Chapter 5—Solutions to Odd Problems

5.1 Calculations for Chemical Reactions

1. The possible conversion factors (in moles) are as follows:
3 mol Cl2 3 mol Cl2 2 mol Al 2 mol Al 2 mol AlCl3 2 mol AlCl3
   
2 mol Al 2 mol AlCl3 2 mol AlCl3 3 mol Cl2 2 mol Al 3 mol Cl2
3.
a. According to the balanced chemical reaction, 2 atoms of Al combine with 6 molecules of
HCl to produce 3 molecules of H2 and 2 molecules of AlCl3. Therefore, use this
relationship to calculate how many HCl molecules will react with 12 atoms of Al.
6 molecules HCl
12 atoms Al × 36 molecules of HCl
=
2 atoms Al
b. According to the balanced chemical reaction, 2 atoms of Al combine with 6 molecules of
HCl to produce 3 molecules of H2 and 2 molecules of AlCl3. Therefore, use this
relationship to calculate how many HCl molecules will react with 24 atoms of Al.
6 molecules HCl
24 atoms Al × 72 molecules of HCl
=
2 atoms Al
c. According to the balanced chemical reaction, 2 atoms of Al combine with 6 molecules of
HCl to produce 3 molecules of H2 and 2 molecules of AlCl3. Therefore, use this
relationship to calculate how many HCl molecules will react with 100 atoms of Al.
6 molecules HCl
100 atoms Al × 300 molecules of HCl
=
2 atoms Al
d. According to the balanced chemical reaction, 2 atoms of Al combine with 6 molecules of
HCl to produce 3 molecules of H2 and 2 molecules of AlCl3. Therefore, use this
relationship to calculate how many HCl molecules will react with 1 dozen atoms of Al.
6 molecules HCl
12 atoms Al × 36 molecules of HCl
=
2 atoms Al
e. According to the balanced chemical reaction, 2 mol Al combine with 6 mol HCl to
produce 3 mol H2 and 2 mol AlCl3. Therefore, use this relationship to calculate how
many HCl molecules will react with 1 mol Al.
6 mol HCl
1 mol Al × 3 mol HCl
=
2 mol Al
f. According to the balanced chemical reaction, 2 mol Al combine with 6 mol HCl to
produce 3 mol H2 and 2 mol AlCl3. Therefore, use this relationship to calculate how
many HCl molecules will react with 3 mol Al.
 6 mol HCl
3 mol Al × 9 mol HCl
=
2 mol Al
5. All students could carry out the reaction as specified in the equation. There is only one reactant,
KClO3, which will produce KCl and O2. It does not matter what the starting value of KClO3 is,
because this one reactant will produce the two indicated products.
7. The ratio is 14 mol HCl to 2 mol CrCl3.
9. From the balanced equation, 2 mol H2 reacts to produce 1 mol C6H14. Use this ratio as a
conversion factor when calculating the number of moles of C6H14 that is produced from 4.86 mol
H2.
1 mol C6 H14
4.86 mol H 2 × 2.43 mol C6 H14
=
2 mol H 2
11. First, write out the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between Al(OH)3 and HCl to
produce AlCl3 and H2O.

Al ( OH )3 ( s ) + 3 HCl ( aq ) → AlCl3 ( aq ) + 3 H 2 O ( l )

Next, use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of
AlCl3 to the number of moles of H2O. In this case, 1 mol AlCl3 is produced per 3 mol H2O. Use
this ratio as a conversion factor when calculating the number of moles of AlCl3 that will be
produced along with 2.46 mol H2O.
1 mol AlCl3
2.46 mol H 2 O × 0.820 mol AlCl3
=
3 mol H 2 O
13.
a. The mole ratios expressed by the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation are also
millimole ratios. In this case, 1 mol CrO42– reacts with 3 mol Co2+, so 1 mmol CrO42–
reacts with 3 mmol Co2+.

1 mmol CrO 4 2−
2+
7.00 mmol Co × 2+
× = 2.33 mmol CrO 4 2−
3 mmol Co
Notice that if you had first converted to moles, then back to millimoles at the end, those
conversions would cancel each other out in the overall calculation and the final answer is
the same.

1 mol Co 2+ 1 mol CrO 4 2− 1000 mmol CrO 4 2−

7.00 mmol Co 2+ × 2+
× 2+
× 2−
2.33 mmol CrO 4 2−
=
1000 mmol Co 3 mol Co 1 mol CrO 4
b. As in part a, use the coefficients from the balanced chemical equation as a millimole
ratio.
4 mmol H 2 O
7.00 mmol Co 2+ × 9.33 mmol H 2 O
=
3 mmol Co 2+
5.2 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions
15. First, calculate the moles of aluminum from the given mass (10.0 × 106 g) using the molar mass
of aluminum (26.982 g/mol).
1 mol Al
10.0 ×106 g Al × 3.71×105 mol Al
=
26.982 g Al
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of Al2O3 to
the moles of Al. In this case, 2 mol Al are produced per 1 mol Al2O3. Therefore, use this ratio as a
conversion factor to convert the calculated moles of Al to moles of Al2O3.
1 mol Al2 O3
3.71×105 mol Al × 1.85 ×105 mol Al2 O3
=
2 mol Al
Then, convert the moles of Al2O3 to mass of Al2O3 using its molar mass.

(
Molar mass = 2 26.982 g
mol ) + 3 (15.999 ) = 101.961  Al O
g
mol
g
mol 2 3

101.961 g Al2 O3
1.85 ×105 mol Al2 O3 × 1.89 ×107 g Al2 O3
=
1 mol Al2 O3
17.
a. First, convert the given mass of NaHCO3 to moles of NaHCO3 using its molar mass.
g
Molar mass = 22.99 mol g
+ 1.008 mol g
+ 12.011 mol + 3 15.999 ( g
mol ) = 84.01 g
mol NaHCO3

1 mol NaHCO3
12.2 g NaHCO3 × 0.145 mol NaHCO3
=
84.01 g NaHCO3
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of
NaHCO3 to the moles of Na2CO3. In this case, 1 mol Na2CO3 is produced per 2 mol
NaHCO3. Therefore, use this ratio as a conversion factor to convert the calculated moles
of NaHCO3 to moles of Na2CO3.
1 mol Na 2 CO3
0.145 mol NaHCO3 × 7.26 × 10−2 mol Na 2 CO3
=
2 mol NaHCO3
Convert the moles of Na2CO3 to mass of Na2CO3 using its molar mass.

Molar mass (
= 2 14.007 g
mol ) + 12.011 g
mol ( )
g
+ 3 15.999 mol= 88.022 g
mol Na 2 CO3

88.022 g Na 2 CO3
7.26 ×10−2 mol Na 2 CO3 × 6.39 g Na 2 CO3
=
1  mol Na 2 CO3
b. The mass of solid product is 6.39 g.
c. There is no difference between parts a and b. Na2CO3 is the only solid product, so the
mass of solid product and the mass of Na2CO3 are the same.
19.
a. First, write out the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of Na and Cl2 to produce
NaCl.

2 Na(s) + Cl2 (g) → 2 NaCl(s)

Convert the mass of Cl2 to moles using its molar mass.

Molar
= mass 2= (g
35.45 mol 70.90 ) g
mol Cl2

1 mol Cl2
7.11 g Cl2 × 0.100 mol Cl2
=
70.90 g Cl2
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of
Cl2 to the moles of NaCl. In this case, 2 mol NaCl are produced per 1 mol Cl2. Therefore,
use this ratio as a conversion factor to convert the calculated moles of Cl2 to moles of
NaCl.
2 mol NaCl
0.100 mol Cl2 × 0.201 mol NaCl
=
1 mol Cl2
Convert the moles of NaCl to mass of NaCl using its molar mass.
g g g
Molar mass = 22.99 mol + 35.45 mol = 58.44 mol NaCl

58.44 g NaCl
0.201 mol NaCl × 11.7 g NaCl
=
1 mol NaCl
b. First, write out the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of HCl and NaOH to
produce NaCl.

HCl ( aq ) + NaOH ( aq ) → NaCl ( aq ) + H 2 O ( l )

Convert the mass of HCl to moles of HCl using its molar mass.
g g g
Molar mass =1.008 mol + 35.45 mol = 36.46  HCl
mol

1 mol HCl
7.11 g HCl × 0.195 mol HCl
=
36.46 g HCl
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of
HCl to the moles of NaCl. In this case, 1 mol NaCl is produced per 1 mol HCl. Therefore,
use this ratio as a conversion factor to convert the calculated moles of HCl to moles of
NaCl.
1 mol NaCl
0.195 mol HCl × 0.195 mol NaCl
=
1 mol HCl
Convert the moles of NaCl to mass of NaCl using its molar mass.
 g g g
Molar mass = 22.99 mol + 35.45 mol = 58.44  NaCl
mol

58.44 g NaCl
0.195 mol NaCl × 11.4 g NaCl
=
1 mol NaCl
21. First, convert the given mass of lead(II) sulfate, PbSO4, to moles using its molar mass.

Molar mass = 207.2 g

mol + 32.06 g
mol (
+ 4 15.999 g
mol ) = 303.3  PbSO
g
mol 4

1 mol PbSO 4
49.7 g PbSO 4 × 0.164 mol PbSO 4
=
303.3 g PbSO 4
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of PbSO4 to
the moles of Pb(s). In this case, 1 mol Pb(s) is produced per 2 mol PbSO4. Therefore, use this
ratio as a conversion factor to convert the calculated moles of PbSO4 to moles of Pb(s).
1 mol Pb
0.164 mol PbSO 4 × 8.19 ×10−2 mol Pb
=
2 mol PbSO 4
Convert the moles of Pb(s) to mass of Pb(s) using its molar mass, 207.2 g/mol.
207.2 g Pb
8.19 ×10−2 mol Pb × 17.0 g Pb
=
1 mol Pb
23. First, convert the given mass of Cu to moles of Cu using its molar mass, 63.546 g/mol.
1 mol Cu
14.0 g Cu × 0.220 mol Cu
=
63.546 g Cu
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of Cu to the
moles of NO. In this case, 2 mol NO are produced per 3 mol Cu. Therefore, use this ratio as a
conversion factor to convert the calculated moles of Cu to moles of NO.
2 mol NO
0.220 mol Cu × 0.147 mol NO
=
3 mol Cu
Convert the moles of NO to mass of NO using its molar mass.
g g g
Molar mass = 14.007 mol + 15.999 mol = 30.006  NO
mol

30.006 g NO
0.147 mol NO × 4.41 g NO
=
1 mol NO
25. First, convert the mass of AgBr to moles of AgBr using its molar mass.
g g g
Molar mass =107.87 mol + 79.904 mol =187.77  AgBr
mol

1 mol AgBr
2.66 g AgBr × 1.42 ×10−2 mol AgBr
=
187.77 g AgBr
 Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of AgBr to
the moles of Na2S2O3. In this case, there is 1 mol AgBr per 2 mol Na2S2O3. Therefore, use this
mole ratio as a conversion factor to convert the calculated moles of AgBr to moles of Na2S2O3.
2 mol Na 2S2 O3
1.42 ×10−2 mol AgBr × 2.83 ×10−2 mol Na 2S2 O3
=
1 mol AgBr
Then, convert the moles of Na2S2O3 to mass of Na2S2O3 using its molar mass.

