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻟﻮﺟﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ ﺯﻟﺰﺍﻝ‬،13.10 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Prior to the disturbance, the waveform has a relatively steady level, but as the event is
about to occur, the frequency begins to increase along with the amplitude.

.‫ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬،‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬،‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ‬

Finally, the earthquake occurs, and the frequency and the amplitude increase
dramatically.

.‫ ﻭﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻝ‬،‫ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ‬

In other words the relative frequencies can be determined simply by looking at the
tightness of the waveform and the associated period.

.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

The change in amplitude is immediately obvious from the resulting waveform.

.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬

The fact that the earthquake lasts for only a few minutes is clear from the horizontal
scale.

.‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺒﻀﻊ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ‬

Relatively high frequency, high amplitude

‫ ﻭﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻋﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬

Relatively high frequency, low amplitude

‫ ﻭﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬،‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻋﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬

You may be wondering how a polarity for a voltage or a direction for a current can be
established if the waveform moves back and forth from the positive to the negative
region.

.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺫﻫﺎﺑﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻛﻴﻒ‬

For a period of time, a voltage has one polarity, while for the next equal period it
reverses.

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.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ‬،‫ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬،‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

To take care of this problem, a positive sign is applied if the voltage is above the axis
as shown in Fig. 13.11(a), For a current source, the direction in the symbol
corresponds with the positive region of the waveform, as shown in Fig. 13.11(b).

.(‫ )ﺏ‬13.11 ‫ ﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬،(‫ )ﺃ‬13.11 ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
،‫ﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

For any quantity that will not change with time, an uppercase letter such as V or I is
used.

.I ‫ ﺃﻭ‬V ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ﻷﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

For expressions that are time dependent or that represent a particular instant of time,
a lowercase letter such as v or i is used.

.i ‫ ﺃﻭ‬v ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

The need for defining polarities and current direction becomes quite obvious when
we consider multisource ac networks.

.‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬

Note in the last sentence the absence of the term sinusoidal before the phrase ac
networks.
.ac networks ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬sinusoidal ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬

This phrase will be used to an increasing degree as we progress sinusoidal is to be

understood unless otherwise

Page 9:

13.4 THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻲ‬١٣.٤

‘The terms defined in the previous section can be applied to any type of periodic
waveform, whether smooth or discontinuous.

.‫ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻠﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬

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The sinusoidal waveform is of particular importance, however, since it lends itself

readily to the mathematics and the physical phenomenon of electric circuits.

.‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬

Consider the power of the following statement: The sinusoidal waveform is the only
alternating waveform whose shape is unaffected by the response characteristics of R,
L, and C elements.

.C ‫ ﻭ‬،R، L ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬:‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

In other words, if the voltage across (or current through) a resistor, inductor, or
capacitor is sinusoidal in nature, the resulting current (or voltage, respectively) for
each will also have sinusoidal.

.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ( ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺳﻨﻴﺎ‬،‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬،‫ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﺑﺎﺳﻴﺘﻮﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺳﻨﻴﺎ‬،‫ﺩﻭﻳﺪﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬
،‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ( ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

shown in Fig. 13.12.

.١٣.١٢ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

If any other alternating waveform such wave or a triangular wave were applied, such
would not be the.

.‫ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ‬
The unit of measurement for the horizontal axis can be time (as appearing in the
figures thus far), degrees, or radians.

.‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻥ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬،(‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬

The term radian can be defined as follows: If we mark off a portion of the
circumference of a circle by a length equal to the radius of the circl Fig. 13.13, the
angle resulting is called J radian.

.‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻥ‬،‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

The result is,

،‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ‬

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‫)‪Irad = 57.296° ~ 57.3° (3.4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻥ = ‪ ٥٧.٢٩٦‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ~ ‪ ٥٧.٣‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ )‪.(٣.٤‬‬

‫‪Page 10:‬‬

‫‪564 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS‬‬

‫‪ ||| 564‬ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪225° 210°15°360‬‬

‫‪225° 210°15°360.‬‬

‫)‪a Wdegrees‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺭﻃﺐ‪.‬‬

‫@‬

‫@‬

‫)‪Cadians‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﺱ‪.‬‬

‫)‬

‫)‬

‫‪FIG. 13.15‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.13.15‬‬

‫‪Plotting a sine wave versus (a) degrees‬‬

‫ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ )ﺃ(‪.‬‬

‫‪and (b) radians.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺘﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪rradians | /‬‬

‫ﺭﻃﺐ ﻭ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺭﻃﺐ | ‪/‬‬

‫{ )‪G.14radians‬‬

‫‪ 6.283‬ﺭﻃﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬ﺭﻃﺐ | ‪/‬‬

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et

2rradians

.‫ﺭﻃﺐ‬2

(6.28 radians)

.(‫ ﺭﻃﺐ‬6.28)

FIG. 13.14
.13.14 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

There are 2π radians in one full circle of 360°.

.°360 ‫ ﺭﻃﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬2 ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

90°: Radians = 75( 90°) grad

.‫( ﺟﺮﺍﺩ‬°90 )75= ‫ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ‬:90°

30°: Radians = Ta9830) Grad

.‫( ﺟﺮﺍﺩ‬7a9830 = ‫ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ‬:30°

For comparison purposes, two sinusoidal voltages are plotted in Fig. 13.15 using
degrees and radians as the units of measurement for the horizontal axis.
.‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬13.15 ‫ﺗﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺟﻬﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
،‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬

It is of particular interest that the sinusoidal waveform can be derived from the
length of the vertical projection of a radius vector rotating in a uniform circular
motion about a fixed point.

.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬

Starting as shown in Fig. 13.16(a) and plotting the amplitude (above and below zero)
on the coordinates drawn to the right [Figs. 13.16(b) through (i)}, we will trace a
complete sinusoidal waveform after the radius vector has completed a 360? rotation
about the center.

.‫ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬°360 ‫ ﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬،[(i) ‫)ﺏ( ﺇﻟﻰ‬
13.16 ‫ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ )ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ]ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،(‫ )ﺃ‬13.16 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

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The velocity with which the radius vector rotates about the center, called the angular
velocity, can be determined from the following equation:

.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬،‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬

Substituting into Eq. (13.8) and assigning the lower ‘omega (42) to the angular
velocity, we have

.‫ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫( ( ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬42 ‫( ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬13.8) ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

ωt (13.9)

ωt (13.9).

and α = ωt (13.10)

.( = t (13.10 ‫ﻭ‬

Since ω is typically provided in radians per second, the angle α obtained using Eq.
(13.10) is usually in radians. If α is required in degrees, Eq. (13.7) must be applied.
The importance of remembering the above will become obvious in the examples to
follow.

.‫ ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬.(13.7) ‫ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬.‫( ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ‬13.10) ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

Page 11:
Note equality.

.‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬

0 ae 90 13S @.

0 ae 90 13S @.

180°.

180°.

Sine wave.

.‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬

a = 360.

.360 = ‫ﺍ‬

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Ge

Ge

208" 207" 315° 360".

208" 207" 315° 360".

FIG. 13.16.
.13.16 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Generating a sinusoidal waveform through the vertical projection of a rotating vector.

.‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬

THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM ||| 555

.555 ||| ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬

Page 12:

586 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS

‫ ||| ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬٥٨٦

U = 100mds

‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬١٠٠ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬

O)
‫ﺻﻐﺮﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺩﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ‬

decreased

‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ‬

Increased w, decreased T,

،٧ ‫ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭ‬

increased

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬

FIG. 13.17

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١٣.١٧ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Demonstrating the effect of w on the frequency and period.

.‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬

In Fig. 13.16, the time required to complete one revolution is equal to the period (T)
of the sinusoidal waveform in Fig. 13.16(i).

.(‫)ﺃ‬١٣.١٦ ‫( ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬٧) ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
،١٣.١٦ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

The radians subtended in this time interval are 2.

.٢ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬

Substituting, we have

‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ‬

T = w/ (rad/s) (3.11)

(٣.١١) (‫ﺙ‬/‫ = ﻭ)ﺭﺍﺩ‬٧

In words, this equation states that the smaller the period of the sinusoidal waveform
of Fig. 13.16(i), or the smaller the time interval before one complete cycle is
generated, the greater must be the angular velocity of the rotating radius vector.
.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻨﺼﻔﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬
‫ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬،‫)ﺃ( ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬١٣.١٦ ‫ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬

Certainly this statement agrees with what wwe have leamed thus far.

.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎﻩ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬

We can now go one step further and apply the fact that the frequency of the generated
waveform is inversely related to the period of the waveform; that is, f = 1/T.

.٧/f = 1 ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬

Thus,

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

w = xf (rad/s) (13.12)

(١٣.١٢) (‫ﺙ‬/‫ )ﺭﺍﺩ‬xf = ‫ﻭ‬

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This equation states that the higher the frequency of the generated sinusoidal
waveform, the higher must be the angular velocity.

.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬

Eqs. (13.11) and (13.12) are verified somewhat by Fig. 13.17, where for the same
radius vector, w = 100 rad/s and 500 rad/s

.‫ﺙ‬/‫ ﺭﺍﺩ‬٥٠٠ ‫ﺙ ﻭ‬/‫ ﺭﺍﺩ‬١٠٠ = ‫ ﻭ‬،‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬،١٣.١٧ ‫( ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬١٣.١٢) ‫ﻭ‬
(١٣.١١) ‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬

EXAMPLE 13.4 Determine the angular velocity of a sine wave having a frequency of
60 Hz.

.‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠ ‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ‬١٣.٤ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Solution:

:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

w = (2π)(60Hz) ≈ 377 rad/s

‫ﺙ‬/‫ ﺭﺍﺩ‬٣٧٧ (‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬٦٠)(‫ﺏ‬٢) = ‫ﻭ‬

(.‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬٦٠ ‫)ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻏﻠﺒﺔ‬

EXAMPLE 13.5 Determine the frequency and period of the sine wave in Fig. 13.17(b)

.(‫)ﺏ‬١٣.١٧ ‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬١٣.٥ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Solution: Since w = 2π/T,

،٧/‫ﺏ‬٢ = ‫ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻭ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

f ≈ 2(500 rad/s) ≈ 1/79.58 Hz

‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬٧٩.٥٨ /١ (‫ﺙ‬/‫ ﺭﺍﺩ‬٥٠٠)٢

EXAMPLE 13.6 Given w = 200 rad/s, determine how long it will take the sinusoidal
waveform to pass through an angle of 90°

‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ‬،‫ﺙ‬/‫ ﺭﺍﺩ‬٢٠٠ = ‫ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ‬١٣.٦ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Page 13:

GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ‬

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EXAMPLE 13.7 Find the angle through which a sinusoidal waveform of 60 Hz will
pass in a period of 5 ms

‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬5 ‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬60 ‫ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬:13.7 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Solution: Eq. (13.11): a = wt, or

‫ ﺃﻭ‬، ‫ ﺁ = ﺯ‬:(13.11) ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

2)(60 Hz)(5 x 10-%s) = 1.89 rad

‫ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬1.89 = (‫ ﺹ‬٪-x 10 5)(‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬60)(2

If not careful, you might be tempted to interpret the answer as 1.885°. However, 180°
a(®) = (1.89 sat) = 108.3° = sal )

‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬108.3 = ‫ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬1.89 = ‫ ﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﻉ‬،‫ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬1.885 ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻐﺮﻯ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬، ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺣﺬﺭﺍ‬

13.5 GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ‬

The basic mathematical format for the sinusoidal waveform is A,sin a (3.13) where A,,
is the peak value of the waveform and a is the unit of measure

‫ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬a ‫ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻭ‬A٬ ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ‬A,sin a ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬

for the horizontal axis, as shown in Fig. 13.18,

13.18 ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

The equation « = ut states that the angle @ through which the rotating vector in Fig.
13.16 will pass is determined by the angular velocity

‫ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬13.16 ‫ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ @ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬، ‫ ﺁ = ﺯ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ‬

Of the rotating vector and the length of time the vector rotates.

‫ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬

For example, for a particular angular velocity (fixed ), the longer the radius vector is
permitted to rotate (that is, the greater the value of f), the greater

‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ‬،(f ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻟـ‬،(‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

is the number of degrees or radians through which the vector will pass.

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‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬

Relating this statement to the sinusoidal waveform, we have that, for a particular
angular velocity, the longer the time, the greater is the number

‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ‬،‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬،‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

of cycles shown. For a fixed time interval, the greater is the angular velocity, the
greater is the number of cycles generated.

‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬،‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺯﻣﻨﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ‬

Due to Eq, (13.10), the general format of a sine wave can also be written

‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬،(13.10) ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

FIG. 13.18
13.18 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Basic sinusoidal function.

‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

A,sin wt (3.14)

A,sin 3.14) ‫)ﺯ‬

with wt as the horizontal unit of measure.

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺯ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬

For electrical quantities such as current and voltage, the general format is

‫ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬

I,sin

‫ ﺳﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺃ‬

where the capital leters with ipt m represent the amplitude, and the lowercase leters
and e represent the instantaneous value of current and voltage, respectively, at any
time

‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ‬e ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ‬

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This format is particularly important because it presents the sinusoidal voltage or

current as a function of time, which is the horizontal scale for the oscilloscope.

‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻸﻭﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮﺏ‬،‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ‬

Recall that the horizontal sensitivity of a Scope is in time per division, not

Page 14:

'568 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

U ‫ ||| ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬568‘

Fora = 0.8%,

Fora = 0.8٪،

a() = 2.0.8.7) = 144?

a() = 2.0.8.7) = 144‫؟‬

‫ﻭ‬

and e = Ssinl44° = 5(0.5878) = 2.94.V

e = Ssinl44° = 5(0.5878) = 2.94.V ‫ﻭ‬

'The angle at which a particular voltage level is attained can be deter-

‫ﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‘The angle at which a particular voltage level is attained can be deter-

‫ﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‘mined by rearranging the equation

‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

e=E, sina

e = E، sin

in the following manner:

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

which can be written

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬

a= sin (13.18)

(sin (13.18 = ‫ﺃ‬

Similarly, for a particular current level.

.‫ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‬

a = sin tt (13.16)

(sin tt (13.16 = ‫ﺃ‬

a, Determine the angle at which the magnitude of the sinusoidal fune-

.4V ‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬v = 10 sin 377r ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬

b. Determine the time at which the magnitude is attained.

.‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬.‫ﺏ‬

a. Eq. (13.15):

:(13.15) ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬.‫ﺃ‬

ow »

ow »

a a, = sin! 2 sin-! 0.4 = 23.58°

sin! 2 sin-! 0.4 = 23.58° = ‫ﺃﻭ‬

Ew

Ew

However, Fig. 13.19 reveals that the magnitude of 4 V (positive)

(‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ )ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬4 ‫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬13.19 ‫ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

will be attained at qwo points between 0° and 180°. The second

‫ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬.°180 ‫ ﻭ‬°0 ‫ﻭﺳﺘﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ‬

aby section is determined by

‫ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬

a, = 180° — 23.578° = 156.42°

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°156.42 = °23.578 — °180 = ‫ﺃﻭ‬

cern 30 a In general, therefore, keep in mind that Eqs. (13.15) and (13.16)

(13.16) ‫( ﻭ‬13.15) ‫ ﻓﺎﻟﺮﺟﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬،‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‬

will provide an angle with a magnitude between 0° and 90°.

.°90 ‫ ﻭ‬°0 ‫ﺳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ‬

FiG.13.19 b. Ea, (13.10): a= st, and sor = ce, However, must bein radi

FiG.13.19 ‫ ﺃ‬:(13.10) ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬.‫ =ﺏ‬st، ‫ ﻭ‬sor = ce، ‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬،‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

Example 13.9

13.9 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

=(23.578°) = 0.412 rad

‫ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬0.412 = (23.578°)=

180

180

0.412 rad _ 1 99 ms

‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬99 1 _ ‫ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬0.412

377 rad/s
‫ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬/ ‫ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬377

For the second intersection,

،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

and

‫ﻭ‬

(rad) = —(156.422°) = 2.73 rad

‫ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬2.73 = (°156.422)— = (‫)ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬

ead) 130° uy

y u 130° ead)

a _ 2.73 rad

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a _ 2.73 ‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬

SBet _ 7.24 ms

‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬7.24

Page 15:

U GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT |||

559
559 ||| ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬

Calculator Operations

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬

Both sin and sin! are available on all scientific calculators.

.‫! ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬sin ‫ ﻭ‬sin ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬

Use them to work with the angle in degrees or radians without having to convert
from one form to the other.

.‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‬

That is, if the angle is in radians and the mode setting is for radians, you can enter the
radian measure directly.

.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬،‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬،‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
To set the DEGREE mode, proceed as outlined in Fig. 13.20(a) using the TI-89
calculator.

.TI-89 ‫ )ﺃ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬13.20 ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬

The magnitude of the voltage e at 40° can then be found using the sequence in Fig.
13.20().

.() 13.20 ‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬40 ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬e ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬

I] Angle DEGREE (ER (TR

ER (TR) ‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬

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sin( (49 (0D DD Gea 3.21

FIG. 13.20
13.20 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

(a) Setting the DEGREE mode; (b) evaluating 5 sin 40°.

.‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬sin 40 5 ‫)ﺃ( ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ؛ )ﺏ( ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬

Alter establishing the RADIAN mode, the sequence in Fig. 13.21 determines the
voltage at 0.87.

.0.87 ‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ‬13.21 ‫ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬

GIGI in ICB CD Bw 2.94

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺘﻚ‬

FIG. 13.21
13.21 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Finding e = 5 sin 0.8% using the calculator in the RADIAN mode.

.‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬e = 5 sin 0.8% ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

Finally, the angle in degrees for ay in part (a) of Example 13.9 can be determined by
the sequence in Fig. 13.22 with the mode set in degrees.

.‫ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬13.22 ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬13.9 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ )ﺃ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬ay ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬،‫ﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ‬

Whereas the angle in radians for part (a) of Example 13.9 can be determined by the
sequence in Fig. 13.23 with the mode set in radians.

.‫ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬13.23 ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬13.9 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ )ﺃ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬ay ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬

CD sin" ED OD ODE 23.0

.‫( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬a, = sin (4/10 ‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬

FIG. 13.22
13.22 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

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 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ‬

Finding a, = sin’ (4/10) using the calculator in the RADIAN mode.

.‫( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬a, = sin’ (4/10 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

Bin DOW WGI Kan

13.23 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

FIG. 13.23,
Finding a, = sin’ (4/10) using the calculator in the RADIAN mode.

.‫( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬a, = sin’ (4/10 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

The sinusoidal waveform can also be plotted against time on the horizontal axis.

.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬

The time period for each interval can be determined from ¢ = a/w, but the most
direct route is simply to find the period T from T = Uf and break it up into the
required intervals.

.‫ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬T = 1/f ‫ ﻣﻦ‬T ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬،a/w = ¢ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺯﻣﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ‬

This latter technique is demonstrated in Example 13.10.

.13.10 ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

Before reviewing the example, take special note of the relative simplicity of the
mathematical equation that can represent a sinusoidal waveform.

‫ ﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺴﺎ‬،‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

Page 16:

560 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS

‫ ||| ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬٥٦٠

Solutions:

:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬

a. See Fig. 13.24, (Note that no calculations are required.)

(‫ )ﻻ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬13.24 ‫ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺍ‬

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b. See Fig. 13.25. (Once the relationship between degrees and radians is understood,
no calculations are required.)

(‫ ﻻ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬،‫ )ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬13.25 ‫ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺏ‬

€. See Fig. 13.26,

13.26 ‫ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺝ‬

360°: T
T :‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬٣٦٠

Fig. 1324 woe, E

‫ ﻩ‬،‫ ﺃﺩﻳﻨﺎ‬١٣.٢٤ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Example 15.10, horizontal axis in 2

٢ ‫ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺑـ‬،١٥.١٠ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

° oor E

E ‫ ﺃﻭ‬°

‫ﺏ‬

30°: Z
Z :‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬٣٠

FIG. 13.25 FIG. 13.26

١٣.٢٦ ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬١٣.٢٥ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Example 13.10, horizontal axis in radians. Example 13.10, horizontal axis in

milliseconds.

