International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 15, No. 2, June 2024, pp. 1247~1253

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i2.pp1247-1253  1247

Validation and test of a novel multi-input converter in extreme

conditions using PSOPIC in hybrid power generation
environment

Supriya Jayaprakash1, Rajashekar Jangam Siddamallaiah2

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
2
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The need for renewable energy resources increases due to the day-by-day
increase in load demand. Still, there is a need for new technology to operate
Received Aug 13, 2023 the existing power system optimally. Distributed generation (DGENs) are
Revised Nov 25, 2023 helpful in meeting the demand of power due to its lower cost compared to
Accepted Dec 7, 2023 the construction of the complete power system. But this DGEN is
constructed using renewable resources, which are intermittent in nature. So,
hybrid power generation, which uses multiple sources, is used to satisfy the
Keywords: power need. In this paper, validation, and test of a new multi-input single
ended primary inductor converter (MI-SEPIC) is proposed. The performance
Fuel cell power generation of the MI-SEPIC converter is tested by connecting photovoltaic (PV), wind,
Multi-port-SEPIC converter and fuel cells. The proposed system is connected to the grid, and the power
PSO-PI control transients are analyzed. The direct quadrature (DQ) control of grid
Photovoltaic power generation synchronization is discussed in this paper. The conventional PI controller is
Wind power generation replaced with a hybrid particle swarm optimization tuned proportional
integral control (PSOPIC), and the results are compared. Verification is done
using MATLAB software. Validation and test with different test cases to
prove the sturdiness of the complete system is explained.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Supriya Jayaprakash
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The important role is to adjust for power usage to maintain voltage control. The photovoltaic (PV)
power control with grid are mostly discussed in [1]–[5]. The grid's dynamic voltage stability with PV is
described in [6]. Performance comparison of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms [7]. The Z-
source inverter's PV-based grid connection control uses fuzzy logic [8]. Doing so should boost voltage.
Fuzzy logic proportional integral controller (PIC) adjustments are shown in [9]–[11], while [12] analyses
confusing implementation literature. This study examines grid-coupled PV system in reduction of power
disturbance, improvement of stability and reduction of total harmonic distortion. It also investigates ways to
improve the PIC, which is being replaced by fuzzy-PIC [13] and the next ANFIS-PIC. The next paragraphs
suggest multi-input converters (MICs).
A full MIC construction plan is in [14]. A converter topology-based MIC synthesis approach was
devised. Connecting an appropriate pulse current or voltage source to a converter improves device
performance. A new multi-port converter is proposed in [15]. This can work as both boost and buck
operation. Both positive input and electricity pass through this bidirectional converter. A hybrid PV-battery-

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1248  ISSN: 2088-8694

fuel cell power system using a multi-port converter is detailed in [16]. A MIC bidirectional with a good step-
up ratio and efficiency is suggested by [17]. The converter can operate in standalone, united power supply
and discharge/charge modes.
Preview study [18] offers a 3-port converter with optimized converter architecture for solar power
systems which is standalone. This concept seeks to boost system efficiency and cost saving. A unique MIC
buck and boost converter for street lights is described in [19]. A unitary converter with multi-input with
unidirectional power ports and a storage element port describes in [20]. The proposed system has four power
switches with four duty cycles each. Non-inverting boost converter [21] is made without isolation and multi-
input with multi-output. In this converter, the user can divide load power across input sources as desired.
A converter with z-source with MIC characteristics with the same amount of capacitors and inductors
proposed in [22]. MICs are used in another hybrid energy conversion approach [23]. Modifying current
issues presents several new topologies [24], [25].
Multi-input single ended primary inductor converter (MI-SEPIC) is proposed in the work [26].
Connecting PV, wind, and fuel cells tests MI-SEPIC converter performance. Power oscillations are evaluated
when the system proposed is grid-connected. This study examines direct quadrature (DQ) grid
synchronization control. A normal PIC is replaced with a PSO-tuned one to compare results.

2. METHOD
Here proposed the new MI-SEPIC converter. The proportional integral controller (PIC) is replaced
with particle swarm optimization tuned proportional integral control (PSOPIC) to improve the power
oscillation in direct quadrature (DQ) control. The Figure 1 shows the proposed technique, where Figure 2
shows the block diagram of the proposed MI-SEPIC. The controller connections also given clearly. The grid
side converter is the three-phase converter with six switches.