(
Molar mass = 2 22.99 g
mol ) + 2 ( 32.06 ) + 3 (15.999 ) = 158.10  
g
mol
g
mol Na S O g
mol 2 2 3

158.10 g Na 2S2 O3
2.83 ×10−2 mol Na 2S2 O3 × 4.48 g Na 2S2 O3
=
1 mol Na 2S2 O3
27. First, convert the mass of Al to moles of Al using its molar mass, 26.982 g/mol.
1 mol Al
14.4 g Al × 0.534 mol Al
=
26.982 g Al
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of Al to the
moles of HNO3. In this case, there are 8 mol Al per 30 mol HNO3. Therefore, use this mole ratio
as a conversion factor to convert the calculated moles of Al to moles of HNO3.
30 mol HNO3
0.534 mol Al × 2.00 mol HNO3
=
8 mol Al
Then, convert the moles of HNO3 to mass of HNO3 using its molar mass.
g
Molar mass =1.008 mol + 14.007 g
mol (
+ 3 15.999 g
mol ) =63.012 g
mol HNO3

63.012 g HNO3
2.00 mol HNO3 × 126 g HNO3
=
1 mol HNO3
29. First, convert the given mass of HBF4 to moles of HBF4 using its molar mass.

Molar mass g
= 1.008 mol g
+ 10.81 mol + 4 ×18.998=(
g
mol
g
87.81  HBF
mol 4 )
1 mol HBF4
125 g HBF4 × 1.42 mol HBF4
=
87.81 g HBF4
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of HBF4 to
the moles of HF. In this case, 1 mol HBF4 is produced per 4 mol HF. Therefore, use this mole
ratio as a conversion factor to convert the calculated moles of HBF4 to moles of HF.
4 mol HF
1.42 mol HBF4 × 5.69 mol HF
=
1 mol HBF4
Then, convert the moles of HF to mass of HF using its molar mass.
g g g
Molar mass =1.008 mol + 18.998 mol =20.006 mol HF
 20.006 g HF
5.69 mol HF × 1.14 ×102 g HF
=
1 mol HF
31. Convert the given mass of (NH4)2CO3 to moles of (NH4)2CO3 using its molar mass.

(
Molar mass = 2 14.007 g
mol ) + 8 (1.008 ) + 12.011
g
mol
g
mol

(
+3 15.999 g
mol )= (
96.086  NH g
mol 4 2 ) CO3

1 mol ( NH 4 )2 CO3
122 g ( NH 4 )2 CO3 × 1.27 mol ( NH 4 )2 CO3
=
96.086 g ( NH 4 )2 CO3

Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of
(NH4)2CO3 to the moles of NH3. In this case, 2 mol NH3 are produced per 1 mol (NH4)2CO3.
Therefore, use this mole ratio as a conversion factor to convert the calculated moles of
(NH4)2CO3 to moles of NH3.
2 mol NH 3
1.27 mol ( NH 4 )2 CO3 × 2.54 mol NH 3
=
1 mol ( NH 4 )2 CO3

Then, convert the moles of NH3 to mass of NH3 using its molar mass.

Molar mass =
14.007 g
mol ( g
+ 3 1.008 mol ) g
17.031  NH
= mol 3

17.031 g NH 3
2.54 mol NH 3 × 43.2 g NH 3
=
1 mol NH 3
33. Convert the given mass of PCl5 to moles of PCl5 using its molar mass.

Molar mass =30.974 g

mol ( g
+ 5 35.45 mol = ) g
208.2  PCl
mol 5

1 mol PCl5
20.83 g PCl5 × 0.100 mol PCl5
=
208.2 g PCl5
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of PCl5 to
the moles of HCl and H3PO4. In this case, 5 mol HCl and 1 mol H3PO4 are produced per 1 mol
PCl5. Therefore, use these mole ratios as conversion factors to convert the calculated moles of
PCl5 to moles of HCl and moles of H3PO4.
5 mol HCl
0.100 mol PCl5 × 0.500 mol HCl
=
1 mol PCl5

1 mol H 3 PO 4
0.100 mol PCl5 × 0.100 mol H 3 PO 4
=
1 mol PCl5
Convert the moles of HCl and H3PO4 to mass of HCl and H3PO4 using each compound’s molar
mass.
 g g g
Molar mass =1.008 mol + 35.45 mol = 36.46  HCl
mol

36.46 g HCl
0.500 mol HCl × 18.2 g HCl
=
1 mol HCl

( g
Molar mass= 3 1.008 mol )
+ 30.974 g
mol (
+ 4 15.999 g
mol )= g
97.994  H
mol 3 PO 4

97.994 g H 3 PO 4
0.100 mol H 3 PO 4 × 9.80 g H 3 PO 4
=
1 mol H 3 PO 4
Then, add the calculated masses of HCl and H3PO4 to calculate the total mass.
18.2 g + 9.80 g =
28.0 g

5.3 Problems Involving Limiting Quantities

35.
a. Since each sandwich consists of 2 slices of bread, you can make 12 sandwiches with 24
slices of bread, 24/2 = 12.
b. Since 24 slices of bread can make 12 sandwiches, you can make only 12 sandwiches
using 12 of the hamburger patties. Two of the hamburger patties are in excess.
c. Since you only have 11 hamburger patties, you can make only 11 hamburger sandwiches
using 22 slices of bread. Two slices of bread will be in excess.
d. You can identify a limiting reactant problem because the quantities of at least two
different reactants are given.
37.
a. Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of
HNO3 to the moles of Ba(NO3)2. In this case, 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 is produced per 2 mol
HNO3. Therefore, use this mole ratio as a conversion factor to convert the given moles of
HNO3 to moles of Ba(NO3)2.
1 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
2.5 mol HNO3 × 1.25 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
=
2 mol HNO3
b. Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of
HNO3 and Ba(OH)2 to the moles of Ba(NO3)2. In this case, 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 is produced
per 1 mol Ba(OH)2 and 2 mol HNO3. Use these mole ratios as conversion factors to
convert the given moles of each reactant to moles of Ba(NO3)2.
1 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
2.5 mol HNO3 × 1.25 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
=
2 mol HNO3

1 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
1.1 mol Ba(OH) 2 × 1.10 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
=
1 mol Ba(OH) 2
 Since the number of moles of Ba(NO3)2 produced from the moles of Ba(OH)2 is smaller
than that produced from the moles of HNO3, Ba(OH)2 is the limiting reagent and only
1.10 mol Ba(NO3)2 can be made.
c. Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of
HNO3 and Ba(OH)2 to the moles of Ba(NO3)2. In this case, 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 is produced
per 1 mol Ba(OH)2 and 2 mol HNO3. Use these mole ratios as conversion factors to
convert the given moles of each reactant to moles of Ba(NO3)2.
1 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
2.5 mol HNO3 × 1.25 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
=
2 mol HNO3

1 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
2.00 mol Ba(OH) 2 × 2.00 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
=
1 mol Ba(OH) 2
Since the number of moles of Ba(NO3)2 produced from the moles of HNO3 is smaller
than that produced from the moles of Ba(OH)2, HNO3 is the limiting reagent and only
1.25 mol Ba(NO3)2 can be made.
39.
A + 3B → C + 2D

a. Change due to reaction −2.50 mol −7.50 mol +2.50 mol +5.00 mol

b. Change due to reaction −1.50 mol −4.50 mol +1.50 mol +3.00 mol

a. Because 1 mol of C forms per 1 mol of A consumed, the change in amount of A is the
same as the change in amount of C, but with the opposite sign. Therefore, the change in
amount of A is −2.50 mol. Because 1 mole of C forms per 3 mol of B consumed, the
change in amount of B is 3 times the change in amount of C, again with the opposite sign.
Therefore, the change in B is −7.50 mol. Because 2 mol of D form per 1 mol of C that
forms, the change in amount of D is 2 times the change in amount of C. Therefore, the
change in amount of D is 5.0 mol.
b. Because 1 mol of A reacts per 3 mol of B, the change in amount of A is one-third the
change in amount of B. Therefore, the change in amount of A is −1.50 mol. Because 1
mol of C forms per 3 mol of B consumed, the change in amount of C is one-third the
change in amount of B, with the opposite sign. Therefore, the change in C is 1.50 mol.
Because 2 mol of D form per 3 mol of B, the change in amount of D is two-thirds times
the change in amount of B. Therefore, the change in amount of D is 3.00 mol.
41.
a. First, calculate the amount of one of the products formed if each reactant were
completely used up.
1 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
0.400 mol Zn × 0.400 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
=
1 mol Zn
 1 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
0.400 mol AgNO3 × 0.200 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
=
2 mol AgNO3
The limiting reagent in this case is AgNO3. Therefore, 0.200 mol of Zn(NO3)2 form. Now
use the number of moles of AgNO3 to calculate the number of moles of Ag that form.
2 mol Ag
0.400 mol AgNO3 × 0.400 mol Ag
=
2 mol AgNO3
The amount of Ag formed is 0.400 mol. Finally, determine the number of moles of Zn
consumed using the moles of the limiting reagent.
1 mol Zn
0.400 mol AgNO3 × 0.200 mol Zn consumed
=
2 mol AgNO3
Therefore, 0.200 mol of Zn are consumed. However, to find out how much is in excess,
subtract this number from the initial number of moles of Zn.
0.400 mol Zn − 0.200 mol Zn consumed =
0.200 mol Zn in excess
b. First, calculate the amount of one of the products formed if each reactant were
completely used up.
1 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
0.400 mol Zn × 0.400 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
=
1 mol Zn
1 mol Zn ( NO3 )2
1.000 mol AgNO3 × 0.5000 mol Zn ( NO3 )2
=
2 mol AgNO3
The limiting reagent in this case is Zn. Therefore, 0.400 mol of Zn(NO3)2 are formed.
Now use the amount of Zn to calculate the number of moles of Ag that forms.
2 mol Ag
0.400 mol Zn × 0.800 mol Ag
=
1 mol Zn
The amount of Ag formed is 0.800 mol. Finally, determine the number of moles of
AgNO3 consumed using the moles of limiting reagent.
2 mol AgNO3
0.400 mol Zn × 0.800 mol AgNO3 consumed
=
1 mol Zn
Therefore, 0.800 mol AgNO3 are consumed. However, to find out how much is in excess,
subtract this number from the initial number of moles of AgNO3.