.‫ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬،١٣.١٠ ‫ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬.‫ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬،١٣.١٠ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Even i = 6 x 10-*sin 10001, determine i at

‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬i ‫ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬،i = 6 x 10-*sin 10001 ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬

= wt = 1000f = (1000 rad/s)(2 x 10-38) = 2 rad

= wt = 1000f = (1000 ٢)(‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬/‫ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬x ‫ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬٢ = (٣٨-١٠

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a?) = ) = 114.59"

"‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬١١٤.٥٩ = ( = (‫؟‬

i = (6 x 10-*)(sin 114.59°) = (6 mA)(0.9093) = 5.46 mA

i = (6 x 10-*)(sin ‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ‬٥.٤٦ = (٠.٩٠٩٣)(‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ‬٦) = (‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬١١٤.٥٩

13.6 PHASE RELATIONS

‫ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬13.6

Thus far, we have considered only sine waves that have maxima at x/2 and 37/2, with
a zero value at 0, , and 2, as shown in Fig. 13.25.

.١٣.٢٥ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،٢ ‫ ﻭ‬،‫ ﻭ‬،٠ ‫ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬،٣/٢ ‫ ﻭ‬x ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬

If the waveform is shifted to the right or left of 0°, the expression becomes Ay sin (ut
+ 0) (13.17)

(١٣.١٧) (Ay sin (ut + 0 ‫ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬٠ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ‬

where @ is the angle in degrees or radians that the waveform has been shifted.

.‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ @ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬

If the waveform passes through the horizontal axis with a

‫ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬،١٣.٢٧ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬٠ ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ‬،(‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ )ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

Defining the phase shift for a sinusoidal function that crosses the .

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬

horizontal axis with a positive slope lanl

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬

‘before 0” Ay sin (wt + 0) (13.18)

(١٣.١٨) (Ay sin (wt + 0 "٠ ‫"ﻗﺒﻞ‬

Page 17:

At 0°, the magnitude is determined by A,, sin 0.

.A،، sin 0 ‫ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬،‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬0 ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬

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If the waveform passes through the horizontal axis with a positive-going slope after
0°, as shown in Fig. 13.28, the expression is,

،‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ‬،13.28 ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬0 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬

A, sin (wt — 0) (3.19)

A, sin (wt — 0) (3.19)

Finally, at ut = a = 0°,

،‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ut = a = 0 ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ‬

trigonometric identity, is —

- ‫ ﻫﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ‬

Page 18:

562 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS

‫ ||| ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬٥٦٢

U
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬

E.
‫ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻦ‬

= E (-sin ut)

(sin wt = sin(wt + 180° ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻥ‬

E،، ‫( ﺍﻥ‬.t + 180°)

‫( ؛ ﺃﻱ‬- ‫ ﺃﻭ‬+) ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬

ign 180

e = -E، sinwt = E،، sin(wt + 180°) = E،، sin(wt - 180°)

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‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍﻝ ‪esentations‬‬

‫‪'Crying‬‬

‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﺑﻜﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ 13.12‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟‬

‫)‪10 sin (ut + 30°‬‬

‫)‪5 sin (wt + 70°‬‬

‫)‪bi = 15 sin (ur + 60°‬‬

‫)‪v = 10 sin (ut - 20°‬‬

‫ﺟﻴﻢ = ‪(cos (ut + 10° 2‬‬

‫)‪3 sin (wt - 10°‬‬

‫)‪4 = sin (wt + 30°‬‬

‫)‪2 sin (ut + 10°‬‬

‫)‪e = 2 cos (ut - 60°‬‬

‫)‪3 sin (wt - 150°‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪. 13.31.‬‬

‫‪°.‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ i 40‬ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ‪ v‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ،°40‬ﺃﻭ ‪ileads v‬‬

‫‪13.31‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪) 13.12‬ﺃ(‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ‪ i‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪.°40‬‬

‫‪. 13.32‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ‪ i‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ،°80‬ﺃﻭ ‪ v‬ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ‪ i‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪.°80‬‬

‫‪Page 19:‬‬

‫‪PHASE RELATIONS || 563‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ || ‪563‬‬

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 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ‬

Fig. 13.33

13.33 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

i = 2eos(ut + 10°) = 2sin(ur + 10° + 90°) = 2 sin(wt + 100°)

i = 2eos(ut + 10°) = 2sin(ur + 10° + 90°) = 2 sin(wt + 100°)

ileads v by 110°, o v lags i by 110°

ileads v by 110°, o v lags i by 110°

FIG. 13.32
13.32 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Example 13.12(b): i leads v by 80°.

.‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬80 ‫ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬v ‫ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻦ‬i :(‫ )ﺏ‬13.12 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

FIG. 13.33
13.33 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Example 13.12(c: i leads v by 110°.

.‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬110 ‫ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬v ‫ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻦ‬i :(‫ )ﺝ‬13.12 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

d. See Fig. 13.34.

.13.34 ‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Note

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

180°)

(‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬180

(wt + 30°)

(wt + 30°)

sin(wt + 30°

sin(wt + 30°

sin(.t — 150°)

sin(.t — 150°)

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vleads i by 160°, or ilags v by 160°.

vleads i by 160°, or ilags v by 160°.

< . ae

< . ae

7 , [ear

7 , [ear

2 150°

2 150°

we

we

vw"

vw"

or

or
or

or

iG. 1334

13.34 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Example 13.12(d): v leads i by 160°.

.‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬160 ‫ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬i ‫ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻦ‬v :(‫ )ﺩ‬13.12 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

See Fig, 13.35

13.35 ‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

i = —2 cos(wt — 60°) = 2 cos(wt — 60° —180°)

i = —2 cos(wt — 60°) = 2 cos(wt — 60° —180°)

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2 cos(wt — 240°)

2 cos(wt — 240°)

FIG. 13.35
13.35 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Example 13.12(e): v and i are in phase.

.‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬i ‫ ﻭ‬v :(‫ )ﻫـ‬13.12 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Page 20:

564 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

‫ ||| ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬٥٦٤

FIG. 13.37
13.37 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Two-channel digital storage oscilloscope.

.‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻨﺎﺗﻴﻦ‬

(Courtesy of B+K Precision)

(B+K Precision ‫)ﺑﺎﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

However, cos a = sin (a + 90°)

(cos a = sin (a + 90° ،‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

sothat 2. cos(wt — 240°) = 2 sin(ωt — 240° + 90°)

(cos( t — 240°) = 2 sin( t — 150° .2 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬

= 2 sin(ωt — 150°)

= 2 sin(ωt — 150°)

‘vand i are in phase.

v ‫ ﻭ‬i ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬

Function Generators

‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬

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Function generators are an important component of the typical laboratory setting.

‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ‬

The generator of Fig. 13.36 can generate six different outputs; sine, triangular, and
square wave, ramp, +pulse, and —pulse, with frequencies extending from 0.5 Hz to 4
MHz.

.‫ ﻣﻴﺠﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬4 ‫ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ‬0.5 ‫ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻭﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻣﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬13.36 ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

However, as shown in the output listing, it has a maximum amplitude of 20 V,,.

.‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬20 ‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬،‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬،‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

A number of other characteristics are included to demonstrate how the text will cover
each in some detail.

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬

MAIN OUTPUT
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬

Frequency range 05 Hz to 4 MHz in six ranges

‫ ﻣﻴﺠﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬4 ‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ‬0.5 ‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻦ‬

Waveforms Six waveforms (sine, square, ramp, +pulse, —pulse)

(‫ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬،‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺔ )ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬

Amplitude 20 V,, into an open (10 V,, in 50 Ω)

(‫ ﺃﻭﻡ‬50 ‫ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬10) ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬20 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‘Auenuator 0B. "20 dB (+2%)—Chapter 21

21 ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬- (%2+) ‫ ﺩﻳﺴﻴﺒﻞ‬0B. "20 ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻗﻮﺓ‬

‘Output impedance 50:9 (+2%)—Chapter 26

26 ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬- (%2+) ‫ ﺃﻭﻡ‬50 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬

Distortion 1%, 1 Hz to 100 kHz

‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬100 ‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ‬1 ،%1 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻪ‬

Risefal time -<60 ns—(Chapter 25)

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‫ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ -‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 60‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪) -‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪(25‬‬

‫‪SYNC OUTPUT‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﻣﻦ‬

‫)‪Rise time <40 ns—(Chapter 25‬‬

‫ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 40‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪) -‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪(25‬‬

‫)‪Waveforms Square, pulse—(Chapter 25‬‬

‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ‪) -‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪(25‬‬

‫‪SWEEP‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺴﺤﺔ‬

‫)‪Mode Linear/log sweep—(Chapter 22‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻹﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻲ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲ ‪) -‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪(22‬‬

‫‪Rate From 10 ms to 5s continuously variable‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 5‬ﺛﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫)‪Sweep output 10V, (open‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺴﺢ ‪ 10‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ )ﻓﺘﺤﺔ(‬

‫)‪Output impedance 1kΩ—(Chapter 26‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 1‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺃﻭﻡ ‪) -‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪(26‬‬

‫‪FIG. 13.36‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪13.36‬‬

‫‪Function generator.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬

‫)‪(Courtesy of B+K Precision‬‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪(B+K Precision‬‬

‫‪The Oscilloscope‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬

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The oscilloscope of Fig. 13.37 is an instrument that will display the sinusoidal
alternating waveform in a way that will permit the reviewing of all of the waveform’s
characteristics.

.‫ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺳﻴﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ‬
13.37 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

In some ways, the screen and

Page 21:

and horizontal scales, providing you with an excellent opportunity to become aware
of the length of 1 cm.

.‫ ﺳﻢ‬1 ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬

The vertical scale is set to display voltage levels, whereas the horizontal scale is
always in units of time.

