STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH | MIDTERMS REVIEWER

Lesson 1: Words 3 MAIN SUBTYPE

Word – Basic unit of Language Clipping – words that are formed by
- smallest unit of grammar clipping or removing one or more
Morphology – formation of words syllables from a larger word.
Semantic – meaning of words
4 Types of Clipping
Back Clipping – removes the end part
13 Mechanisms of Word
of a word
1. Derivation – adding affixes
Ex. Ad – Advertisement Exam –
(prefix,infix,suffix) to an existing word
Examination
to create new words.
Fore Clipping – removes beginning
Ex. Teach + er = Teacher
part of a word
2. Back Formation – creating a new
Ex. Motorbike – Bike
word by removing or extracting the
Middle Clipping – reserve the middle
supposed affixes from another words.
position Ex. Fridge – Refrigerator
Ex. Editor = Edit
Complex Cliping – removes multiple
3. Compounding – combining two or
pieces from multiple words
more words to create a new word.
Ex. Sci-fi Science Fiction, Forex -
Ex. Snow+Ball= Snowball
Foreign Exchange
TYPES OF COMPOUND
Acronym – forms from the first letter of
Hypenated Compound – formed by
each word in a phrase and the newly
connecting two or more word with “-
formed letters create a new word that
“to create a single concept
help us speedy communication
Ex. Self-Esteem
Ex. Asap -As Soon As Possible
Open Compound- formed by two or
Initialism – is an acronym that is
more words that are written separately
pronounced as individual letters
to convey a single concept or idea.
Ex. ATM – Automated Teller Machine
Ex. High School
CD – Compact Disc
Closed Compound- formed by joining
two or more words together without
8.Loanwords – Borrowing or adopting
any spaces/hyphens.
of words from a foreign language.
Ex. Rainbow
Most words are from French, latin, and
Greek
4. Repurposing – Taking a word from
Ex. Grammar from Greek, Algebra
one context and applying it to another
from Arabic
Ex. Mouse, Virus, Junk
9.Onomatopeia – Creation of a word by
5. Conversion- Taking a word from one
imitation of the sound
class and transplanting it to another
Ex. I knew we had finally left the city
Ex. I saw a giant dog just outside our
when I could hear the gentle “moo” of
house
the cows in the field
6. Eponyms- words named after a
10.Reduplication – The repetition or
person or place
near repetition of a word or sound
Ex. Watt from james watt (Scottish
Ex. Zig-zag, Chit-chat, Flip-flap
inventor and mechanical Eng.)
11.Nonce Words – Word pulled out of
7. Abbrevations- Shortening of the
thin air, bearing a little relation to any
forms of words lengthy phrases.
existing form

Gweyneth Nebrija BSED ENG -1A

STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH | MIDTERMS REVIEWER

12.Error – Misspellings, Mishearings, new and specific meaning

Mispronounciatition, and - For the base form and to be flexible
Mistranscriptions rarely produce new when we use it
words in their own right, but often lead Categories
to new forms in conjunction with other a. conjugation - inflection of verb
mechanisms 12 tenses - time the action happens
13.Blending – two or more words are (pass, present, future)
merge into 4 aspect - the manner on how the
one so that the blended constituents action happened
are either clipped, or partially overlap Aspects of verb
1. Simple Tense
2. Progressive / continuous Tense
Part of Speech
3. Perfect Tense
Nouns – represent a concrete and
4. Perfect Progressive Tense /Perfect
abstract thing
Continous Tense
-name of a person
Simple Present Tense
2 Major Types of Nouns
Sarah goes to park by train
Proper Nouns - a particular name of
Form: subject+ verb (1) + s/es +
something or someone
object
Common Nouns - does not name a
Simple Past Tense
particular thing, person, or place
Sarah went to park by train
Collective nouns- name of a group
Form: subject + v 1) + d/ed + object
- acceptable to use singular verb with
Simple Future Tense
plural noun
Sarah will go to park by train
- acceptable if you wish to emphasize
Form: Subject + will/shall + verb (1) +
a member of that group
object
- hard to identify if its plural or
singular, it depends on the context
Affirmative sentence- more on
- acting as one
declarative
- use plural to emphasize plural
Negative sentence -negative/ negation
Concrete Nouns -it points physical
Interrogative sentence
object
-questioning/interrogation
- names an object which can be
perceived by sense
Negative sentence (-)
Abstract noun- it cannot be touch
Simple Present Tense
- names a quality, characteristics, or
I do not eat pizza
an idea Countable Noun -can be
Form: Subject + do/does not +verb (1)
counted
+ object
Non-countable nouns- cannot be
Simple Past Tense
counted Compound nouns -
I did not eat pizza
combination of two or more words.
Form: Subject + did not + verb (1)+
Verbs- expresses a state of action
object
Linking verb- is, was, were , are
Simple Future Tense
Infections - “inflectere" in Latin
I will not eat pizza
meaning "to bend".
Form: subject + will not + verb (1) +
- process of changing words to crat
object