1.000 mol AgNO3 − 0.800 mol AgNO3consumed

= 0.200 mol AgNO3in excess

c. First, calculate the amount of one of the products formed if each reactant were
completely used up.
 1 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
0.800 mol Zn × 0.800 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
=
1 mol Zn
1 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
2.000 mol AgNO3 × 1.000 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
=
2 mol AgNO3
The limiting reagent in this case is Zn. Therefore, 0.800 mol of Zn(NO3)2 form. Now use
the amount of Zn to calculate the number of moles of Ag that will form.
2 mol Ag
0.800 mol Zn × 1.60 mol Ag
=
1 mol Zn
Therefore, 1.60 mol Ag form. Finally, determine the number of moles of AgNO3
consumed using the moles of limiting reagent.
2 mol AgNO3
0.800 mol Zn × 1.60 mol AgNO3 consumed
=
1 mol Zn
Therefore, 1.60 mol AgNO3 are consumed. However, to find out how much is in excess,
subtract this number from the initial number of moles of AgNO3.

2.000 mol AgNO3 − 1.6 mol AgNO3 consumed

= 0.400 mol AgNO3 in excess

d. First, calculate the amount of one of the products formed if each reactant were
completely used up.
1 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
0.900 mol Zn × 0.900 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
=
1 mol Zn
1 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
1.800 mol AgNO3 × 0.900 mol Zn(NO3 ) 2
=
2 mol AgNO3
In this case, the amount of Zn(NO3)2 formed from the number of moles of both Zn and
AgNO3 is the same. Therefore, there is no limiting reagent, there is no reagent in excess,
and 0.900 mol of Zn(NO3)2 form.
Next, use either the initial moles of Zn or the initial moles of AgNO3 to calculate the
moles of Ag that form.
2 mol Ag
0.900 mol Zn × 1.80 mol Ag
=
1 mol Zn
Therefore, 1.80 mol of Ag form.
43.
a. First, convert the given moles of H2 to moles of N2 using the coefficients in the balanced
chemical equation.
 1 mol N 2
6.00 mol H 2 × 2.00 mol N 2
=
3 mol H 2
b. Since you do not know how much NH3 is produced or how much H2 reacted, you cannot
tell how much N2 reacts.
c. Since you know how much NH3 is produced, you can tell how much H2 reacted. Just
convert the moles of NH3 produced to moles of H2 to find out how much H2 reacted.
45.
a. First, determine if the home plates or the bases limit the number of baseball fields that
can be created.
1 baseball field
5 home plates × 5 baseball fields
=
1 home plate
1 baseball field
12 bases × 4 baseball fields
=
3 bases
Thus, the bases are the limiting factor, and only four baseball fields can be fully
equipped.
b. If four home plates are used to make the four baseball fields and initially there were five
home plates, then there is one home plate in excess.
47.
a. First, determine the limiting reagent by calculating the moles of C4H6Cl4 formed from
each of the masses of reactants.

( g
Molar mass = 4 12.011 mol ) (g
+ 6 1.008 mol ) g
= 54.092  C
mol 4H6

Molar
= mass 2= (g
35.45 mol g
)
70.90  Cl
mol 2

1 mol C4 H 6 1 mol C4 H 6 Cl4

35.0 g C4 H 6 × × 0.647 mol C4 H 6 Cl4
=
54.092 g C4 H 6 1 mol C4 H 6

1 mol Cl2 1 mol C4 H 6 Cl4

105.0 g Cl2 × × 0.7405 g C4 H 6 Cl4
=
70.90 g Cl2 2 mol Cl2
In this case, the limiting reagent is C4H6. Therefore, convert the moles of C4H6Cl4 formed
from C4H6 to mass of C4H6Cl4 using its molar mass.

( g
Molar mass = 4 12.011 mol ) ( g
+ 6 1.008 mol ) (g
+ 4 35.45 mol = 195.9) g
mol C4 H 6 Cl4

195.9 g C4 H 6 Cl4
0.647 mol C4 H 6 Cl4 × 127 g C4 H 6 Cl4
=
1 mol C4 H 6 Cl4
 b. You cannot use the law of conservation of mass to solve this problem because there is an
excess of one of the reactants.
49. First, determine the limiting reagent by calculating the moles of NO formed from each of the
masses of reactants.

Molar mass =
14.007 g
mol ( g
+ 3 1.008 mol ) g
17.031  NH
= mol 3

Molar mass 2=
= (
g
15.999 mol g
31.998  O
mol 2 )
1 mol NH 3 4 mol NO
65.00 g NH 3 × × 3.817 mol NO
=
17.031 g NH 3 4 mol NH 3

1 mol O 2 4 mol NO
150.0 g O 2 × × 3.750 mol NO
=
31.998 g O 2 5 mol O 2
In this case, O2 is the limiting reagent. Therefore, 3.750 mol of NO are produced. Convert moles
of NO to molecules of NO using Avogadro’s number, 6.022 × 1023 .

6.022 ×1023 molecules NO

3.750 mol NO × 2.258 ×1024 molecules NO
=
1 mol NO
5.4 Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield
51.
a. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of SO2 and Cl2.

SO 2 ( g ) + Cl2 ( g ) → SO 2 Cl2 ( l )

Since Cl2 is in excess, SO2 is the limiting reagent. Therefore, calculate the theoretical
yield by converting the initial mass of SO2 to the mass of SO2Cl2.

Molar mass =
32.06 g
mol (
+ 2 15.999 g
mol )=
64.06 g
mol

Molar mass =
32.06 g
mol (
+ 2 15.999 g
mol ) + 2 ( 35.45 ) =
g
134.96  SO Cl
mol
g
mol 2 2

1 mol SO 2 1 mol SO 2 Cl2 134.96 g SO 2 Cl2

6.11 g SO 2 × × × 12.9 g SO 2 Cl2
=
64.06 g SO 2 1 mol SO 2 1 mol SO 2 Cl2
b. The percent yield is equal to the actual yield divided by the theoretical yield, and that
answer is multiplied by 100%. In this problem, the actual yield is equal to 12.4 g.
Therefore, use this value and the calculated theoretical yield to determine the percent
yield.
12.4
×100% =
96.1%
12.9
53. Since Br2 is in excess, C4H8 is the limiting reagent. Therefore, calculate the theoretical yield by
converting the initial mass of C4H8 to the mass of C4H8Br2.
 ( g
Molar mass = 4 12.011 mol ) ( g
+ 8 1.008 mol )
= 56.108 C4 H8

( g
Molar mass = 4 12.011 mol ) ( g
+ 8 1.008 mol ) (
+ 2 79.904 g
mol )= 215.92 g
mol C4 H8 Br2

1 mol C4 H8 1 mol C4 H8 Br2 215.92 g C4 H8 Br2

10.0 g C4 H8 × × × 38.5 g C4 H8 Br2
=
56.108 g C4 H8 1 mol C4 H8 1 mol C4 H8 Br2
The percent yield is equal to the actual yield divided by the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100%.
In this problem, the actual yield is 36.0 g. Therefore, use this value and the calculated theoretical
yield to determine the percent yield.
36.0 g
×100% =
93.5%
38.5 g

5.5 Definition and Uses of Molarity

55.
a. Divide the moles of solute by the liters of solution to calculate the molarity.
0.365 mol
=M = 0.913 M
0.4000 L
b. Divide the moles of solute by the liters of solution to calculate the molarity. Make sure to
convert the millimoles of solute to moles of solute before calculating the molarity.

 1 mol 
 365 mmol × 
1000 mmol 
=M = 0.913 M
0.4000 L
c. Divide the moles of solute by the liters of solution to calculate the molarity. Make sure to
convert the milliliters of solution to liters of solution before calculating the molarity.
0.365 mol
=M = 0.913 M
 1L 
 400.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
d. Divide the millimoles of solute by the milliliters of solution to calculate the molarity.
365 mmol
=M = 0.913 M
400.0 mL
57.
a. Divide the moles of solute by the liters of solution to calculate the molarity.
0.123 mol
=M = 0.176 M
0.7000 L
 b. Molarity can also be defined as the number of millimoles of solute per milliliter of
solution. Therefore, divide the millimoles of solute by the milliliters of solution to
calculate the molarity.
123 mmol
=M = 0.176 M
700.0 mL
59. Divide the moles of solute by the liters of solution to calculate the molarity. Make sure to convert
the milliliters of solution to liters of solution before calculating the molarity.
1.17 mol
=M = 1.24 M
 1L 
 943 mL × 
 1000 mL 
61. Divide the moles of solute by the liters of solution to calculate the molarity. Make sure to convert
the milliliters of solution to liters of solution before calculating the molarity.
0.5050 mol
=M = 1.263 M
 1L 
 400.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
63. Molarity, M, is the number of moles of solute, n, per liter of solution, V. Rearrange the equation to
solve for volume.
n
M=
V
VM = n
n
V=
M
Enter the given molarity and moles of solute into this equation to solve for the volume.
0.175 mol
=V = 0.199 L
0.881 M
65. Molarity, M, is the number of moles of solute, n, per liter of solution, V. Rearrange this equation
to solve for moles of solute.
n
M=
V
MV = n
Enter the given molarity and volume into this equation, and solve for the moles of solute.

( 3.09 M ) × ( 0.0112 L ) =
n= 3.46 ×10−2 mol

Then, convert the moles of solute, NaNO3, to mass of solute using its molar mass.

