Reading and Writing Skills

Good day,
Grade 11!
Ms. Mary Joy L. Pajo
Subject Teacher
Text as
Connected
Discourse
LESSON
OBJECTIVES
Identify the types and purpose of
01 Discourse.

Distinguish between various types of

02 discourse and identify the distinct
purposes behind each type.

Recognize the significance of

03 understanding discourse in both
everyday communication.
 According to Woolley (2011)
reading comprehension is the
process of making meaning
from text.
What is a Text?
Text refers to written materials like
books, letters, newspapers, or any
written content conveying
information.
A group of ideas put together to
make a point or one central idea.
 For example:
It was a dark and stormy night. In
her attic bedroom, Margaret Murray,
wrapped in an old patchwork quilt,
sat on the foot of her bed, and
watched the trees tossing in the
frenzied lashing of the wind.
Can we consider this as a Text?

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Can we consider this as a Text?
What is Discourse?
Originally, discourse was seen as dialogue – involving
interaction between a speaker and a listener. It
encompasses authentic daily oral communications within
a broader context.
Discourse is another word for any kind of written or
spoken communication.
To be considered discourse, a piece of writing must be
longer than a sentence and have a coherent purpose and
meaning.
Examples of Discourse
Journal Diary News Article
Examples of Discourse
Anecdotes Procedures
Examples of Discourse
Critiques Opinion Piece Research Article
GENERAL
PURPOSES
OF
SPEAKING
Purpose of Discourse:
TO INFORM
It provides a descriptive and
comprehensive discussion on the
topic.
It points out what one should know
about a topic or subject.
Purpose of Discourse:
TO PERSUADE
A discourse that aims to persuade tries to
convince the readers that the proposed
claim or solution is better than any other
proposal.
Purpose of Discourse:
TO ENTERTAIN
A discourse that aims to amuse
provides a source of entertainment for
its readers.
Text as Connected Discourse
A text is a connected discourse, which
means that all ideas in text must be
related in the sense that they would
express only one main idea, or that the
text must have unity by combining all
ideas to emphasize central idea.
LOOK FOR THE MAIN IDEA
 Text 1
Three major movements in the history of art are Medieval, Renaissance
and Modern. The Medieval period, which encompasses the time from
around 600 ADS into the 14th century, is predominately religious in
nature. Objects are not portrayed realistically, but as simple flat images.
During the Renaissance period, beginning in the late 14th century and
continuing into the 16th century, artists developed a more realistic style.
Renaissance artists also discovered the use of perspective, which brought
a three-dimensional feeling to two-dimensional artwork. Prominent artists
of this time were Leonardo da Vinci and Jan van Eyck. Modern art, which
encompasses the Impressionist and Cubist movements, began in the late
19th century and through the 20th century. Rather than focusing on
realism, artists explored the use of light, movement and color. Modern
artists include Pablo Picasso, Claude Monet and Vincent van Gogh
 Text 2
Mississippi River begins in northern Minnesota and runs over 2,500
miles to eventually empty into the Gulf of Mexico. It passes
through or borders ten states on its path to the Mississippi Delta of
Louisiana. The Mississippi River is the chief river in the Mississippi
system. It is fed by many tributaries, including the Missouri River
and the Ohio River. The Mississippi river system, with all of its
tributaries, is the fourth longest in the world, surpassed only by
the Nile, the Amazon and the Yangtze. The Mississippi discharges
an average of 200,000 to 700,000 cubic feet of water a second
into the Gulf of Mexico. This outflow makes it the fifth largest river
by volume in the word.
Four Types of
Written
Discourse
(1) DESCRIPTION
Its purpose is to transmit that impression through
concrete, colorful, and vivid language so that
readers can fully imagine the topic or subject.
It relies on the five senses to help the audience
visualize something. It may use imagery to help
the reader visualize a scene or object, or it might
rely on descriptions of sounds or feelings to
immerse the reader in a piece’s setting.
EXAMPLE PARAPGRAPH
When I first saw my childhood friend,
Margarette, she was about my younger
sister Viv’s height. Her hair was curly
and dark, and her skin was pale. But
what really struck me when I first saw
her was her big round blue eyes.
 (2) NARRATION
This type of discourse is like storytelling. It recalls events
chronologically. This discourse is told in the first-, second-, or
third-person point of view.
Narrative writing or speaking aims to tell a story often to evoke
a change in the audience's emotions or perceptions about a
topic.
This form of communication often resonates with the
audience's humanity, drawing on familiar experiences or
emotions, or portraying situations that capture the imagination.
It can be fiction or nonfiction and often includes stories told as
biographies, histories, and news reports.
EXAMPLE PARAPGRAPH
I remember the time when I learned how to swim. I was
only eight years old and afraid to bathe in a pool. I envied
the kids who played with inflatable balls and animals.
Whenever my family would visit the clubhouse, I would sit
beside the pool and never really jump in to join them. A
summer camp opened in our neighborhood, and my mom
thought of enrolling my brother and me in a swimming class.
Two days before the class started, my mom gave me a pep
talk; that made me realize that I did not want to miss out the
fun just because I was afraid.
 (3) EXPOSITION
This aims to inform about, clarify, and explain a
phenomenon.
It aims to inform the reader. Scientific reports,
compare-and-contrast essays, how-to guides, and
explanations of academic concepts are examples
of this type of discourse. With exposition, the goal
is not to persuade the reader or influence them in
any way; it is simply to educate them.
(4) ARGUMENTATION
Argumentative communication aims to
persuade by using logic and appealing to
reason.
It begins with a clear thesis statement
expressing the author's stance.
Evidence is presented in an organized
manner to support the thesis.
(1) ARGUMENTATION
Persuasion goes beyond simply convincing an
audience of a viewpoint; it aims to motivate
them to both accept the viewpoint and take
action based on it. For instance, while an
argument may make people agree with a political
candidate's stance, persuasion is successful
when it actually leads them to vote for that
candidate.
 EXAMPLE PARAPGRAPH
A recent study confirmed that playing video games may
cause children to become violent. However, this is only
true for some children. Dr. Charlotte Cooper and Dr.
Markey Vitasa of ABC University explained that children
who manifest a combination of three personality
traits―high neuroticism, disagreeableness, and low levels
of conscientiousness―are more likely to be aggressive
toward others after playing video games.
 Activity
Please bring out 1 whole sheet of paper
and answer the following activity.
Identify the purpose of the text and
the type of discourse employed.