Figure 1. Proposed power generation model

2.1. DQ controlled grid tie controller

The grid side controller is made with DQ control. DQ control is a tranformation which uses the
formula for converting the ABC to DQ and viceversa. The park’s transformation shows in (1). The inverse
park transformation shows in (2). Here, ‘u’ can be voltage ‘V’ or current ‘I’. Based on (1) and (2) are
common for V & I.
2𝜋 2𝜋
cos⁡(𝜔𝑡) cos (𝜔𝑡 − ) cos (𝜔𝑡 + )
𝑢𝑑 3 3 𝑢𝑎
2𝜋 2𝜋
( 𝑢𝑞 ) = −sin(𝜔𝑡) −sin (𝜔𝑡 − ) sin (𝜔𝑡 + ) ( 𝑢𝑏 ) (1)
3 3
𝑢0 1 1 1 𝑢𝑐
( 2 2 2 )
cos⁡(𝜔𝑡) −sin(𝜔𝑡) 1
𝑢𝑑 2𝜋
𝑢𝑎
( 𝑢𝑞 ) = −sin(𝜔𝑡) −sin (𝜔𝑡 − ) 1 (𝑢𝑏 ) (2)
3
𝑢0 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑢
(cos (𝜔 + ) − sin (𝜔𝑡 + ) 1) 𝑐
3 3

Figure 3 shows the DC voltage regulation which generated the current reference shown in Figure 4
and controlled with PSOPIC.From the voltage reference and measured values given to the PI controller as
error. This error is converted as diret current. And the current measurements are converted to direct and
quadratic voltages using PSOPIC controller.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1249

Figure 2. New MI-SEPIC circuit [26]

Figure 3. DC voltage regulation using PIC Figure 4. PSOPIC based current regulation

2.2. Current regulator designed with PI and PSO-PI

In general, PIC are used in current regulation of electrical sytems. The output of the conventional
current regulator is expressed in (3).

𝑂𝑢𝑡(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑝 (𝐼𝑑𝑞 ∗ − 𝐼𝑑𝑞 ) + 𝐾𝑖 ∫(𝐼𝑑𝑞 ∗ − 𝐼𝑑𝑞 )𝑑𝑡⁡ (3)

Where 𝐼𝑑𝑞 * reference current 𝐼𝑑𝑞 - the measured current. It is the responsibility of the PIC to make an effort
to reduce the inaccuracy that is caused by the disparity between them. The output is the signal that is advised
to be used since it has the fewest number of mistakes (out(t)). While the integral constant is denoted by the
letter Ki, the proportional constant refers to Kp. In order to make adjustments to the parameters Kp and Ki,
manual tuning processes are utilised. Block schematic of PSOPIC-based current regulation is depicted in
Figure 5, which may be found here. Each of the outputs is added together and then presented as output.

2.3. Problem formulation

The objective function used here is settling time minimization. The settling time value from the
Simulink diagram is measured using the MATLAB command. The settling time values stored in the
workspace. The final value of the settling time is taken here as the objective function. It can be
represented as (4).

𝑓(𝑘𝑝 , 𝑘𝑖 ) = minimize⁡( 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔⁡𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒⁡(𝑠))⁡ (4)

The inequality constraints are given as (5) and (6).

0 < 𝑘𝑝 < 1200 (5)

0 < 𝑘𝑖 < 1200 (6)

Validation and test of a novel multi-input converter in extreme conditions using … (Supriya Jayaprakash)
1250  ISSN: 2088-8694

The values of the final results from the simulation was not much when kp and ki varied more than 1200. So
the maximum value is selected here as 1200. The Figure 6 shows the flowchart of the PSOPIC. The
initialization has the KP, KI, C1, and C2 are shown and then the evaluation of the fitness function is done.
The KP and KI values are populated in random manner, (5) and (6) are responsible for it. Then the random
values one by one placed in the simulation and the settling time is calculated. The settling time for each KP
and KI are listed and minimum is taken. This one is taken as best values and then the PSO algorithm
repopulates the values and then evaluates the fitness for the next iteration. Till the final iteration the optimal
values are found.