.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬

The vertical sensitivity control sets the voltage level for each division, whereas the
horizontal sensitivity control sets the time associated with each division.

.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻴﻦ‬
the vertical sensitivity is set at 1 V/div., each division displays a 1 V swing, so that a
total vertical swing of 8 divisions represents 8 V peak-to-peak.

.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ‬V 8 ‫ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬8 ‫ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬،V swing 1 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ‬
،.V/div 1 ‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬

If the horizontal control is set on 10 μs/div., 4 divisions equal a time period of 40 μs.

.‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬40 ‫ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ‬4 ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬/‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬10 ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

Remember, the oscilloscope display presents sinusoidal voltage versus time, not
degrees or radians.

.‫ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‬

Page 22:

566 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

‫ ||| ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ‬٥٦٦

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 ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫]— ‪Ditunee‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﺘﻮﻧﻲ —[‬

‫‪Average height‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫@‬

‫@‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫‪FIG. 13.40‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪13.40‬‬

‫‪Defining average value.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

‫)‪phase shift(no. of div.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ )ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ(‬

‫)‪T (no. of div.‬‬

‫)ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ( ‪T‬‬

‫)‪and x 360° (13.24‬‬

‫ﻭ ‪ ٣٦٠ x‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ )‪(١٣.٢٤‬‬

‫‪Substituting into Eq. (13.24) results in‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻞ )‪ (١٣.٢٤‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫)‪2div.‬‬

‫‪ ٢‬ﻗﺴﻢ(‬

‫)‪Gadi‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﺩﻱ(‬

‫‪x 360° = 144°‬‬

‫‪ ٣٦٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ = ‪ ١٤٤‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪x‬‬

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and e leads i byl 44”,

‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬١٤٤ ‫ ﺑـ‬i ‫ ﺗﻘﻮﺩ‬e ‫ﻭ‬

13.7 AVERAGE VALUE

١٣.٧ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

Even though the concept of the average value is an important one

‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‬

in most technical fields, its true meaning is often misunderstood

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ‬

In Fig. 13.40a), for example, the average height of the sand may be

required to determine the volume of sand available.

‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬،(‫ﺍ‬
١٣.٤٠ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

The average height of the sand is that height obtained if the distance from one end to
the other

is maintained while the sand is leveled off, as shown in Fig. 13.40(b).

(‫ )ﺏ‬١٣.٤٠ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬
'The area under the mound in Fig. 13.40(a) then equals the area under

the rectangular shape in Fig. 13.40(b) as determined by A = b x h.

A = b x h ‫ )ﺏ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬١٣.٤٠ ‫)ﺃ( ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
١٣.٤٠ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

OF course, the depth (into the page) of the sand must be the same for

Fig. 13.40(a) and (b) for the preceding conclusions to have any meaning.

‫ )ﺃ( ﻭ )ﺏ( ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬١٣.٤٠ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﻝ )ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ( ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬

In Fig. 13.40, the distance was measured from one end of the pile

to the other.

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 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ‬

‫ ﺗﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬،١٣.٤٠ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

In Fig. 13.41(a), the distance extends beyond the end of

the original pile of Fig. 13.40.

١٣.٤٠ ‫ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،(‫ )ﺃ‬١٣.٤١ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

The situation could be one where a

landscaper wants to know the average height of the sand if it is spread

out over a distance such as defined in Fig. 13.41(a).

(‫ )ﺃ‬١٣.٤١ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﻮﻥ‬

The result of an

increased distance is shown in Fig. 13.41(b).

(‫ )ﺏ‬١٣.٤١ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

The average height has

decreased compared to Fig. 13.40.

١٣.٤٠ ‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Quite obviously, therefore, the longer

the distance, the lower is the average value.

‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ‬،‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬،‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬

If the distance parameter includes a depression, as shown in

Fig. 13.42(a), some of the sand will be used to fill the depression.

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻳﺸﻢ‬

Page 23:

resulting in an even lower average value for the landscaper, as shown in Fig.
13.42(b).

.(‫ )ﺏ‬13.42 ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

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For a sinusoidal waveform, the depression would have the same shape as the mound
of sand (over one full cycle), resulting in an average value at ground level (or zero
volts for a sinusoidal voltage over ‘one full period).

.("‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ )ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬،(‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬

After trav stance by car, some drivers like to calculate their average speed for the
entire trip.

.‫ ﻳﺤﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻘﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬

This is usually done by dividing the miles traveled by the hours required to drive that
distance.

.‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻠﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

For example, if a person traveled 225 mi in 5h, the average speed was 225 mi/5 h, or
45 mi/h.

.‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬/‫ ﻣﻴﻼ‬45 ‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬5/‫ ﻣﻴﻼ‬225 ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬5 ‫ ﻣﻴﻼ ﻓﻲ‬225 ‫ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ ﺇﺫﺍ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

This same distance may have been traveled at various speeds for various intervals of
time, as shown in Fig. 13.43.

.13.43 ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ‬
Page 24:

568 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

568 ||| U
EXAMPLE 13.14 Determine the average value of the waveforms in

Fig. 13.44,

°F Square wave) :

13.14. 13.44

: (‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬

ov Lav

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| oe Berm of [oe Bus tm

=10V “ev

ov Lav

tm [‫| ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ]ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ‬

=10V “ev

FIG. 13.44
13.44 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

FIG. 13.44
13.44 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Example 13.14.

.13.14 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Solutions:
:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

below over

‫ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ‬

a. By inspection, the area above the axis equals the

one cycle, resulting in an average value of zero volts. Using

Eq, (13.26) gives

uy Gg — (4 WOU ms) = (6 VC ms) _ 14. V

2 ms

Oe Le a shown in Fig. 13.45.

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.
. (13.26)

Gg - 6 VC ms) _ 14. V ‫ﻛﻞ‬

2 ms

Oe Le a 13.45 ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.

In reality, the waveform in Fig. 13.44(b) is simply the square

FIG. 13.45 wave in Fig. 13.44(b) with a de shift of 4 Vs that is,

Defining the average value for the waveform boy Hav

in Fig. 13.44(b).

.(‫ )ﺏ‬13.44 ‫ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬4 ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
(‫ )ﺏ‬13.44 ‫ )ﺏ( ﻫﻲ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬13.44 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬

20g EXAMPLE 13.15 Find the average values of the following wave-

4 forms over one full cycle:

:‫ ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬13.15 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

a. Fig. 13.46.

.13.46 ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺃ‬
| 5 3 b. Fig. 13.47.

.13.47 ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.2

Solutions:

:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

a G — £GN4ms) = CV ms) _V=4V _ yy

Sms 8

KkN4ms) = Y[ CV ms) _V=4V _ yy ،‫ ﻙ=ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬.‫ﺃ‬

Sms 8

Page 25:

Note Fig. 13.48.

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.13.48 ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

AVERAGE VALUE ||| 569

569 ||| ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

be G = LUON)2 ms) + (4 V)(2 ms) ~ (2 V)2 ms)

‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬16 - ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬4 - ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬8 + ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬20 :‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬10 = ‫ﻛﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺕ‬

Note Fig. 13.49.

.13.49 ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

We found the areas under the curves in Example 13.15 by using a simple geometric
formula.

.‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬13.15 ‫ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

If we encounter a sine wave or any other unusual shape, however, we must find the
area by some other means.

.‫ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺻﺎﺩﻓﻨﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻼ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬

We can obtain a good approximation of the area by attempting to reproduce the

original wave shape using a number of small rectangles or other familiar shapes, the
area of which we already know through simple geometric formulas.
.‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬

For example, the area of the positive (or negative) pulse of a sine wave is 2A.

.‫ﺃ‬2 ‫ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ( ﻫﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

Approximating this waveform by two triangles (Fig. 13.50), we obtain (using area =
1/2 base x height for the area of a triangle) a rough idea of the actual area:

.‫ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ × ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬1/2 = ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
،(13.50 ‫ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻴﻦ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Page 26:

570 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

U ‫ ||| ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺑﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ‬٥٧٠

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FIG. 13.52
١٣.٥٢ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Finding the average value of one-half the

positive pulse of a sinusoidal waveform.

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬

.‫ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ‬

FIG. 13.53
١٣.١٦ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

Example 13.16.

.١٣.١٦ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

"16 mv

‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬16"

FIG. 13.54
١٣.١٢ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

Example 13.12

.١٣.١٢ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

FIG. 13.55
١٣.١٨ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

Example 13.18.

.١٣.١٨ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

FIG. 13.56
١٣.١٩ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

Example 13.19.

.١٣.١٩ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

Since we know the area under the positive (or negative) pulse, we can

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ily determine the average value of the positive (or negative) region of

a sine wave pulse by applying Eq. (13.26):

‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬، (‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬

()

:(١٣،٢٦) ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

2Ay

(13.28) 3 ‫ﻭﺑﺮﻗﻢ‬

٠7

For the waveform in Fig. 13.52,

.‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟـﻤﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻲ ﻛﻤﺜﻠﻞ ﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

EXAMPLE 13.16 Determine the average value of the sinusoidal

waveform in Fig. 13.53.

‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ‬.١٣.١٦ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

.١٣.٥٣ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Solution: By inspection itis fairly obvious that

the average value of a pure sinusoidal waveform over one

full cycle is zero.

‫ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

.‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻔﺮ‬

Eg, (13.26)

(١٣،٢٦) ، ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

EXAMPLE 13.17 Determine the average value of the waveform in

Fig. 13.54,

‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬.١٣.١٧ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

.١٣.٥٤ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

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Solution: The peak-to-peak value of the sinusoidal function is

16 mV + 2mV = 18 mV. The peak amplitude of the sinusoidal

waveform is, therefore, 18 mV/2 = 9 mV. Counting down 9 mV from

٢ mV (or 9 mV up from —16 mV) results in an average or de level of

7 mY, as noted by the dashed line in Fig. 13.54,

‫ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

16 + = .
/= .

‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ( ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ‬١٦— ‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ‬٩ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ )ﺃﻭ‬
‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ‬٢ ‫ﻣﻦ‬

.١٣.٥٤ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬٧

EXAMPLE 13.18 Determine the average value of the waveform in

Fig. 13.55,

‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬.١٣.١٨ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

.١٣.٥٥ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Solution:
:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

2A, +0 _ 200)
٢٢

‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬18 = ٣

EXAMPLE 13.19 For the waveform in Fig. 13.56, determine

whether the average value is positive or negative, and determine its

approximate value,

‫ ﺣﺪﺩ‬،١٣.٥٦ ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.١٣.١٩ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

.‫ ﻭﺣﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬

Solution: From the appearance of the waveform, the average value is

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positive and in the vicinity of 2 mV. Occasionally, judgments of this type

Page 27:

the DMM on de,

،‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻣﻤﻴﺘﺮ‬

limited to voltage levels.

.‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬

ind read the voltage or current levels.

.‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

Oscilloscopes are cls using the Sequence of steps listed below:

.‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻏﻼﻕ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‬

First choose GND from the DC-GND-AC option list associated with each vertical
channel.

.‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬DC-GND-AC ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬GND ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺃﻭﻻ‬

The GND option blocks any signal to which the oscilloscope probe may be connected
from entering the oscilloscope and responds with just a horizontal line.

.‫ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺘﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺨﻂ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ‬GND ‫ﻳﺤﻈﺮ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ‬
Set the resulting line in the middle of the vertical axis on the horizontal axis, as shown
in Fig. 13.57(a).

.(‫ )ﺃ‬13.57 ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬

Apply the oscilloscope probe to the voltage to be measured (if not already
connected), and switch to the DC option.

.DC ‫ ﻭﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ‬،(‫ﻣﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬

If a de voltage present, the horizontal line shifts up or down, as demonstrated in Fig.

13.57(b).

.(‫ )ﺏ‬13.57 ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻳﻨﺰﻟﻖ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺒﻮﻃﺎ‬،‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬

Multiplying the shift by the vertical sensitivity results in the de voltage.

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‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Page 28:‬‬

‫‪572 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U‬‬

‫‪ ||| ٥٧٢‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Y Reference Shin = 09 a.‬‬

‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻱ ﺷﻴﻦ = ‪ ٠٩‬ﺃ‬

‫‪Tevell‬‬

‫‪Tevell‬‬

‫@‬

‫@‬

‫‪io‬‬

‫‪io‬‬

‫‪FIG. 13.58‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪13.58‬‬

‫‪Determining the average value of a nonsinusoidal waveform using the oscilloscope:‬‬

‫)‪(a‬‬
‫‪vertical channel on the ac mode; (b) vertical channel on the dc mode.‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﻲ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ؛ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬

‫‪3. Then switch to DC (to permit both the de and the ac components‬‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪) DC‬ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬

‫‪Of the waveform to enter the oscilloscope), and note the shift in the‬‬

‫‪chosen level of part 2, as shown in Fig. 13.58(b). Eq. (13.29) can‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪) 13.58‬ﺏ(‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (13.29‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ‪ ،2‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬

‫‪then be used to determine the de or average value of the waveform.‬‬

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‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ig. 13.58(b), the average value is about‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪) 13.58‬ﺏ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬

‫‪For the waveform in‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪Vac = (0.9 div.)(5 Vidiv.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ = )‪ 0.9‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺔ( )‪ 5‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ‪Volts‬‬

‫‪‘The procedure outlined above can be applied to any alternating wav‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ‬

‫‪form such as the one in Fig. 13.56. In some cases the average value‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .13.56‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪‘may require moving the starting position of the waveform under the AC‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ‪AC‬‬

‫‪option to a different region of the screen or choosing a higher voltage‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫‪scale. By choosing the appropriate scale, you can enable DMMs to read‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ ‪ DMMs‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬

‫‪the average or de level of any waveform.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪13.8 EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES‬‬

‫‪ ١٣.٨‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ(‬

‫‪This section begins to relate de and ac quantities with respect to the‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ‬

‫‪power delivered to a load. It will help us determine the amplitude of‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬

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a sinusoidal ac current required to deliver the same power as a parti

‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻛـ‬

ular de current. The question frequently arises, How is it possible for

‫ ﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﺩ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍ‬

a sinusoidal ac quantity to detiver a net power if, over a full cycle, the

،‫ﻫﻞ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺻﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

net current in any one direction is zero (average value = 0)? It would

‫(؟ ﺳﻴﺒﺪﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ‬0 = ‫ﺑﺄﻱ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ )ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

almost appear that the power delivered during the positive portion of

‫ ﻭﻥ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬

Page 29:

FIG. 13.59

FIG. 13.59
An experimental setup to establish a relationship between de and ac quantities.

.‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ‬

Voltage E is established through the resistor R.

.R ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬E ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬

The temperature reached by the water is determined by the de power dissipated in

the form of heat by the resistor.

.‫ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬

If switch 2 is closed and switch | left open, the ac current through the resistor has a
peak value of I^_.

._^I ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬، ‫ ﻭﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ‬2 ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﻏﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬

The temperature reached by the water is now determined by the ac power dissipated
in the form of heat by the resistor.

.‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

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The ac input is varied until the temperature is the same as that reached with the de
input.

.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬

When this is accomplished, the average electrical power delivered to the resistor R by
the ac source is the same as that delivered by the de source.

.‫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬R ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬، ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

'The power delivered by the supply at any instant of time is Pγ = (ig)² R = (Zp Sin ωt)
R = (12 sin² ωt )R

".P = (ig)² R = (Zp Sin t) R = (12 sin² t )R ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

However, sintωt = 3 (1 - cos 2ωt) (trigonometric identity)

(‫( )ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ‬sint t = 3 (1 - cos 2 t ‫ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬، ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

Therefore, Pγ = 1/2α = cos 2ωt) R

P = 1/2 = cos 2 t) R ، ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬

and 1αβ = eβ cos ωt (13.30)

(1 = e cos t (13.30 ‫ﻭ‬

The average power delivered by the s just the first term, since the average value of a
cosine wave is zero even though the wave may have twice the frequency of the
original input current waveform.

.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬، ‫ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬s ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬

Equating the average power delivered by the ac generator to that delivered by the de
source, Pass(=) = Pde

Pass(=) = Pde ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬

Pac(=) = Ped

Pac(=) = Ped

and Ia = Ir

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Ia = Ir ‫ﻭ‬

which, in words, states that the equivalent de value of a sinusoidal current or voltage
is 1/N√2 or 0.707 of its peak value.

.‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‬0.707 ‫ ﺃﻭ‬N√2/1 ‫ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺳﺎﻉ ﻫﻮ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES

(RMS ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ )ﻗﻴﻢ‬

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574 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

‫ ||| ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬574

‘The equivalent de value is called the rms or effective value of the sinusoidal quantity.

.‫ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬rms ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

Asa simple numerical example, it requires an ac current with a peak value of V2(10)
= 14.14 A to deliver the same power to the resistor in Fig. 13.59 as ade current of 10
A.

.‫ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ‬10 ‫ ﻛﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬13.59 ‫ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬V2(10) = 14.14
‫ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺫﺭﻭﻳﺔ‬،‫ﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬
The effective value of any quantity plotted as a function of time can be found by using
the following equation derived from the experiment just described:

.‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

fear Calculus format: Img = asa) T farea PD) which means Ia = (13.32)

.(Ia = (13.32 ‫( ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬Img = asa) T farea PD :‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬

In words, Eqs. (13.31) and (13.32) state that to find the rms value, the function i(¢)
must first be squared.

.rms ‫( ﺃﻭﻻ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬¢)i ‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬13.32) ‫( ﻭ‬13.31) ‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬،‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬

After i(t) is squared, the area under the curve is found by integration.

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.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬،(i(t ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬

It is then divided by 7, the length of the cycle or the period of the waveform, to obtain
the average or mean value of the squared waveform.

.‫ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬،7 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬

The final step is to take the square root of the mean value.

.‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

This procedure is the source for the other d for the effective value, the
root-mean-square (rms) value.

.(rms) ‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬،‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬

In fact, irms is the most commonly used term in the educational and industrial
communities, it is used throughout this text.

.‫ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ‬،‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
irms ‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬

‘The relationship between the peak value and the rms value is the same for voltages,
resulting in the following set of relationships for the examples and text material to
follow:
.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ‬rms ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﻳﺔ‬

Toms = Jp tn = 0.7071

Toms = Jp tn = 0.7071

Exm = $y Em = 0.707E

Exm = $y Em = 0.707E

Similarly,

،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‬

Ty, = Vil, = VAIL gy

Ty, = Vil, = VAIL gy

Ey, = Vig, = 1414E,,

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Ey, = Vig, = 1414E,,

EXAMPLE 13.20 Find the rms values of the sinusoidal waveform in each part in Fig.
13.60.

.13.60 ‫ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬rms ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬13.20 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

o©

o©

FIG. 13.60
13.60 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Example 13.20.

.13.20 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Page 31:

Solution:

:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

& I = 0.707(12 10-9) = 8.48

.‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ‬8.48 = ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

Note that frequency did not change the effective value.

.‫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬:‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

Vq, = 0.707(169.73 V) = 120 V ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻝ‬.

EXAMPLE 13.21 The 120 V de source in Fig. 13.61(a) delivers 3.6 W

to the load. Determine the peak value of the applied voltage (E,, ) and

the current (I, ) if the ac source [Fig. 13.61(b)] is to deliver the same

power to the load.

.‫)ﺏ(( ﺳﻴﺴﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ‬13.61 ‫( ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ )ﺍﻷﻣﺒﻴﺮ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬E)
‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ‬.‫ ﻭﺍﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ‬3.6 ‫)ﺃ( ﻳﺴﻠﻢ‬13.61 ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬120 ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬
:13.21 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Ps = 3.6 W

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P = 36 ‫ﻭﺍﻁ‬

= (1.414)(30 mA) = 42.42 ‫ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ‬

E = V2E = (1.414)(120 V) = 169.68 V

‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ‬I = 30 ‫ﻭ‬

EXAMPLE 13.22 Find the rms value of the waveform in Fig. 13.62.