Molar mass =22.99 g

mol + 14.007 g
mol (
+ 3 15.999 g
mol ) =84.99  NaNO
g
mol 3
 84.99 g NaNO3
3.46 ×10−2 mol NaNO3 × 2.94 g NaNO3
=
1 mol NaNO3
67. Molarity, M, is the number of moles of solute, n, per liter of solution, V. Rearrange this equation
to solve for moles of solute.
n
M=
V
n = MV
Enter the given molarity and volume into this equation, and solve for the moles of solute.

n =( 2.163 M ) × ( 0.8122 L ) =1.757 mol

69. Molarity, M, is the number of moles of solute, n, per liter of solution, V. Rearrange this equation
to solve for the moles of solute.
n
M=
V
n = MV
Enter the given molarity and volume into this equation, and solve for the moles of solute. Make
sure to convert the volume from milliliters to liters.

 1L 
n = ( 0.909 M ) × 1255 mL ×  = 1.14 mol
 1000 mL 
Then, convert the moles of solute, AlCl3, to mass of solute using its molar mass.

Molar mass =26.982 g

mol ( g
)
+ 3 35.45 mol = g
133.3  AlCl
mol 3

133.3 g AlCl3
1.14 mol AlCl3 × 152 g AlCl3
=
1 mol AlCl3
71. Molarity, M, is the number of moles of solute, n, per liter of solution, V. Rearrange this equation
to solve for the volume of solution.
n
M=
V
VM = n
n
V=
M
Enter the given molarity and moles of solute into this equation, and solve for the volume of
solution. Make sure to convert the given millimoles of solute to moles of solute.
  1 mol 
 25.5 mmol × 
 1000 mmol 
V
= = 8.04 ×10−3 L
3.171 M
73. The initial volume, V1, and molarity, M1, of the solution are 20.8 mL and 2.11 M, respectively.
The final volume, V2, of the solution is 50.0 mL. Therefore, the final molarity, M2, needs to be
calculated. Rearrange the M1V1 = M2V2 equation to solve for M2.

M 1V1 = M 2V2

M 1V1
M2 =
V2
Enter the given values into this equation, and solve for M2.

=M2
(=
20.8 mL ) × ( 2.11 M )
0.878 M
50.0 mL
75. The final volume, V2, and molarity, M2, of the solution are 6.00 L and 0.450 M, respectively. The
initial molarity, M1, of the solution is 2.50 M. Therefore, find the initial volume, V1. Rearrange
the M1V1 = M2V2 equation to solve for V1.

M 1V1 = M 2V2

M 2V2
V1 =
M1
Enter the given values into this equation, and solve for V1.

=V1
(=
0.450 M ) × ( 6.00 L )
1.08 L
2.50 M
77. The initial volume, V1, and molarity, M1, of the solution are 6.929 mL and 3.555 M, respectively.
The final molarity, M2, is 0.8229 M. Therefore, find the final volume, V2, of the solution.
Rearrange the M1V1 = M2V2 equation to solve for V2.

M 1V1 = M 2V2

M 1V1
V2 =
M2
Enter the given values into this equation, and solve for V2.

=V2
(=
3.555 M ) × ( 6.929 mL )
29.93 mL
0.8229 M

5.6 Molarities of Ions

79.
 a. Each mole of Al2(SO4)3consists of 2 mol Al3+ and 3 mol SO42−. Use these relationships
and the given concentration of Al2(SO4)3 to determine the molarity of each ion.

2 mol Al3+
0.344 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 × 0.688 M Al3+
=
1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3

3 mol SO 4 2−
0.344 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 × 1.03 M SO 4 2−
=
1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3
b. Each mole of (NH4)3PO4 consists of 3 mol NH4+ and 1 mol PO43−. Use these relationships
and the given concentration of (NH4)3PO4 to determine the molarity of each ion.

3 mol NH 4+
1.61 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4 × 4.83 M NH 4+
=
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4

1 mol PO 43−
1.61 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4 × 1.61 M PO 43−
=
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4
c. For each mole of Ba(OH)2, there is 1 mol Ba2+ and 2 mol OH−. Use these relationships
and the given concentration of Ba(OH)2 to determine the molarity of each ion.

1 mol Ba 2+
0.0808 mol Ba(OH) 2 × 0.0808 M Ba 2+
=
1 mol Ba(OH) 2

2 mol OH −
0.0808 mol Ba(OH) 2 × 0.162 M OH −
=
1 mol Ba(OH) 2
d. Each mole of KBr consists of 1 mol K+ and 1 mol Br−. Use these relationships and the
given concentration of KBr to determine the molarity of each ion.

1 mol K +
3.75 mol KBr × 3.75 M K +
=
1 mol KBr
1 mol Br −
3.75 mol KBr × 3.75 M Br −
=
1 mol KBr
e. Each mole of NaClO3 consists of 1 mol Na+ and 1 mol ClO3−. Use these relationships and
the given concentration of NaClO3 to determine the molarity of each ion.

1 mol Na +
3.09 mol NaClO3 × 3.09 M Na +
=
1 mol NaClO3

1 mol ClO3−
3.09 mol NaClO3 × 3.09 M ClO3−
=
1 mol NaClO3
81. Each mole of Al2(SO4)3consists of 2 mol Al3+ and 3 mol SO42−. Use these relationships and the
given concentration of Al2(SO4)3 to determine the molarity of each ion.
 2 mol Al3+
0.0715 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 × 0.143 M Al3+
=
1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3

3 mol SO 4 2−
0.0715 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 × 0.215 M SO 4 2−
=
1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3
83. First, determine the number of moles of each ion that comes from each compound. Start by
determining the number of moles of each ion in Li2SO4 from the given moles of Li2SO4. For each
mole of Li2SO4, there are 2 mol Li+ and 1 mol SO42−.

2 mol Li +
0.217 mol Li 2SO 4 × 0.434 mol Li +
=
1 mol Li 2SO 4

1 mol SO 4 2−
0.217 mol Li 2SO 4 × 0.217 mol SO 4 2−
=
1 mol Li 2SO 4
Then, determine the number of moles of each ion in K2SO4 from the given moles of K2SO4. For
each mole of K2SO4, there are 2 mol K+ and 1 mol SO42−.

2 mol K +
0.217 mol K 2SO 4 × 0.434 mol K +
=
1 mol K 2SO 4

1 mol SO 4 2−
0.217 mol K 2SO 4 × 0.217 mol SO 4 2−
=
1 mol K 2SO 4
Since SO42− comes from both Li2SO4 and K2SO4, add the moles of SO42− that come from both
compounds to find the total moles of SO42−. Then, divide the moles of each ion by the final
solution volume (650.0 mL) to calculate the molarity of each ion. Make sure to convert the
volume from milliliters to liters.
Li+:

0.434 mol Li +
= 0.668 M Li +
 1L 
 650.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
K+:

0.434 mol K +
= 0.668 M K +
 1L 
 650.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 

SO 4 2− :
 ( 0.217 mol SO 4
2−
+ 0.217 mol SO 4 2− ) = 0.668 M SO 2−
4
 1L 
 650.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
85. First, determine the number of moles of each ion that comes from each compound. Start by
determining the number of moles of each ion in Al2(SO4)3 from the given moles of Al2(SO4)3. For
each mole of Al2(SO4)3, there are 2 mol Al3+ and 3 mol SO42−.

2 mol Al3+
0.0500 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 × 0.100 mol Al3+
=
1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3

3 mol SO 4 2−
0.0500 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 × 0.150 mol SO 4 2−
=
1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3
Then, determine the number of moles of each ion in Na2SO3 from the given moles of Na2SO3. For
each mole of Na2SO3, there are 2 mol Na+ and 1 mol SO32−.

2 mol Na +
0.0500 mol Na 2SO3 × 0.1000 mol Na +
=
1 mol Na 2SO3

1 mol SO32−
0.0500 mol Na 2SO3 × 0.0500 mol SO32−
=
1 mol Na 2SO3
Divide the moles of each ion by the final solution volume (250.0 mL) to calculate the molarity of
each ion. Make sure to convert the volume from milliliters to liters.
Al3+:

0.100 mol Al3+

= 0.400 M Al3+
 1L 
 250.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
Na+:

0.100 mol Na +
= 0.400 M Na +
 1 L 
 250.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 

SO 4 2− :

0.150 mol SO 4 2−
= 0.600 M SO 4 2−
 1L 
 250.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 

SO32− :
 0.0500 mol SO32−
= 0.200 M SO32−
 1L 
 250.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
87. Calculate the number of moles of ionic compound there are in each solution from the given
volume and molarity of each solution. Make sure to convert milliliters to liters.
1 L NaCl 3.35 mol NaCl
30.0 mL NaCl × × 0.101 mol NaCl
=
1000 mL NaCl 1 L NaCl
1 L Na 2SO 4 1.35 mol Na 2SO 4
70.0 mL Na 2SO 4 × × 9.45 ×10−2 mol Na 2SO 4
=
1000 mL Na 2SO 4 1 L Na 2SO 4
Next, determine the number of moles of each ion that comes from each compound. Start by
determining the number of moles of each ion in NaCl from the calculated moles of NaCl. For
each mole of NaCl, there is 1 mol Na+ and 1 mol Cl−.

1 mol Na +
0.101 mol NaCl × 0.101 mol Na +
=
1 mol NaCl

1 mol Cl−
0.101 mol NaCl × 0.101 mol Cl−
=
1 mol NaCl
Then, determine the number of moles of each ion in Na2SO4 from the calculated moles of
Na2SO4. For each mole of Na2SO4, there are 2 mol Na+ and 1 mol SO42−.