Figure 5. PSOPIC control of current regulation

Figure 6. PSOPIC flow chart

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As sources of power wind power generation, PV power and fuel cell power generation are each
utilized. DC power is generated by photovoltaic cells and fuel cells in this context. The generation of wind
power is accomplished by the use of permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) generators, which
generate high frequency AC power. By utilizing the diode rectifier bridge, this is transformed into direct
current. It is the MI-SEPIC converter that receives these specific supplies. During the boosting process, the
MPPT algorithm is used to the converter switch. This is exclusively done for wind and photovoltaic energy.
The traditional P & O method is considered to be the MPPT methodology that is utilized. Following this, the
inverter is connected to the DC link, and the output of the inverter is connected to the electricity grid once it
has been connected. Through the use of the DQ approach, the inverter is controlled. In this case, the direct Id
and Iq are both under the control of the DQ controller. There is a connection between the electrical grid and a
utility load of 1000 kW. Once this need has been met, the grid will then take the electricity that is available in
excess of what is required. The simulation's parameters are listed in Table 1, which may be found here.
Various tests are taken to prove the proposed concept is stable. The test cases are shown as: i) case 1: sudden
load change in the system, ii) case 2: AC side fault, and iii) case 3: DC side fault.
Figure 7 shows the DC link voltage in V. It shows the settling is faster in PSOPIC compared with
PI. Figure 8 shows the load change in the system. The load change has oscillation in the beginning of the
waveform. Figure 9 shows the measured solar power. Here also the PSOPIC is faster and Figure 9 shows that
the oscillations in the power also reduced. Figure 10 shows the zoomed Figure 9. Figure 11 shows the fuel
cell measured power. It shows the PSOPIC is faster in settled and stability is good compared to PI. Figure 12
shows the wind power measured power. It shows the oscillations are less in PSOPIC. Figure 13 zoomed view
of Figure 12. Table 2 shows the response time comparison. Table 3 shows the settling time comparison.
Figure 12 shows the response time comparison.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1251

Figure 7. DC link voltage in V Figure 8. Load change in the system

Figure 9. Measured solar power Figure 10. Zoomed of figure 9

Figure 11. Fuel cell measured Figure 12. Wind power measured Figure 13. Zoomed view of
power power Figure 12

Table 1. Parameters used for simulation

Parameters Module type SunPower SPR- Parameters Type PEMFC
305-WHT
PV power Number of series 5 Fuel Cell Power (W) 6
plant connected modules per string
Number of parallel 34 Voltage (V) 45
connected modules per string
Open circuit voltage (V) 64.2 Series connected fuel cells 4
Short circuit current (A) 5.96 Nominal power in W 24 kW
Maximum power point voltage (V) 54.7 Grid Voltage (V) 0.4 kV
Maximum power point current (A) 5.58 Frequency (Hz) 50 Hz
Nominal power in W 51.8 kW Transformer Nominal power in W 100 kW
Wind Nominal mechanical power (W) 20 kW Primary voltage 0.4 kV
power Base wind speed (m/s) 12 Secondary voltage 11 kV
plant Maximum power at base wind 0.73 Filter R 2 mohm
speed
Number of turbines 3 L 1.5 mH
Torque in Nm 6 MI-SEPIC L11, L12, L13 5 mH
DC voltage rating (V) 600 C1 12 uF
Speed in RPM 4500 L2 5 mH
Co 12000 uF

Validation and test of a novel multi-input converter in extreme conditions using … (Supriya Jayaprakash)
1252  ISSN: 2088-8694

Table 2. Response time comparison Table 3. Settling time comparison in secs

Test cases Conventional PI in secs PSOPIC in secs Test cases Conventional PI in secs PSOPIC in secs
Case 1 0.1 0.06 Case 1 0.5 0.11
Case 2 0.1 0.07 Case 2 0.5 0.12
Case 3 0.1 0.06 Case 3 0.5 0.12

4. CONCLUSION
In the course of this research, the testing and validation of MI-SEPIC is suggested. In order to
analyses the performance of the MI-SEPIC converter, photovoltaic, wind, and fuel cell connections are
necessary. The power oscillations are analyzed as it is connected to the grid. In this study, grid
synchronization control in DQ mode is the subject of discussion. The PSOPIC standard is used as a point of
comparison with the traditional PIC. A comparison is made between the outcomes when a PSOPIC is used in
place of a normal PI. At this point, a MATLAB simulation is being executed with the intention of validating
the proposed system. The results demonstrate that the method that was proposed is superior to the method
that was traditionally used.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Supriya Jayaprakash currently working as assistant professor in Department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore.
Her area of interest is power electronics, control systems, network analysis, and renewable
energy sources. She is pursuing part time Ph.D. in multiport DC-DC converter. She can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Rajashekar Jangam Siddamallaiah currently working as professor and head of

the Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of
Engineering, Bangalore. His area of interest is process instrumentation and control. He has
many publications in reputed journals. He can be contacted at email: rajashekhar-
[email protected].

Validation and test of a novel multi-input converter in extreme conditions using … (Supriya Jayaprakash)