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Matrices

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Matrices

Uploaded by

element45v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Definition of a Matrix
 A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions
arranged in rows and columns.
 The size or dimension of a matrix is given by the number of rows
(m) and columns (n), denoted as m×nm \times nm×n.
2. Types of Matrices
 Row Matrix: A matrix with only one row (e.g., 1×n1 \times n1×n).
 Column Matrix: A matrix with only one column (e.g., m×1m \times
1m×1).
 Square Matrix: A matrix with the same number of rows and
columns (e.g., n×nn \times nn×n).
 Zero Matrix: A matrix where all elements are zero.
 Identity Matrix: A square matrix with ones on the diagonal and
zeros elsewhere (denoted as InI_nIn for n×nn \times nn×n).
 Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix where all non-diagonal elements
are zero.
 Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix where all elements
below the diagonal are zero.
 Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix where all elements
above the diagonal are zero.
3. Matrix Notation
 A matrix is typically denoted by uppercase letters (e.g., A,B,CA, B,
CA,B,C), while its elements are denoted by lowercase letters with
subscripts (e.g., aija_{ij}aij represents the element in the iii-th row
and jjj-th column).
4. Matrix Operations
4.1 Addition and Subtraction
 Two matrices can be added or subtracted if they have the same
dimensions.
 Operation: (A+B)ij=aij+bij(A + B)_{ij} = a_{ij} + b_{ij}(A+B)ij=aij
+bij
4.2 Scalar Multiplication
 Multiplying a matrix by a scalar (a constant) involves multiplying
each element of the matrix by that scalar.
 Operation: (kA)ij=k⋅aij(kA)_{ij} = k \cdot a_{ij}(kA)ij=k⋅aij
4.3 Matrix Multiplication
 Two matrices AAA (of dimension m×nm \times nm×n) and BBB (of
dimension n×pn \times pn×p) can be multiplied to produce a new
matrix CCC (of dimension m×pm \times pm×p).
 Operation: cij=∑k=1naikbkjc_{ij} = \sum_{k=1}^{n} a_{ik}
b_{kj}cij=k=1∑naikbkj
 Note: The number of columns in the first matrix must equal the
number of rows in the second matrix.
5. Determinants
 The determinant is a scalar value that can be computed from a
square matrix, providing important properties about the matrix
(e.g., whether it is invertible).
 2x2 Matrix: A=(abcd)det(A)=ad−bcA = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c
& d \end{pmatrix} \quad \text{det}(A) = ad - bcA=(acbd
)det(A)=ad−bc
 3x3 Matrix: A=(abcdefghi)det(A)=a(ei−fh)−b(di−fg)+c(dh−eg)A =
\begin{pmatrix} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{pmatrix} \
quad \text{det}(A) = a(ei - fh) - b(di - fg) + c(dh - eg)A=adgbehcfi
det(A)=a(ei−fh)−b(di−fg)+c(dh−eg)
6. Inverse of a Matrix
 The inverse of a matrix AAA (denoted A−1A^{-1}A−1) exists only
if AAA is a square matrix and its determinant is non-zero.
 Property: AA−1=A−1A=IAA^{-1} = A^{-1}A = IAA−1=A−1A=I
 For a 2×22 \times 22×2 matrix: A=(abcd)A−1=1ad−bc(d−b−ca)A
= \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \quad A^{-1} = \
frac{1}{ad - bc} \begin{pmatrix} d & -b \\ -c & a \
end{pmatrix}A=(acbd)A−1=ad−bc1(d−c−ba)
7. Applications of Matrices
 Linear Equations: Matrices can be used to represent and solve
systems of linear equations using methods like Gaussian
elimination.
 Transformations: In computer graphics, matrices are used to
perform transformations such as translation, rotation, and scaling.
 Data Representation: Matrices are widely used in statistics and
machine learning to represent datasets.
 Markov Chains: Matrices model transitions between states in
stochastic processes.
8. Special Matrix Properties
 Trace: The sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix.
 Rank: The maximum number of linearly independent row or column
vectors in a matrix.
 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: For a square matrix AAA, an
eigenvalue λ\lambdaλ and eigenvector v\mathbf{v}v satisfy:
Av=λvA\mathbf{v} = \lambda \mathbf{v}Av=λv
Study Tips
 Practice Matrix Operations: Regularly practice addition,
subtraction, and multiplication of matrices.
 Solve Systems of Equations: Use matrices to represent and solve
linear systems.
 Work with Determinants and Inverses: Practice finding
determinants and inverses of small matrices.
 Visualize Transformations: Explore how matrices are used in
transformations in geometry and graphics.

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