.13.62 ‫ ﺍﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ( ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬:13.22 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Solution: v2 ( 13.63)

(13.63 ‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

V7q = (ODFOD_ BAX

‫ﻭﻱ‬

FIG. 13.62

FIG. 13.63
EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES || 575

(‫ﻗﻴﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ )ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

Toad

‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬
The squared waveform of Fig. 13.62.

.13.62 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Page 32:

576 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

U ‫ ||| ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ‬576

W)

W)
0

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a) ee

a) ee

eyele

eyele

FIG. 13.66
13.66 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Example 13.24.

.13.24 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

1600

1600

20s)

20s)

FIG. 13.67
13.67 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
The squared waveform of Fig. 13.66.

.13.66 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ‬

EXAMPLE 13.23 Calculate the rms value of the voltage in Fig. 13.64,

،13.64 ‫ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬13.23 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

2)

2)

1 eyele

1 eyele

== 0 1)

== 0 1)

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=10)

=10)

FIG. 13.64
13.64 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Example 13.23.

.13.23 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬

Solution: v7 (Fig. 13.65)

(13.65 ‫ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬v7 :‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

100

100

6 8 01)

6 8 01)

FIG. 13.65,
،13.65 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

The squared waveform of Fig. 13.64.

.13.64 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ‬

_ (COVIZ) +06) + GVIZS

_ (COVIZ) +06) + GVIZS

10s

10s

_ ROO Vs +32 Vis + BVES

_ ROO Vs +32 Vis + BVES

~ 10s

~ 10s

- Ge = ae

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- Ge = ae

10

=49V
EXAMPLE 13.24 Determine the average and rms values of the

square wave in Fig. 13.66,

،13.66 ‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬13.24 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Solution: By inspection, the average value is zero.

.‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬

v? (Fig. 13.67):

v? (13.67 ‫)ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬:

_ [G2000s10=

_ [G2000s10=

20 x 10%

20 x 10%

= vi600 = 40 V

= vi600 = 40 V
(the maximum value of the waveform in Fig. 13.66)

(13.66 ‫)ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‘The waveforms appearing in these examples are the same as those

appear in the examples on the average value.

.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

It may prove interesting to compare the rms and average values of these waveforms,

،‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬

such as voltage or current are

‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

used for

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‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻝ‬

‘The rms values of sinusoidal quantities

‫‘ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬

represented by E and J. These symbols are the same as those

‫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬.J ‫ ﻭ‬E ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬

de voltages and currents. To avoid confusion, the peak value of a waveform always
has a subscript m associated with it: /,sin wt.

:m: /,sin wt. Caution ‫ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺎ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺎ‬،‫ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

Page 33:

When finding the rms value of the positive pulse of a sine wave, note that the squared
area is not simply (2A,,)> = 442; it must be found by a completely new integration.

(2A) = 442
.
This is always true for any waveform that is not rectangular.

.‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬

A unique situation arises if a waveform has both a de and an ac component that may
be due to a source, stich as the one in Fig. 13.68.

.13.68 ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ‬

The combination appears frequently in the analysis of electronic networks where

both de and ac levels are present in the sam

.‫ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬

Generation and display of a waveform having a de and an ac component.

.‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ‬

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The question arises, What is the rms value of the voltage v.-? You may be tempted to
assume that itis the sum of the rms Values of each compo- nent of the waveform: that
is, Vs, = 0.707(1.5 V) + 6 V = 1.06 V +6V = 7.06 V. However, the rms value is actually
determined by Van,...

...1.06 = ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬6 + (‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬Vs = 0.707(1.5 ‫ ﺃﻱ‬:‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫؟ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺠﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬-.v ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬،‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬

which for the waveform in Fig. 13.68 is Vrm, = V6 V + 0.06 V)? = V37.128 VF = 6.1

6.1 = ‫ﻓﻲ‬-‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬37.128 = ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ؟‬0.06 + ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬Vrm = 6 ‫ ﻫﻮ‬13.68 ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

This result is noticeably less than the solution of 7.06 V.

.‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬7.06 ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬

True rms Meters

.‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬

Throughout this section, the rms value of a variety of waveforms was determined to
help ensure that the concept is correctly understood.

.‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬،‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬

However, to use a meter to measure the rms value of the same wave- forms would
require a specially designed meter.
.‫ ﺳﻴﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎ‬،‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

Too often, the face of a meter will read True rms Multimeter or such.

.‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﺃ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

However, in most cas the meter is only designed to read the rms value of periodic
signals with no de level and have a symmetry about the zero axis.

.‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﺑﻼ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬،‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

Most multimet are ac coupled (the dc component of the signal is blocked by a

capacitor at the input terminals), so only the ac portion is measured.

.‫ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻓﻘﻂ‬،(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺠﺒﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ )ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

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For such cast one may be able to first determine the rms value of the ac portion of the
waveform and then use the de section of the meter to measure the de level.

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬

Page 34:

SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

.‫( ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩﺓ‬key)‫ﺗﺆﺷﺮ‬

FIG. 13.70
.13.70 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

120V ac to 12V de converter.

.‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬12 ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ‬120 ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ‬

(Don Johnson Photo)

.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ‬

the meter will draw power from the circuit during the heating process

‫ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ‬

and the results have a low precision standard, A better approach that is
‫ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻬﺞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬،‫ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬

commonly used uses an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) mentioned

‫( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ADC) ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ‬

earlier to digitize the signal, so that the rms value then can be determined

‫ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬،‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

to a high degree of accuracy. One such meter appears in Fig. 13.69,

13.69 ‫ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

which samples the input signal at 1.4 MHz, or 1,400,000 samples per

‫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬1،400،000 ‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬1.4 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ‬

second—certainly sufficient for a wide variety of signals. This meter

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‫ﺛﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺳﻴﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪will run the sampling rate at all times, even when making de measurements, so both‬‬
‫‪the de and ac content of a waveform can be displayed at the same time.‬‬

‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪FIG. 13.69‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.13.69‬‬

‫‪True rms multimeter.‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(Courtesy of Keysight Technologies, Ine.‬‬

‫)ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﺴﺎﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‪(.‬‬

‫‪13.9 CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪The two most common supplies are either de or ac. Unfortunately, there‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻆ‬

‫‪are times when we have one but need the other for a variety of‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪Solar panels generate a de voltage that must be converted to ac if the‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

‫‪power is to be distributed over a power line network. In an RV or boat‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻴﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﺭﺏ‪،‬‬

‫‪we need ac for some applications but the only source is often just the‬‬

‫ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫‪‘The de batteries in our cell phones need charging from a‬‬

‫ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺤﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬

‫‪e but the only option we have is to plug them into an ac outlet.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

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Obviously, there is an important need for an electronic package that

.‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺤﺰﻡ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬

will convert from one type of source to the other with the highest effi-

‫ﺳﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬

ciency possible. There is little value in a conversion if it operates at an

.%10 ‫ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬

Fortunately, since this nei

‫ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬،‫ﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻆ‬

options have been developed. If you need to convert ac to de, the piece

‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬.‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

of equipment used is called a converter. In

Page 35:

Establishing a 12V de level.

.‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬12 ‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

to about a 14 V peak. The diode (basic

‫ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻳﻮﺩ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬.‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬14 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ‬

form a half-wave rectifier that will cut off the bottom of the sinusoidal

‫ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺳﻴﻘﻄﻊ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬

signal. Finally, a capacitor will smooth out the waveform as shown in

‫ ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ‬.‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

Fig. 13.71, which will have an average or de level of approximately 12 V.

.‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬12 ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬،13.71 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Have you ever noticed that the voltage on your car gauge is normally

‫ﻫﻞ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺗﻚ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬

at about 14 V rather than the 12 V of your battery? In order to maintain

‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺘﻚ؟ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬12 ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ‬14 ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬

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the 12 V level, the charging voltage has to be more than the required

‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬12 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

12 V or the terminal voltage may drop below 12 V. If you see it drop to

‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﺰﻝ‬.‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬12 ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬12

12.V on your dashboard, the changing system needs to be checked. The

.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬،‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ‬.12

Page 36:

580 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

U ‫ ||| ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﺍﻝ‬580

nv

nv

(9/7 Moti sine wave

Moti ‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬9/7)

al ns Ce

al ns Ce

oA \
oA \

, Polarity

‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬,

reversal

‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬

v,(open)

v، (‫)ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬

Step-up

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬

teanstormer

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teanstormer

130

١٣٠

FIG. 13.73
13.73 .‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Basic components of an inverter.

.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

that the inductive nature of a transformer will actually make the “modi-

.‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺳﺘﺠﻌﻞ "ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ" ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‬

fied sine wave” closer in appearance to a pure sine wave.

.‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ" ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‬

‘There are numerous ways to perform the conversion from de to

‫'ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

sinusoidal ac. The simplest is provided in Fig. 13.73. Through switching

‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬.13.73 ‫ ﻭﺃﺑﺴﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻱ‬

action and clipping (basic electronic courses) networks, the steady-state

‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬13.73 ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،(‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺒﺎﻩ )ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬

de level of Fig. 13.73 can be converted to the modified form shown in

‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬13.73 ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

the same figure. This is accomplished by using a three-way switch that

‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬.‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

can perform the actions of letting the signal pass through, shutting off

‫ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬:‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

the input and reversing the polarity of the output. All three regions are

‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺧﺮﺍﺝ‬

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defined in Fig, 13.73. By carefully controlling the timing of the swing

‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺑﺔ‬.13.73 ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

ing mechanism, the modified sine wave can closely match that of the 60

‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﺑﺮﻣﻮﺯ‬،‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬

per second sinusoidal waveform also shown in the figure. Now

‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬60 ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

that the generated voltage changes with time, a transformer can raise the

‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﺭﻓﻊ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬

level to one approaching the desired 170 V peak of a 115 V ac sourc

.‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬115 ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬170 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﺔ‬

In fact, as mentioned above, the inductive nature of the transformer

‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﻝ‬،‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬

action will probably improve the appearance of the sinusoidal output.

.‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻱ‬

‘The appearance of the waveform can further be improved by passing the

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ‬

resulting waveform through a series of filters (inductive and capacitive

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ )ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﺳﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬

elements, Chapter 22) to remove unwanted harmonics (Chapter 26). A

‫ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬.(26 ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫( ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬22 ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

second approach involves connecting the de input to the center tap of

‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﯼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻞ‬

the primary of a transformer and switching between both ends of the

.‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‬

primary. This action will reverse the direction of the current through the

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‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺳﻲ‬

Page 37:

One other important concern when converting de power to ac power in an RV or boat

is how long that fully charged battery will provide the necessary ac power.

.‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

This all goes back to the ampere-hour rating covered in Chapter 2.

.‫ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

If the batteries are rated at 100 AH at a current drain of 15 ampere, that battery will
provide the necessary voltage and current for 100 AH/15 A = 6.67 hours.

.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬6.67 ‫ ﻓﺴﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ‬،‫ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮﺍ‬15 ‫ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ‬100
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﺑﺴﻌﺔ‬

This is an important consideration when in an isolated location with only batteries

available.

.‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻌﺰﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

This is one reason to have a number of batteries in parallel in an RV or boat so that

you can double or triple the time period that the current can be drained.
.‫ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻴﻪ ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ‬

Two batteries of the above rating would provide the required current of 15 A for a
period of time closer to 12 hours.

.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬12 ‫ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬15 ‫ﺳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬

Of course, a lower demand will also increase the time period before depleting the
source.

.‫ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺳﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬

Page 38:

SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺪﻱ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪Electrodynamometer Movement‬‬

‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ‪ RMS‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪‘The electrodynamometer movement is a movement that has the dis-‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫‪tinct advantage of being able to read the tum rms value of any current,‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬

‫‪voltage, or power measurement without additional circuitry. The basic‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،13.77‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻠﻒ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ‬

‫‪construction appears in Fig. 13.77, which shows two fixed coils and a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،13.77‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻠﻒ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪rotating coil. The two fixed coils establish a field similar to that estab-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺭﻳﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪lished by the permanent magnet in an iron-vane movement. However,‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺄﺳﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺘﺄﺳﺲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫‪in this case, the same current that establishes the field in the fixed coils‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﺼﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫‪will also establish the field in the movable coil. The result is oppos-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺼﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺤﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫‪ing polarities between the rotating and fixed coils that will establish a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺼﻖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪torque on the movable coil and cause it to rotate and provide a reading‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ‬

‫‪using the attached pointer. Removing the excitation force will allow the‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺳﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬

‫‪attached spring to bring the pointer back to the rest position. Although‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺼﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻁ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ RMS‬ﻷﻱ‬

‫‪the electrodynamometer movement would be very effective in reading‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪،‬‬

‫‪digital electronic technology is the new direction for‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮ‬

‫‪Page 39:‬‬

‫* * ‪(full-wave‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ *‬

‫‪5 sin 2000‬‬

‫‪ 5‬ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪Voltmeter‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬

‫‪FIG. 13.78‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪13.78‬‬

‫‪Example 13.25.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪.13.25‬‬

‫‪Frequency Counter‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

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 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ‬

For frequency measurements, the frequency counter in Fig. 13.79 pro-

13.79 ‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬، ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

Vides a digital readout of sine, square, and triangular waves from 0.1 Hz

‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬0.1 ‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

to 2.4 GHz. The temperature-compensated, crystal-controlled time base

‫ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬.‫ ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬2.4 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬

is stable to +1 part per million per year.

.‫ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ‬1+ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

FIG. 13.79
13.79 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Frequency counter, 3.5 GHz multifunctional

.‫ ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬3.5 ‫ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬، ‫ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ‬

instrument.

.‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬

(Courtesy of B+K Precision)

(B+K ‫)ﺑﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻓﻀﻞ‬

Clamp-on Meters

‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ‬

‘The AEMC® Clamp Meter in Fig. 13.80 is an instrument that can me;

‫ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬13.80 ‫® ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬AEMC ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬

sure alternating current in the ampere range without having to open the

.‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬

circuit. The loop is opened by squeezing the “trigger.” then it is pl

‫ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬."‫ﺳﺘﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﻐﻂ "ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎﺩ‬

around the current-carrying conductor. Through transformer action, the

،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬.‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

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level of current in rms units appears on the appropriate scale. The Model

‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬.‫ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬rms ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬

501 is auto-ranging (that is, each scale changes automatically) and can

‫ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ )ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ( ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬501

measure de or ac currents up to 400 mA. Through the use of additional

‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ‬400 ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

leads, it can also be used as a voltmeter (up to 400 V, de or ac) and an

‫ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ( ﻭ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬400 ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ )ﺣﺘﻰ‬،‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ‬

ohmmeter (from zero to 400 ),

.(400 ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

ac METERS AND INSTRUMENTS || 583

583 || ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬

FIG. 13.80
13.80 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Clamp-on ammeter and voltmeter.

.‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‬

(Courtesy of AEMC Instruments)

(AEMC Instruments ‫)ﺑﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬

Page 40:

584 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

584 ||| U
Impedance Measurements

‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﺿﺔ‬

Before we leave the subject of ac meters and instrumentation, you should understand
that

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‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ‬،‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬

an ohmmeter cannot be used to measure the ac reactance or impedance of an element

or system even though reactance and impedance are measured in ohms.

.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﺿﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﻛﺘﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﺿﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭﻡ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﻛﺘﺎﻧﺲ‬

Recall that ohmmeters cannot be used on energized networks—the power must be

shut off or disconnected.

.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ‬- ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ‬

For an inductor, if the ac power is removed, the reactance of the coil is simply the dc
resistance of the windings because the applicable frequency will be 0 Hz.

.‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬0 ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﻛﺘﺎﻧﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ)ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬
،‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

For a capacitor, if the ac power is removed, the reactance of the capacitor is simply
the leakage resistance of the capacitor.

.‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﻛﺘﺎﻧﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ)ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ(ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬

In general, therefore, always keep in mind that ohmmeters can read only the dc
resistance of an element or network, and only after the applied power has been
removed.
.‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺒﻖ‬،‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻡ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﺃ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﺍ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

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the metric system.

.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻄﻲ‬

Keep in mind that powers of ten are all-powerful in the metric system, with 100 cm in
a meter, 100°C the boiling point of water, and so on.

.‫ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‬،‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬100 ،‫ ﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬100 ‫ ﻣﻊ‬،‫ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ‬

Note that 50 Hz is exactly half of this special number.

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.‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬50 ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ‬

All in all, it would seem that both sides have an argument that is worth defending.

.‫ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺣﺠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‬

However, in the final analysis, we must also wonder whether the difference is simply
political in nature.

.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬،‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

The difference in voltage between 120 V and 220 V is a different matter entirely, in
the sense is close to 100%.

.%100 ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬220 ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻭ‬120 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬

Again, however, there are valid arguments for both sides.

.‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺠﺞ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬،‫ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

There is no question that larger voltages such as 220 V raise safety issues beyond
those raised by voltages of 120 V.

.‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬120 ‫ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﺜﻴﺮ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬220 ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ‬

However, when higher voltages are supplied, there is less current in the wire for the
same power demand, permitting the use of smaller conductors—a real money saver.
.‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻝ‬- ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬،‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

In addition, motors and some appliances can be smaller in size.

.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

Higher voltages, however, also bring back the concern about arcing effects, insulation
requirements, and, due to real safety concerns, higher installation costs.

.‫ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬،‫ ﻭ‬،‫ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ‬،‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ‬،‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

In general, however, international travelers are prepared for most situations if they
have a transformer that can convert from their home level to that of the country they
plan to visit.

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.‫ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﻄﻄﻮﻥ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺭﺗﻪ‬
‫ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ‬،‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

Most equipment (not clocks, of e) can run quite well on 50 Hz or 60 Hz for most travel
periods.

.‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ‬60 ‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺃﻭ‬50 ‫ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ( ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬

For any unit not operating at its design frequency, it simply has to “work a little
harder” to perform the given task.

.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ "ﺑﺠﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ" ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﻩ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ‬

The major problem for the trayler is not the transformer itself but the wide variety of
plugs used from one country to another.

.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‬

Each country has its own design for the “female” plug in the wall.

.‫ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺑﺲ "ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻮﻱ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬

For a three-week tour, this could mean as many as 6 to 10 different plugs of the type
shown in Fig. 13.81.

.13.81 ‫ ﻗﺎﺑﺲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬10 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬6 ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﺘﻰ‬،‫ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻮﻟﺔ‬
For a 120 V, 60 Hz supply, the plug is quite standard in appearance with its two spade
leads (and possible ground connection).

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺹ‬

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{'result': False, 'error': True}

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PROBLEMS ||| 587

PROBLEMS ‫)ﻭﺍ‬

40)

SECTION 132 Sinusoidal ae Voltage Characteristics

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‘and Definitions

1 For the sinusoidal waveform in Fig, 13.83:

‘What isthe peak value? fe Bae Bale rhs

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﻳﺔ؟‬

bs. What isthe instantaneous value at 15 ms and at 20 ms?

‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬20 ‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ‬15 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

What is the peak-to-peak value ofthe waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

44. Whats the period of the waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

. How many cycles are shown? 40

‫ﻛﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ؟‬

™ FIG. 13.85
Problem 3.

For the waveform of Fig. 13.86:

1a. Does this appear to be a high- or low-frequency wave:

form? Why?

‫ﻫﻞ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻡ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ؟ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ؟‬

1b, How many full cycles are shown?

‫ﻛﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ؟‬

‘c. What isthe period of the waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

4. What is the frequency of the waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

FG. 13.83 Whats the peak vale of the waveform?

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‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

Problem 1 £. What is the peak-to-peak value of the waveform

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

2. For the sinusoidal signal in Fig. 13.84:

‘What is the peak value?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ؟‬

‘What is the instantaneous value at Iyis and at Ty.

‫ ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬2 ‫ ﻭ‬1 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‘What is the peak-to-peak value of the waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

‘What is the period of the waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

How many cycles are shown?