Gweyneth Nebrija BSED ENG -1A

STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH | MIDTERMS REVIEWER

ing + object
Interrogative Sentence (?) Past Progressive Interrogative
Simple Present Tense Was I eating pizza?
Do I eat pizza? Form: was/were + subject + verb1
Form: do/does + subject + verb (1) + +ing + object
object Future Progressive Interrogative
Simple Past Interrogative will I be eating pizza?
Did I eat pizza? Form: will + subject + verb 1 + ing +
Form: did + subject + verb (1) + object
object
Simple Future Interrogative Present Perfect Tense
Will I eat pizza? Sarah has gone to park by train
Form: will + subject + verb (1) + Form: subject + has/have + verb 3 +
object object
Past Perfect Tense
Progressive/Continuous Tense Sarah had gone to park by train
Present Progressive Tense Form: subject + had + verb 3 + object
Sarah is going to park by train
Form: subject + is/am/are + verb (1) + Future Perfect Tense
object sarah wil have gone to park by train
Past Progressive Tense Form. Subject+ will have + verb 3 +
Sarah was going to park by train object
Form: subject + was/were + verb (1) +
ing + object Negative Sentence (-)
Future Progressive Tense Present Perfect Tense
Sarah will be going to park by train I have not eaten pizza
Form: subject + will be /shall be + Form: subject + has/have + not +
verb (1) + ing + object verb 3 + object
Past perfect tense
Negative Sentence (-) I had not eaten pizza
Progressive Present Tense Form: subject + had + not + verb 3 +
I am not eating pizza object Future perfect tense
form: subject + am/is/are + verb 1 + I will not have eaten pizza
ing +object Form: subject + will+ not + have+
Progressive Past Tense verb 3 + object
I was not eating pizza
form: subject + was/were + not + verb Interrogative Sentence (?)
1 + ing +object Present perfect Interrogative
Progressive Future Tense Have i eaten pizza?
I will not be going to eat pizza Form: Have/ has + subject+ verb 3+
Form: subject + will + not + be + verb object Past perfect Interrogative
1 + ing + object Had i eaten pizza?
Form: had+ subject + verb 3+ object
Interrogative Sentence Future perfect Interrogative
Present Progressive Interrogative Will i have eaten pizza?
Am I eating pizza? Form: will + subject + have + verb3 +
form: is/am/are +subject + verb 1+ object