2 mol Na +
9.45 ×10−2 mol Na 2SO 4 × 0.189 mol Na +
=
1 mol Na 2SO 4

1 mol SO 4 2−
9.45 ×10−2 mol Na 2SO 4 × 9.45 ×10−2 mol SO 4 2−
=
1 mol Na 2SO 4
Since Na+ comes from both NaCl and Na2SO4, add the moles of Na+ that come from both
compounds to find the total moles of Na+. Then, divide the moles of each ion by the final solution
volume (100.0 mL) to calculate the molarity of each ion. Make sure to convert the volume from
milliliters to liters.
Na+:

( 0.101 mol Na +
+ 0.189 mol Na + ) = 2.90 M Na +

 1L 
100.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
Cl–:

0.101 mol Cl−

= 1.01 M Cl−
 1L 
100.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
 SO 4 2− :

9.45 ×10−2 mol SO 4 2−

= 0.945 M SO 4 2−
 1L 
100.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
89. Calculate the number of moles of ionic compound there are in each solution from the given
volume and molarity of each solution. Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.
1 L NaCl 4.00 mol NaCl
50.0 mL NaCl × × 0.200 mol NaCl
=
1000 mL NaCl 1 L NaCl
1 L NaBr 2.50 mol NaBr
50.0 mL NaBr × × 0.125 mol NaBr
=
1000 mL NaBr 1 L NaBr
Next, determine the number of moles of each ion that comes from each compound. Start by
determining the number of moles of each ion in NaCl from the calculated moles of NaCl. For
each mole of NaCl, there is 1 mol Na+ and 1 mol Cl−.

1 mol Na +
0.200 mol NaCl × 0.200 mol Na +
=
1 mol NaCl

1 mol Cl−
0.200 mol NaCl × 0.200 mol Cl−
=
1 mol NaCl
Then, determine the number of moles of each ion in NaBr from the calculated moles of NaBr. For
each mole of NaBr, there is 1 mol Na+ and 1 mol Br−.

1 mol Na +
0.125 mol NaBr × 0.125 mol Na +
=
1 mol NaBr
1 mol Br −
0.125 mol NaBr × 0.125 mol Br −
=
1 mol NaBr
Since Na+ comes from both NaCl and NaBr, add the moles of Na+ that come from both
compounds to find the total moles of Na+. Then, divide the moles of each ion by the final solution
volume (100.0 mL) to calculate the molarity of each ion. Make sure to convert the volume from
milliliters to liters.
Na+:

( 0.200 mol Na +
+ 0.125 mol Na + ) = 3.25 M Na +

 1L 
100.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
Cl–:
 0.200 mol Cl−
= 2.00 M Cl−
 1L 
100.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
Br–:

0.125 mol Br −
= 1.25 M Br −
 1L 
100.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
91. First, calculate the number of moles of CoCl2 from the given volume and the molarity of CoCl2.
Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.
1 L CoCl2 0.919 mol CoCl2
25.0 mL CoCl2 × × 2.30 ×10−2 mol CoCl2
=
1000 mL CoCl2 1 L CoCl2
Then, determine the number of moles of each ion in CoCl2 from the calculated moles of CoCl2.
For each mole of CoCl2, there is 1 mol Co2+ and 2 mol Cl−.

1 mol Co 2+
2.30 ×10−2 mol CoCl2 × 2.30 ×10−2 mol Co 2+
=
1 mol mol CoCl2

2 mol Cl−
2.30 ×10−2 mol CoCl2 × 4.60 ×10−2 mol Cl−
=
1 mol CoCl2
Then, divide the moles of each ion by the final solution volume (100.0 mL) to calculate the
molarity of each ion. Make sure to convert the volume from milliliters to liters.

2.30 ×10−2 mol Co 2+

Co2+: = 0.230 M Co 2+
 1L 
100.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 

4.60 ×10−2 mol Cl−

Cl–: = 0.460 M Cl−
 1L 
100.0 mL × 
 1000 mL 
93.
a. Each mole of NaOH consists of one Na+ ion and one OH− ion. Thus, 1 mol Na+ equals 1
mol NaOH. Therefore, if there are 0.750 mol of NaOH, there are also 0.750 mol of Na+.
b. First, write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between NaOH and HCl to
produce NaCl.

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

Next, determine the limiting reagent by converting the moles of NaOH and moles of HCl
to moles of NaCl.
 1 mol NaCl
0.750 mol NaOH × 0.750 mol NaCl
=
1 mol NaOH
1 mol NaCl
0.600 mol HCl × 0.600 mol NaCl
=
1 mol HCl
The number of moles of NaCl produced from HCl is smaller than the number of moles of
NaCl produced from NaOH. Thus, HCl is the limiting reagent, and 0.600 mol of NaCl are
produced.
c. Since NaOH is in excess, some amount of NaOH will be left over. Convert the given
moles of HCl to moles of NaOH to determine the number of moles of NaOH consumed
in the reaction.
1 mol NaOH
0.600 mol HCl × 0.600 mol NaOH consumed
=
1 mol HCl
Then, subtract the number of moles of NaOH consumed from the initial number of moles
NaOH.
0.750 mol NaOH − 0.600 mol NaOH consumed =
0.150 mol NaOH
d. There are two sources of Na+ ions in the final solution: the 0.600 mol of the product
NaCl and the 0.150 mol of excess NaOH. First, convert the 0.600 mol of NaCl to moles
of Na+. There is 1 mol Na+ per 1 mol NaCl.

1 mol Na +
0.600 mol NaCl × 0.600 mol Na +
=
1 mol NaCl
Next, convert the 0.150 mol of unreacted NaOH to moles of Na+.

1 mol Na +
0.150 mol NaOH × 0.150 mol Na +
=
1 mol NaOH
Finally, add the number of moles of Na+ that comes from the moles of unreacted NaOH
and the moles of Na+ that came from the moles of NaCl produced.

0.600 mol Na + + 0.150 mol Na + =

0.750 mol Na +
e. Yes. A spectator ion does not participate in the reaction. This reaction started with 0.750
mol of Na+, and 0.750 mol of Na+ are present after the reaction has gone to completion.
Thus, no Na+ ions reacted and Na+ is a spectator ion.
95. First, write the balanced chemical equation of S2− and Ag+ reacting to produce Ag2S.

2 Ag + (aq) + S2− (aq) → Ag 2S(s)

Convert the moles of S2− to moles of Ag2S using the coefficients in the balanced chemical
equation.
1 mol Ag 2S
0.300 mol S2− × 0.300 mol Ag 2S
=
1 mol S2−
 Then, convert the moles of Ag2S to mass of Ag2S using its molar mass.

Molar mass
= 2 107.87( g
mol ) + 32.06 =
g
mol
g
247.8  Ag
mol 2S

247.8 g Ag 2S
0.300 mol Ag 2S × 74.3 g Ag 2S
=
1 mol Ag 2S
97. First, write the balanced equation of a reaction between H+ and HCO3− to produce CO2.

H + (aq) + HCO3− (aq) → CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)

Then, convert the given moles of each of the reactants to moles of CO2 to determine the limiting
reagent.
1 mol CO 2
2.20 mol HCO3− × 2.20 mol CO 2
=
1 mol HCO3−

1 mol CO 2
1.80 mol H + × 1.80 mol CO 2
=
1 mol H +
Since the number of moles of CO2 produced from H+ is smaller than the number of moles of CO2
produced from HCO3−, H+ is the limiting reagent and only 1.80 mol CO2 can be produced.
99. First, write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of Ba2+ and SO42– producing BaSO4.

Ba 2+ (aq) + SO 4 2− (aq) → BaSO 4 (s)

Then, convert the given moles of the reactants to moles of BaSO4 to determine the limiting
reagent.
1 mol BaSO 4
0.234 mol SO 24− × 0.234 mol BaSO 4
=
1 mol SO 4 2−

1 mol BaSO 4
0.125 mol Ba 2+ × 0.125 mol BaSO 4
=
1 mol Ba 2+
Since the number of moles of BaSO4 produced from Ba2+ is smaller than the number of moles of
BaSO4 produced from SO42–, Ba2+ is the limiting reagent and only 0.125 mol BaSO4 can be
produced. Convert the moles of BaSO4 to mass of BaSO4 using its molar mass.
g
Molar mass = 137.33 mol + 32.06 g
mol (
+ 4 15.999 g
mol )= g
233.39  BaSO
mol 4

233.39 g BaSO 4
0.125 mol BaSO 4 × 29.2 g BaSO 4
=
1 mol BaSO 4

5.7 Calculations Involving Other Quantities

101. First, write out the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between Mg(OH)2 and HNO3.

Mg(OH) 2 (s) + 2 HNO3 (aq) → Mg(NO3 ) 2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l)

 Next, convert the molecules of HNO3 to moles of HNO3 using Avogadro’s number, 6.022 × 1023 .

1 mol HNO3
6.66 ×1023 molecules HNO3 × 1.11 mol HNO3
=
6.022 ×1023 molecules HNO3
Use the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to relate the number of moles of Mg(OH)2
and HNO3 to the moles of H2O. In this case, 2 mol of H2O are produced per 1 mol Mg(OH)2 and
2 mol HNO3. Use these mole ratios as conversion factors to convert the moles of each reactant to
moles of H2O.
2 mol H 2 O
1.11 mol HNO3 × 1.11 mol H 2 O
=
2 mol HNO3

2 mol H 2 O
0.444 mol Mg(OH) 2 × 0.888 mol H 2 O
=
1 mol Mg(OH) 2
The number of moles of H2O produced from the moles of Mg(OH)2 is smaller than that produced
from the moles of HNO3. Thus, Mg(OH)2 is the limiting reagent, and only 0.888 mol of H2O are
produced. Finally, determine the number of moles of excess reagent, HNO3, that are consumed
using the moles of the limiting reagent.
2 mol HNO3
0.444 mol Mg(OH) 2 × 0.888 mol HNO3
=
1 mol Mg(OH) 2
Therefore, 0.888 mol of HNO3 are consumed. However, to find out how much is in excess,
subtract this number from the initial number of moles of HNO3.