‫ﻛﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ؟‬

FIG. 13.86
Problem 4,
SECTION 13.3 Frequency Spectrum

5. Find the period of a periodic waveform whose frequency is

a. 250 Hz, b. 50 MHz,

ec. 28 kHz, @. 2H.

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬

.‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬2.،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬28 ،‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬50.،‫ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬250 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬

(6. Find the frequency of a repeating waveform whose period is

FIG. 13.84 ads, bts

Problem 2. 36

ce. 75 ms 4d. 40 ps.

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‫‪75 . 40 . 3.‬‬
‫‪. 85:..‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1.5‬ﻭ ‪ 5.1‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟ ﻛﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫?‪(in seconds) will it take to complete five cycles‬‬

‫‪(peor‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ )ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮﺍﻧﻲ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﻹﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ؟‬

‫‪Find the period of a sinusoidal waveform that completes‬‬

‫‪100 eyeles in 25 ms.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻤﻞ ‪ 100‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪ 25‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪What is the frequency of a periodic waveform that com.‬‬

‫?‪pletes 72 cycles in 8s‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻤﻞ ‪ 72‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪ 8‬ﺛﻮﺍﻥ؟‬

‫‪Page 44:‬‬

‫‪588 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS‬‬

‫‪ ||| 588‬ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫‪10, For the oscilloscope pattern of Fig. 13.87,‬‬

‫‪ ،10‬ﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪،13.87‬‬

‫‪1a. Determine the peak amplitude.‬‬

‫‪1‬ﺃ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Find the period.‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Calculate the frequency.‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Redraw the oscilloscope pattem if'a +20 mV de level were‬‬

‫ﺃﻋﺪ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 20+‬ﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

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Vertical sensitivity = 50 mV.

.‫ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬50 = ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬

Horizontal sensitivity = 10 wii

‫ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻳﺤﺎﺀﻳﺔ‬10 = ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬

FIG. 13.87
13.87 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Problem 10.

.10 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

LL. For the waveform of Fig. 13.88:

:13.88 ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

What is the peak value of the waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

What is the peak-to-peak value of the waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

What is the period of the waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

What is the frequency of the waveform?

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

How many full eyeles are shown?

‫ﻛﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ؟‬

What isthe shift (in time) of the cosine wave from the

vertical axis at 1 = 0.8?

‫؟‬t = 0.8 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ )ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺎ( ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ‬

Vertical sensitivity

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬

FIG. 13.88

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13.88 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

Problem 11.

.11 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

SECTION 13.4. The Sinusoidal Waveform

‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬.13.4 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬

12. Convert the following degrees to radians:

:‫ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬.12

a. 45° b. 90°

،‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬90 .‫ ﺏ‬،‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬45 .‫ﺃ‬

«17? ad. 198

198 .‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ؛ ﺩ‬17 .‫ﺝ‬

13, Convert the following radians to degrees:

:‫ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬،13

a. nl3 be Ln

، .‫ ﺏ‬، /3 .‫ﺃ‬

a. 0.6
0.6 .‫ﺃ‬

Page 45:

29, Write the analytical expression for the waveforms of Fig. 13.89 with the phase
angle in degrees.

.‫ ﻣﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬١٣.٨٩ ‫ ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.٢٩

30, Write the analytical expression for the waveform of Fig. 13.90 with the phase
angle in degrees.

.‫ ﻣﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬١٣.٩٠ ‫ ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.٣٠

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31. Write the analytical expression for the waveform of Fig. 13.91 with the phase
angle in degrees.

.‫ ﻣﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬١٣.٩١ ‫ ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.٣١

32. Write the analytical expression for the waveform of Fig. 13.92 with the phase
angle in radians.

.‫ ﻣﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬١٣.٩٢ ‫ ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.٣٢

33. Find the phase relationship between the following waveforms:

:‫ ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.٣٣

34, Find the phase relationship between the following waveforms:

:‫ ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.٣٤

38. Find the phase relationship between the following waveforms:

:‫ ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.٣٨

36. Find the phase relationship between the following waveforms:

:‫ ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.٣٦

37. The sinusoidal voltage v = 160 sin(2x1000r + 60°) is plotted in Fig. 13.93.
Determine the time t, when the wave:

form crosses the axis.

.‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‬،t ‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬.١٣.٩٣ ‫( ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬v = 160 sin(2x1000r + 60°
‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍﻟﻲ‬.٣٧

38, The sinusoidal current / = 20 x 10°" sin( 50,0007 ~ 40°) is plotted in Fig. 13.94.
Determine the time t, when the

‘waveform crosses the axis

.‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‬،t ‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬.١٣.٩٤ ‫( ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬x 10°" sin( 50,0007 ~ 40° 20 =
/ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍﻟﻲ‬.٣٨

Page 46:

590 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

U ‫ ||| ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬590

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42, Find the average value of the periodic waveforms in

‫ ﺍﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬،42

Fig. 13.97 over one full cycle.

Fig. 13.97 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬.

eV)

eV)

FIG. 13.94

FIG. 13.94
Problem 38.

.38 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

39. For the waveform of Fig. 13.93, find the time when the

‫ ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ‬،13.93 ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.39

waveform has is peak value \eyele |

| ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

40, For the oscilloscope display in Fig. 13.95:

:13.95 ‫ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،40

FIG. 13.97

FIG. 13.97
1a. Determine the period of the waveforms. Problem 42

42 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬.‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺃ‬1

،‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬.‫ﺃﻭﺃ‬

bb, Determine the frequency of each waveform,

،‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺐ‬

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‫‪c. Find the rms value of each waveform,‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‪،‬‬

‫‪4. Determine the phase shift between the two waveforms‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺘﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻭﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺃﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪43, Find the average value of the periodic waveform of‬‬

‫‪ ،43‬ﺍﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪Fig. 13.98 over one full cycle.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 13.98‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪rk‬‬

‫‪rk‬‬

‫‪eer‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫)‪15 # (ms‬‬
‫‪) # 15‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‬

‫!‪cycle ———+‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ———‪!+‬‬

‫‪Vertical sensitivity = 0.5 Viv.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ = ‪ 0.5‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬

‫‪FIG. 13.98‬‬

‫‪FIG. 13.98‬‬
‫‪Horizontal sensitivity = 1 msl. Problem 43.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ = ‪ 1‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪.43‬‬

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FIG. 13.95

FIG. 13.95
Problem 40.

.40 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

44, Find the average value of the periodic waveform of

‫ ﺍﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬،44

Fig. 13.99 over one full cycle.

.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬13.99 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

SECTION 13.7 Average Value

‫ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬13.7 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬

ima)

ima)

41. Find the average value of the periodic waveform in Fig. 13.96.

.13.96 ‫ ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.41

Oo 230

Oo 230
4ow)

4ow)

ot op 1234 Nope o rims)

23

20

20

eye.

eye.

ys 0 a ETE Tas) FIG. 13.99

ys 0 a ETE 13.99 ‫ﺗﺎﻭ( ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

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 ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﻣﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺕ‬

Problem 44.

.44 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

L_-_— teyete

L_-_— ‫ﺗﻴﺘﻴﺖ‬

45, Find the average value ofthe periodic function of Fig. 13.100:

:13.100 ‫ ﺍﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،45

a. By inspection.

.‫ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬.‫ﺃ‬

FIG. 13.96 b. Through calculations.

FIG. 13.96 ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺏ‬.

Problem 41. Compare the results of parts (a) and (b).

.(‫ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ )ﺃ( ﻭ )ﺏ‬.41 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

Page 47:

PROBLEMS ||| 591

591 ||| ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬

Find the average value of the periodic waveform in Fig. 13.101.

.13.101 ‫ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

For the waveform in Fig. 13.102:

‘a, Determine the period.

‘b. Find the frequency.

‘c. Determine the average value.

:13.102 ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

. .

.‫ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺏ‬

.‫ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬.‫ﺝ‬

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Sketch the resulting oscilloscope display if the vertical channel is switched from dc to
ac.

.‫ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

Find the rms values of the following sinusoidal waveforms:

a. v = 60 sin(377t + 60°)

b. i = 5x10° sin(2π1000t)

c. v = 7x10-6 sin(275000t + 30°)

:‫( ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬rms) ‫ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬

Find the rms value of the periodic waveform in Fig. 13.104 over one full cycle.

.‫ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬13.104 ‫( ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬rms) ‫ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬

Find the rms value of the periodic waveform in Fig. 13.105 over one full cycle.

.‫ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬13.105 ‫( ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬rms) ‫ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬

Page 48:

'592 ||| SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS U

‫ ||| ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻮﻳﺪﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬٥٩٢
53, What are the average and rms values of the square wave in 58, For the waveform
of Fig. 13.108

١٣.١٠٨ ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬،٥٨ ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬،53

Fig. 13.1067 a. Carefully sketch the squared waveform, Note that the

'equation for the sloping line must first be determined.

.‫ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭﻻ‬،‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬- ‫ﺃ‬
١٣.١٠٦٧ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

'b, Using some basic area equations and the approximate

2) approach, find the approximate area under the squared

'b، ‫ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬

cole — ‘e. Determine the rms value of the original waveform.

cole - 'e. ‫ﺣﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬.

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4. Find the average value ofthe original waveform,

.‫ ﺍﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬.٤

‘e. How does the average value of the waveform compare

to the ems value?

‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ؟‬.‫ﻫـ‬

ne. 13.106

١٣.١٠٦ .‫ﻫـ‬

Problem 3

٣ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

frequency, average value, and rms value. Bia

Bia .‫ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

a 13106

١٣.١٠٦ Problem $5

SECTION 13:10. ae Meters and Instruments

‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬.‫ ﻫـ‬١٣:١٠ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬

O = 16sin7T + 207)
O = ١٦sin٢٠٧ + ٧١)

a6. 13:07 AG 13.109

a١٣:٠٧ .٦ AG ١٣.١٠٩

Problem 54 Problem 56.

٥٦ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬٥٤ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

Page 49:

{'result': False, 'error': True}

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.‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ‬

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