0.222 mol HNO3 in excess

1.11 mol HNO3 − 0.888 mol HNO3 consumed =

103. First, convert the given volume of CHClF2 to mass of CHClF2 using its density.
1.49 g CHClF2
61.7 mL × 91.9 g CHClF2
=
1 mL
Then, convert the mass of CHClF2 to moles of CHClF2 using its molar mass.
g
Molar mass = 12.011 mol g
+ 1.008 mol g
+ 35.45 mol ( g
+ 2 18.998 mol )
= 86.47 g
mol CHClF2

1 mol CHClF2
91.9 g CHClF2 × 1.06 mol CHClF2
=
86.47 g CHClF2
Next, convert the moles of CHClF2 to moles of F atoms. Each 1 mol CHClF2 contains 2 mol F.
Use this mole ratio as a conversion factor to convert the moles of CHClF2 to moles of F atoms.
2 mol F
1.06 mol CHClF2 × 2.13 mol F
=
1 mol CHClF2
105. Start by converting the mass of N2H4 to moles of N2H4 using its molar mass.
 (
Molar mass = 2 14.007 g
mol ) + 4 (1.008 ) =
g
mol
g
32.046  N
mol 2H4

1 mol N 2 H 4
4.14 g N 2 H 4 × 0.129 mol N 2 H 4
=
32.046 g N 2 H 4
Then, convert the moles of N2H4 to moles of N2H6(NO3)2 using the coefficients in the balanced
chemical equation. One mole of N2H6(NO3)2 is produced per 1 mol N2H4.
1 mol N 2 H 6 ( NO3 ) 2
0.129 mol N 2 H 4 × 0.129 mol N 2 H 6 ( NO3 ) 2
=
1 mol N 2 H 4
Next, convert the moles of N2H6(NO3)2 to moles of N atoms. One mole of N2H6(NO3)2 contains 4
mol N. Use this mole ratio to convert the moles of N2H6(NO3)2 to moles of N atoms.
4 mol N
0.129 mol N 2 H 6 ( NO3 ) 2 × 0.517 mol N
=
1 mol N 2 H 6 ( NO3 ) 2
Next convert moles of N to atoms of N using Avogadro’s number, 6.022x1023.

6.022 ×1023 N atoms

0.517 mol N × 3.11×1023 atoms N
=
1 mol N
107. First, convert the volume of H2O2 to mass using the density as a conversion factor.
1.44 g H 2 O 2
45.3 mL × 65.2 g H 2 O 2
=
1 mL
Then, convert the mass of H2O2 to moles of H2O2 using its molar mass.

( g
Molar mass =2 1.008 mol ) (
+ 2 15.999 g
mol ) =34.014  H O
g
mol 2 2

1 mol H 2 O 2
65.2 g H 2 O 2 × 1.92 mol H 2 O 2
=
34.014 g H 2 O 2
Then, convert the moles of H2O2 to moles of hydrogen, H. In 1 mol of H2O2, there are 2 mol of H.
Use this mole ratio to convert the moles of H2O2 to moles of H.
2 mol H
1.92 mol H 2 O 2 × 3.84 mol H
=
1 mol H 2 O 2
109. First, write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction of sulfur difluoride, SF2, with fluorine
gas, F2, to produce sulfur hexafluoride, SF6.

SF2 (g) + 2 F2 (g) → SF6 (g)

Next, convert the mass of F2 to moles of F2 using its molar mass.

Molar mass 2=
= g
(
18.998 mol g
37.996  F
mol 2 )
 1 mol F2
6.11 g F2 × 0.161 mol F2
=
37.996 g F2
Then, convert the moles of F2 to moles of SF6 using the coefficients in the balanced chemical
equation. One mole of SF6 is produced per 2 mol F2.
1 mol SF6
0.161 mol F2 × 8.05 ×10−2 mol SF6
=
2 mol F2
Then, convert the moles of SF6 to moles of F atoms. In 1 mol of SF6, there are 6 mol of F atoms.
Use this mole ratio to convert the moles of SF6 to moles of F.
6 mol F
8.05 ×10−2 mol SF6 × 0.483 mol F
=
1 mol SF6

Finally, convert the moles of F to atoms of F using Avogadro’s number, 6.022 × 1023 .

6.022 ×1023 atoms F

0.483 mol F × 2.91×1023 atoms F
=
1 mol F

5.8 Titration
111. First, write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between H2SO4 and NaOH.

H 2SO 4 (aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → 2 H 2 O(l) + Na 2SO 4 (aq)

Then, use the given volume and molarity of NaOH to calculate the moles of NaOH. Make sure to
convert the milliliters to liters.
1L 4.000 mol NaOH
21.73 mL × × 8.692 ×10−2 mol NaOH
=
1000 mL 1L
Then, convert the moles of NaOH to moles of H2SO4 using the coefficients from the balanced
chemical equation.
1 mol H 2SO 4
8.692 ×10−2 mol NaOH × 4.346 ×10−2 mol H 2SO 4
=
2 mol NaOH
Then, divide the moles of H2SO4 by the given volume of H2SO4 solution (25.00 mL) to calculate
the molarity of H2SO4. Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

4.346 ×10−2 mol H 2SO 4

=M = 1.738 M H 2SO 4
1L
25.00 mL ×
1000 mL
113. First, write the balanced chemical equation of a reaction between H3PO4 and NaOH that produces
Na2HPO4.

H 3 PO 4 (aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na 2 HPO 4 (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l)

 Then, use the given volume and molarity of NaOH to calculate the moles of NaOH. Make sure to
convert the milliliters to liters.
1L 2.000 mol NaOH
39.13 mL × × 7.826 ×10−2 mol NaOH
=
1000 mL 1L
Then, convert the moles of NaOH to moles of H3PO4 using the coefficients from the balanced
chemical equation
1 mol H 3 PO 4
7.826 ×10−2 mol NaOH × 3.913 ×10−2 mol H 3 PO 4
=
2 mol NaOH
Then, divide the moles of H3PO4 by the given volume of H3PO4 solution (25.00 mL) to calculate
the molarity of H3PO4. Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

3.913 ×10−2 mol H 3 PO 4

=M = 1.565 M H 3 PO 4
1L
25 mL ×
1000 mL
115. First, convert the mass of KHPh to moles of KHPh using its molar mass.
1 mol KHPh
2.818 g KHPh × 1.380 ×10−2 mol KHPh
=
204.2 g KHPh
Then, convert the moles of KHPh to moles of KOH using the coefficients from the balanced
chemical equation.
1 mol KOH
1.380 ×10−2 mol KHPh × 1.380 ×10−2 mol KOH
=
1 mol KHPh
Then, divide the moles of KOH by the given volume of base solution (31.74 mL) to calculate the
molarity of the KOH solution. Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

1.380 ×10−2 mol KOH

=M = 0.4348 M KOH
1L
31.74 mL ×
1000 mL
117. First, write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between Ca(OH)2(s) and HClO3.

Ca ( OH )2 (s) + 2 HClO3 (aq) → Ca ( ClO3 )2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l)

Then, using the given volume and molarity of HClO3, calculate the moles of HClO3. Make sure to
convert the milliliters to liters.
1L 4.000 mol HClO3
29.17 mL × × 0.1167 mol HClO3
=
1000 mL 1L
Then, convert the moles of HClO3 to moles of Ca(OH)2 using the coefficients from the balanced
chemical equation.
 1 mol Ca(OH) 2
0.1167 mol HClO3 × 5.834 ×10−2 mol Ca(OH) 2
=
2 mol HClO3
Then, convert the moles of Ca(OH)2 to millimoles of Ca(OH)2.
1000 mmol
5.834 ×10−2 mol Ca ( OH )2 × 58.34 mmol Ca ( OH )2
=
1 mol
119. First, write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaHCO3 and HCl.

NaHCO3 (aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)

Convert the given mass of NaHCO3 to moles of NaHCO3 using its molar mass.

Molar mass = 22.99 g

mol
g
+ 1.008 mol g
+ 12.011 mol (
+ 3 15.999 g
mol ) = 84.01 g
mol NaHCO3

1 mol NaHCO3
31.3 g NaHCO3 × 0.373 mol NaHCO3
=
84.01 g NaHCO3
Then, convert the moles of NaHCO3 to moles of HCl using the coefficients from the balanced
chemical equation.
1 mol HCl
0.373 mol NaHCO3 × 0.373 mol HCl
=
1 mol NaHCO3
Then, use the calculated moles of HCl and the given molarity of HCl to calculate the volume of
HCl.
1L
0.373 mol HCl × 0.131 L HCl
=
2.84 mol HCl

Putting It Together
121. Start by writing the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between sodium hydrogen
carbonate, NaHCO3, and barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, producing barium carbonate, BaCO3.

2 NaHCO3 (aq) + Ba ( NO3 )2 (aq) → BaCO3 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)

Next, convert the given masses of NaHCO3 and Ba(NO3)2 to moles of BaCO3 to determine the
limiting reagent.

Molar =
mass 22.99 g
mol
g
+ 1.008 mol g
+ 12.011 mol (
+ 3 ×15.999=g
mol
g
)
84.01  NaHCO
mol 3

Molar mass =
137.32 g
mol (
+ 2 14.007 g
mol ) + 6 (15.999 ) =
g
mol261.34 g
mol Ba ( NO3 )2

1 mol NaHCO3 1 mol BaCO3

31.2 g NaHCO3 × × 0.186 mol BaCO3
=
84.01 g NaHCO3 2 mol NaHCO3
 1 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2 1 mol BaCO3
30.0 g Ba(NO3 ) 2 × × 0.115 mol  BaCO3
=
261.34 g Ba(NO3 ) 2 1 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
The number of moles of BaCO3 produced from Ba(NO3)2 is less than the number of moles of
BaCO3 produced from NaHCO3. Therefore, Ba(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent, and 0.115 mol of
BaCO3 are produced. Convert the moles of BaCO3 to mass of BaCO3 using its molar mass.
g
Molar mass = 137.33 mol g
+ 12.011 mol (
+ 3 15.999 g
mol ) = 197.34  BaCO
g
mol 3

197.34 g BaCO3
0.115 mol BaCO3 × 22.7 g BaCO3
=
1 mol BaCO3
123. First, write the balanced chemical equation of solid KClO3, producing KCl and O2.

2 KClO3 (s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O 2 (g)

a. Convert the given mass of KCl to moles of KCl using its molar mass. Then, convert the
moles of KCl to moles of O2 using the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.
Then, convert the moles of O2 to mass of O2 using its molar mass.
g g g
Molar mass = 39.098 mol + 35.45 mol = 74.55  KCl
mol

Molar mass 2=
= g
15.999 mol ( g
31.998  O
mol 2 )
1 mol KCl 3 mol O 2 31.998 g O 2
1.18 g KCl × × × 0.760 g O 2
=
74.55 g KCl 2 mol KCl 1 mol O 2
b. To find out the mass of KClO3 undecomposed, add the mass of KCl and O2. Then, subtract that
value from the given moles of solid KClO3.

1.18 g KCl + 0.760 g O 2 =

1.94 g product

2.06 g KClO3 − 1.94 g product =

0.12 g KClO3 remaining

125. First, write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between ammonium sulfate,
(NH4)2SO4, and barium fluoride, BaF2, producing barium sulfate, BaSO4.

( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (aq) + BaF2 (aq) → BaSO 4 (s) + 2 NH 4 F(aq)

Then, convert the masses of the reactants to moles of the reactants using their molar masses.
Then, convert the moles of the reactants to moles of BaSO4 using the coefficients in the balanced
chemical equation to determine the limiting reagent.

Molar mass
= 2 14.007 ( g
mol ) + 8 (1.008 ) + 32.06
g
mol
g
mol ( g
+ 4 15.999 mol
= ) mol (
g
132.13  NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

Molar mass = g
137.33 mol (g
+ 2 18.998 mol g
)
175.326  BaF
= mol 2
 1 mol (NH 4 ) 2SO 4 1 mol BaSO 4
11.6 g (NH 4 ) 2SO 4 × × 0.0878 mol BaSO 4
=
132.13 g (NH 4 ) 2SO 4 1 mol (NH 4 ) 2SO 4

1 mol BaF2 1 mol BaSO 4

25.5 g BaF2 × × 0.145 mol BaSO 4
=
175.326 g BaF2 1 mol BaF2
The number of moles of BaSO4 produced from (NH4)2SO4 is less than that produced from BaF2.
Therefore, (NH4)2SO4 is the limiting reagent, and 0.0878 mol of BaSO4 are produced. Convert the
moles of BaSO4 to mass of BaSO4 using its molar mass.
g
Molar mass = 137.33 mol + 32.06 g
mol (
+ 4 15.999 g
mol )= g
233.39  BaSO
mol 4

233.39 g BaSO 4
0.145 mol BaSO 4 × 33.9 g BaSO 4
=
1 mol BaSO 4
127. First, determine whether the card table or the chairs limit the number of sets that can be sold.
1 set
31 tables × 31 sets
=
1 table
1 set
98 chairs × 24.5 sets
=
4 chairs
The chairs that the store has represent the limiting reagent in this case. So, the number of full sets
that the store can sell is 24. However, the outlet manager has $5000 to spend. One set costs $233.
Therefore, divide the amount the manager can spend by the cost of one set to see how many sets
the manager can buy.
$5000
= 21.5 sets
$233
According to this, it looks like the manager can only buy 21 full sets.
129. First, write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between HCl and NaOH. Then, write
the ionic and net ionic equations.
Balanced equation

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

Ionic equation

H + (aq) + Cl− (aq) + Na + (aq) + OH − (aq) → Na + (aq) + Cl− (aq) + H 2 O(l)

Net ionic equation

H + (aq) + OH − (aq) → H 2 O(l)

From this reaction, you can see that Na+ and Cl− are spectator ions. That means they will not
react. Therefore, the Na+ and Cl− ions present in solution before the reaction will remain in the
solution after the reaction. The amount will not change.
First, determine the concentration of Na+ in the final solution Use the molarity and volume of
NaOH to calculate the moles of NaOH. Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.
4.107 mol NaOH 1L
19.29 mL × × 7.922 ×10−2 mol NaOH
=
1L 1000 mL
Then, convert the moles of NaOH to moles of Na+. There is 1 mol Na+ per mole of NaOH.

1 mol Na +
7.922 ×10−2 mol NaOH × 7.922 ×10−2 mol Na +
=
1 mol NaOH
Then, divide the moles of Na+ by the total volume of the solution to calculate its concentration.
Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

7.922 ×10−2 mol Na +

= 1.402 M Na +
1L
( 37.22 mL + 19.29 mL ) ×
1000 mL
Next, determine the concentration of Cl− in the final solution. Use the molarity and volume of
HCl to calculate the moles of HCl. Make sure to convert milliliters to liters.
1L 1.000 mol HCl
37.22 mL × × 3.722 ×10−2 mol HCl
=
1000 mL 1L
Then, convert the moles of HCl to moles of Cl−. There is 1 mol Cl− per mole of HCl.

1 mol Cl−
3.722 ×10−2 mol HCl × 3.722 ×10−2 mol Cl−
=
1 mol HCl
Then, divide the moles of Cl− by the total volume of the solution to calculate its concentration.
Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

3.722 ×10−2 mol Cl−

= 0.6586 M Cl−
1L
( 37.22 mL + 19.29 mL ) ×
1000 mL
However, since H+ and OH− are not spectator ions, they will react to form H2O. To figure out
how much H+ and OH− are left, start by determining the limiting reagent. Convert the initial
moles of the reactants to moles of NaCl.
1 mol NaCl
7.922 ×10−2 mol NaOH × 7.922 ×10−2 mol NaCl
=
1 mol NaOH
1 mol NaCl
3.722 ×10−2 mol HCl × 3.722 10−2 mol NaCl
=×
1 mol HCl
Since the moles of NaCl produced from HCl is less than the moles of NaCl produced from
NaOH, the limiting reagent is HCl. Because HCl is the limiting reagent, all H+ in the original
solution will contribute to the formation of water. Therefore, essentially no H+ will be left in
solution, and its concentration will be 0.
 However, since NaOH is the excess reagent, some OH− will be left over. First, find out how much
NaOH is consumed in the reaction by converting the initial moles of HCl to moles of NaOH.
1 mol NaOH
3.722 ×10−2 mol HCl × 3.722 ×10−2 mol NaOH consumed
=
1 mol HCl
Subtract the moles of NaOH consumed by the initial moles of NaOH to determine the moles of
excess NaOH.

7.922 ×10−2 mol NaOH − 3.722 ×10−2 mol NaOH consumed

= 0.04200 mol NaOH in excess
Then, convert the moles of excess NaOH to moles of OH −. In 1 mol NaOH, there is 1 mol
OH−.
1 mol OH −
0.04200 mol NaOH × 0.04200 mol OH −
=
1 mol NaOH
Then, divide the moles of OH− by the total volume of the solution to calculate its concentration.
Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

0.04200 mol OH −
= 0.7433 M OH −
1L
( 37.22 mL + 19.29 mL ) ×
1000 mL
1.402 M Na +

0.6586 M Cl−
0.0000 M H +

0.7433 M OH −
131. To calculate the concentration of H+, convert the molarity of Cu2+ to the molarity of H+ using the
coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.

2 mol H + mol +
0.300 mol Cu 2+ × = 0.600
2+
H= 0.600 M H +
1 mol Cu 1L
133. First, write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between HCl and NaOH. Then, write
the ionic and net ionic equations.
Balanced equation

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

Ionic equation

H + (aq) + Cl− (aq) + Na + (aq) + OH − (aq) → Na + (aq) + Cl− (aq) + H 2 O(l)

Net ionic equation

H + (aq) + OH − (aq) → H 2 O(l)

 From this reaction, you can see that Na+ and Cl− are spectator ions. That means they will not
react. Therefore, the Na+ and Cl− ions present in solution before the reaction will remain in the
solution after the reaction. The amount will not change.
Therefore, determine the concentration of Na+ there will be after the base and acid are mixed. To
do so, use the molarity and volume of NaOH to calculate the moles of NaOH. Make sure to
convert the milliliters to liters.
1L 3.00 mol NaOH
20.0 mL × × 6.00 ×10−2 mol NaOH
=
1000 mL 1L
Then, convert the moles of NaOH to moles of Na+. There is 1 mol Na+ per mole of NaOH.

1 mol Na +
6.00 ×10−2 mol NaOH × 6.00 ×10−2 mol Na +
=
1 mol NaOH
Then, divide the number of moles of Na+ by the total volume of the solution (100.0 mL) to
determine the final concentration. Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

6.00 ×10−2 mol Na +

= 0.600 M Na +
1L
100.0 mL ×
1000 mL
135. To determine which acid is in the bottle, compare the true molar mass (calculated from their
molecular formulas) to molar masses determined from the data in the problem. The acid with
identical values for the experimentally determined molar mass and the true molar mass is the acid
in the bottle.
To begin, calculate the molar masses of the three acids using the information from the periodic
table.

(g
Molar mass =2 1.008 mol ) ( g
+ 2 12.011 mol ) (
+ 4 15.999 g
mol ) =90.034 g
mol H 2C2O4

( g
Molar mass =6 1.008 mol ) ( g
+ 7 12.011 mol ) (
+ 2 15.999 g
mol ) =122.123  HC H O
g
mol 7 5 2

( g
Molar mass = 5 1.008 mol ) ( g
+ 7 12.011 mol ) (
+ 2 15.999 g
mol ) + 79.904 g
mol
g
= 201.019  HC
mol 7 H 4 O 2 Br

Next, write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaOH and each of the three
acids.

H 2 C2 O 4 (aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na 2 C2 O 4 (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l)

HC7 H 5O 2 (aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaC7 H 5O 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l)

HC7 H 4 O 2 Br(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaC7 H 4 O 2 Br(aq) + H 2 O(l)

Next, use the molarity and volume of NaOH to calculate the moles of NaOH. Make sure to
convert the milliliters to liters.
 1L 2.00 mol NaOH
26.2 mL × × 5.24 ×10−2 mol NaOH
=
1000 mL 1L
Next, convert the moles of NaOH to the moles of each of the acids using the coefficients from
each of the balanced chemical equations.
1 mol H 2 C2 O 4
5.24 ×10−2 mol NaOH × 2.62 ×10−2 mol H 2 C2 O 4
=
2 mol NaOH
1 mol HC7 H 5O 2
5.24 ×10−2 mol NaOH × 5.24 ×10−2 mol HC7 H 5O 2
=
1 mol NaOH
1 mol HC7 H 4 O 2 Br
5.24 ×10−2 mol NaOH × 5.24 ×10−2 mol HC7 H 4 O 2 Br
=
1 mol NaOH
Then, divide the given mass of the acid by the moles of each of the three acids to determine the
molar mass.
2.36 g
= 90.1 g/mol H 2 C2 O 4
2.62 ×10−2 mol
2.36 g
= 45.0 g/mol HC7 H 5O 2
5.24 ×10−2 mol
2.36 g
= 45.0 g/mol HC7 H 4 O 2 Br
5.24 ×10−2 mol
Since the experimentally determined molar mass of oxalic acid is the same as the molar mass
calculated using the periodic table information, the acid in the bottle is oxalic acid.
137. First, write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between Li3N and water, H2O, to
produce LiOH and ammonia, NH3.

Li3 N(s) + 3 H 2 O(l) → 3 LiOH(aq) + NH 3 (g)

Convert the given moles of Li3N to moles of LiOH using the coefficients in the balanced
chemical equation.
3 mol LiOH
0.110 mol Li3 N × 0.330 mol LiOH
=
1 mol Li3 N
Convert the moles of LiOH to moles of OH−. There is 1 mol OH− in 1 mol LiOH.

1 mol OH −
0.330 mol LiOH × 0.330 mol OH −
=
1 mol LiOH
Divide the moles of OH− by the total volume of the solution (100.0 mL) to calculate its
concentration. Make sure to convert milliliters to liters.
 0.330 mol OH −
= 3.30 M OH −
1L
100.0 mL ×
1000 mL
139. First, write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction of solid Li2O with water.

Li 2 O(s) + H 2 O(l) → 2 LiOH(aq)

Next, convert the given moles of Li2O to moles of LiOH using the coefficients in the balanced
chemical equation.
2 mol LiOH
0.250 mol Li 2 O × 0.500 mol LiOH
=
1 mol Li 2 O
Then, convert the moles of LiOH to moles of OH−. There is 1 mol OH− per 1 mol LiOH.

1 mol OH −
0.500 mol LiOH × 0.500 mol OH −
=
1 mol LiOH
Then, divide the moles of OH− by the final volume (500.0 mL) to calculate its concentration.
Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

0.500 mol OH −
= 1.00 M OH −
1L
500.0 mL ×
1000 mL
141. First, calculate the limiting reagent by converting the molarity and volume of each reactant to the
moles of acetate ion, C2H3O2−.

1L 1.50 mol HC2 H 3O 2 1 mol C2 H 3O −2

10.0 mL × × × 0.0150 mol C2 H 3O −2
=
1000 mL 1L 1 mol HC2 H 3O 2

1L 0.850 mol NaOH 1 mol OH − 1 mol C2 H 3O −2

10.0 mL × × × × 0.00850 mol C2 H 3O −2
=
1000 mL 1L 1 mol NaOH 1 mol OH −
The amount of C2H3O2− produced from OH− is smaller than the amount of C2H3O2− produced
from HC2H3O2. Therefore, OH− is the limiting reagent, and 0.00850 mol of C2H3O2− are in
solution. To calculate the concentration of C2H3O2−, divide the moles of C2H3O2− by the final
solution volume (20.0 mL). Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

0.00850 mol C2 H 3O −2
= 0.425 M C2 H 3O −2
1L
20.0 mL ×
1000 mL
Since HC2H3O2 is the excess reagent, the amount of HC2H3O2 unreacted needs to be determined.
First, calculate the amount of HC2H3O2 that has reacted with OH−. Use the molarity and volume
of NaOH to calculate the moles of OH−, and then convert the moles of OH− to moles of HC2H3O2.
 1L 0.850 mol NaOH 1 mol OH − 1 mol HC2 H 3O 2
10.0 mL × × × ×
1000 mL 1L 1 mol NaOH 1 mol OH −
= 0.00850 mol HC2 H 3O 2

Then, subtract the moles of HC2H3O2 reacted by the initial moles of HC2H3O2 to calculate the
moles of HC2H3O2 in excess.
1L 1.50 mol HC2 H 3O 2
10.0 mL × × 0.0150 mol HC2 H 3O 2
=
1000 mL 1L
0.0150 mol HC2 H 3O 2 − 0.00850 mol HC2 H 3O 2 reacted

= 0.0065 mol HC2 H 3O 2 in excess

Then, divide the moles of HC2H3O2 in excess by the final solution volume (20.0 mL). Make sure
to convert the milliliters to liters.
0.0065 mol HC2 H 3O 2
= 0.33 M HC2 H 3O 2
1L
20.0 mL ×
1000 mL
143.
a. First, determine the number of moles of each ion from each compound. Start by
determining the number of moles of each ion in NaCl from the given millimoles of NaCl.
For each mole of NaCl, there is 1 mol Na+ and 1 mol Cl−. Make sure to convert the
millimoles to moles.

1 mol NaCl 1 mol Na +

49.68 mmol NaCl × × 4.968 ×10−2 mol Na +
=
1000 mmol NaCl 1 mol NaCl

1 mol NaCl 1 mol Cl−

49.68 mmol NaCl × × 4.968 ×10−2 mol Cl−
=
1000 mmol NaCl 1 mol NaCl
Then, determine the number of moles of each ion in NaOH from the given millimoles of
NaOH. For each mole of NaOH, there is 1 mol Na+ and 1 mol OH−. Make sure to convert
the millimoles to moles.

1 mol NaOH 1 mol Na +

28.43 mmol NaOH × ×
1000 mmol NaOH 1 mol NaOH
= 2.843 ×10−2 mol Na +

1 mol NaOH 1 mol OH −

28.43 mmol NaOH × ×
1000 mmol NaOH 1 mol NaOH
= 2.843 ×10−2 mol OH −
Since Na+ comes from both NaOH and NaCl, add the moles of Na+ that come from both
compounds to find the total moles of Na+. Then, divide the moles of each ion by the final
 solution volume (111.23 mL) to calculate the molarity of each ion. Make sure to convert
the volume from milliliters to liters.

4.968 ×10−2 mol Na + + 2.843 ×10−2 mol Na + = 7.811×10−2 mol Na +

7.811×10−2 mol Na +
= 0.7022 M Na +
1L
111.23 mL ×
1000 mL

4.968 ×10−2 mol Cl−

= 0.4466 M Cl−
1L
111.23 mL ×
1000 mL

2.843 ×10−2 mol OH −

= 0.2556 M OH _
1L
111.23 mL ×
10000 mL
b. First, write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between HCl and NaOH.
Then, write the ionic and net ionic equations.
Balanced equation

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

Ionic equation

H + (aq) + Cl− (aq) + Na + (aq) + OH − (aq) → Na + (aq) + Cl− (aq) + H 2 O(l)

Net ionic equation

H + (aq) + OH − (aq) → H 2 O(l)

From this reaction, you can see that Na+ and Cl− are spectator ions. That means they will
not react. Therefore, the Na+ and Cl− ions present in solution before the reaction will
remain in the solution after the reaction. The amount will not change.
Therefore, first determine the concentration of Na+ there will be in the final solution. To
do so, use the molarity and volume of NaOH to calculate the moles of NaOH. Make sure
to convert the milliliters to liters.
1L 1.000 mol NaOH
78.11 mL × × 7.811×10−2 mol NaOH
=
1000 mL 1L
Then, convert the moles of NaOH to moles of Na+. There is 1 mol Na+ per mole of
NaOH.
−2 1 mol Na +
7.811×10 mol NaOH × 7.811×10−2 mol Na +
=
1 mol NaOH
Then, divide the moles of Na+ by the total volume of the solution to calculate its
concentration. Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.
 7.811×10−2 mol Na +
= 0.7022 M Na +
1L
( 78.11 mL + 33.12 mL ) ×
1000 mL
Next, determine the concentration of Cl− there will be in the final solution. To do so, use
the molarity and volume of HCl to calculate the moles of HCl. Make sure to convert the
milliliters to liters.
1L 1.500 mol HCl
33.12 mL × × 4.968 ×10−2 mol HCl
=
1000 mL 1L
Then, convert the moles of HCl to moles of Cl−. There is 1 mol Cl− per mole of HCl.

1 mol Cl−
4.968 ×10−2 mol HCl × 4.968 ×10−2 mol Cl−
=
1 mol HCl
Then, divide the moles of Cl− by the total volume of the solution to calculate its
concentration. Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

4.968 ×10−2 mol Cl−

= 0.4466 M Cl−
1L
( 78.11 mL + 33.12 mL ) ×
1000 mL
However, since H+ and OH− are not spectator ions, they will react to form H2O. To figure
out how much of H+ and OH− are left, start by determining the limiting reagent. Convert
the initial moles of the reactants to moles of NaCl.
1 mol NaCl
7.811×10−2 mol NaOH × 7.811×10−2 mol NaCl
=
1 mol NaOH
1 mol NaCl
4.968 ×10−2 mol HCl × 4.968 ×10−2 mol NaCl
=
1 mol HCl
Since the number of moles of NaCl produced from HCl is less than the moles of NaCl
produced from NaOH, the limiting reagent is HCl. Because HCl is the limiting reagent,
all H+ in the original solution will contribute to the formation of water. Therefore,
essentially no H+ will be left in solution, and its concentration will be 0.
However, since NaOH is the excess reagent, some OH− will be left over. First, find out
how much NaOH is consumed in the reaction by converting the initial moles of HCl to
moles of NaOH.
1L 1.500 mol HCl 1 mol NaOH
33.12 mL × × × 4.968 ×10−2 mol NaOH
=
1000 mL 1L 1 mol HCl
Subtract the moles of NaOH consumed by the initial moles of NaOH to determine the
moles of excess NaOH.

7.811×10−2 mol NaOH − 4.968 ×10−2 mol NaOH consumed

= 2.843 ×10−2 mol NaOH in excess

 Then, convert the moles of excess NaOH to moles of OH−. In 1 mol NaOH, there is 1 mol
OH−.

−2 1 mol OH −
2.843 ×10 mol NaOH × 2.843 ×10−2 mol OH −
=
1 mol NaOH
Then, divide the moles of OH− by the total volume of the solution to calculate its
concentration. Make sure to convert the milliliters to liters.

2.843 ×10−2 mol OH −

= 0.2556 M OH −
1L
( 78.11 mL + 33.12 mL ) ×
1000 mL
0.7022 M Na +

0.4466 M Cl−

0.0000 M H +
0.2556 M OH −
145. First, write the balanced chemical equation between the reaction of HA and NaOH.

HA(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaA(aq) + H 2 O(l)

Next, calculate the moles of NaOH from the given molarity and volume of NaOH. Make sure to
convert the volume from milliliters to liters.
1L 5.000 mol NaOH
38.38 mL × × 0.1919 mol NaOH
=
1000 mL 1L
Then, convert the moles of NaOH to moles of HA using the coefficients in the balanced chemical
equation.
1 mol HA
0.1919 mol NaOH × 0.1919 mol HA
=
1 mol NaOH
Then, divide the given mass of the acid by the calculated moles of HA to determine its molar
mass.
12.11 g HA
= 63.11 g/mol HA
0.1919 mol HA