Gweyneth Nebrija BSED ENG -1A

STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH | MIDTERMS REVIEWER

whether it is a fact a command, a

Perfect Progressive Present wish, etc.
perfect Progressive 1.Indicative mood (Fact) - states a Fact
Sarah has been going to park by train or asks a question ex. Marian Rivera
Form: subject + has/have + been + has an angelic pave?
verb 1 + ing + object 2) Imperative Mood ( command)-
Past perfect Progressive expresses an ordered
Sarah had been going to park by train ex. Keep away from the sunlight
Form: subject+ had + been + verb 1+ 3) Subjunctive mood (wish) - snows a
ing+ object wish, a suggestion, or possible
Future Perfect progressive condition.
Sarah will have been going to park by ex. If I were alive, I will be partying all
train Form: subject+ will+ have+ night. Declension - inflection. of nouns,
been+ verb 1 + object pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:
Negative Sentence (-) - makes possible to express number,
Present Perfect progressive negative gender, case
I have not been eating pizza Gender OF Nouns
Form: subject + have/ has + not + Masculine - male ex.mister
been+ verb 1 + ing + object Feminine - Female ex. mistress
Past Perfect progressive negative Neuter - inanimate objects ex building
I had not been eating pizza Common - eitheir ex. excousin
Form: subject + had + not + been+ Number of Nouns (zero plural/zero
verb1 + ing + object noun - it doesnt change or add s rules
Future Perfect progressive negative even if it is S or P)
I will not been eating pizza in forming the plurality of nouns
Form: subject + will + not+ been + Examples:
verb 1 + ing + object - pea - peas hily- lilies
Kennedy - Kennedys VIP - VIPs
Interrogative Perfect Progressive potato - potatoes a hero - heroes
Present Perfect Progressive Kiss - kisses ox - oxen
Interrogative Have i been eating mouse - mice salmon - sheep
pizza? antenna - anten
Form: have/ had + subject + been + 1-add s les
verb 1 + ing + object 2. IF acronym add little s
Past Perfect Progressive Interrogative 3. Change y to ies
Had i been eating pizza? 4. borrow words retain their foreign
Form: had + subject + been + verb 1 plural
+ ing + object Invariable Nouns
Future Perfect Progressive - not changing
Interrogative - constant
Will i have been eating pizza? - uncountable and proper nouns have,
Form: will + subject + have + been + only one form.
verb 1 + ing + object - not capable to change
Singular
- take singular verbs
Mood of a Verb - concrete uncountable nouns,
-the form of a verb takes to show abstract, uncountable nouns, proper

Gweyneth Nebrija BSED ENG -1A

STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH | MIDTERMS REVIEWER

nouns, some nouns with suffix"s". 2. Forming Possessive of Proper Nouns

Plural ex.James → James Jackie - Jackie's
- take plural verbs 3. Forming Possessive of Plural Nouns
- proper collective nouns, some nouns eX. Friends → Friends' students →
derived by the SUFFIX “s”, proper students' 4. Forming Possessive
noun in "s". words that refer to people. ofIrregular Plural nouns – w/os
ex: Children → children's women →
women's
Cases OF Nouns 5. Forming. Possessive of Compounds
- indicates the action or Function OF Nouns- whether ‘s’ or ‘p’ add (‘) at the
the noun win the sentences end ex. vice- principal o vIce
1. Nominative Case. - IF noun or principal's
pronoun is used as the subject of the 6.Forming Possessive of two Joined
verb nouns together
a. subject of a verb ex.Jade and Allen → Jade and Allen's
ex. People seek freedom 7.Forming Possessive of Two nouns w/
b. Predicate Nominative septrate ownership
- the noun that completes a linking ex. Jade and Allen → Jade's and Allen's
and mean the same as a subject
ex. The Anti Terrorism bill is already a
law Adjectives
c. Appositive - can use as modifier
-a noun that explains, another noun it 12 Orders of Adfectives
Follows ex. Father Randy, our Friend, is 1 Article - The
a priest. 2. Quantity - 38
2. Objective Case 3.Opinion- loud
- nouns that are used as the object of 4.Size - large
the verb. 5. Physical Quality – gorgeous
a. Dative (indirect object) 6. shape
ex. I bought them a box of doughnuts 7. Age – early adulthood
b. Accusative (direct object) 8. Color
ex. They like him. 9. Origin/ Religion
C. Object of a preposition 10. Material
ex. The bouquet of Flower is from me 11. Type
3. Possessive Case 12. Purpose - to study
- nouns that show possession or
ownership 12 Types / Classes
ex.the girl paintings - The girl's 1.Coordinate Adjectives. - (comma)
paintings. - one girl Rules. - Used to refer to adjectives that can
2. The Girls High Schrol - The Girls' be written in any order.
High school - many girls - have cases, number, and person
Example: She wore a blue and white
Rules blouse yesterday
1. Forming Possessive of Singular 2. Demonstrative Adjectives - (these
Nouns. that, those, this)
ex this is my friend car → This is my - - refer to " Which" noun or pronoun
Friend's car. you are speaking about - It comes

Gweyneth Nebrija BSED ENG -1A

STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH | MIDTERMS REVIEWER

before all the ads. in the nown phrase - A, an, the act as adjectives
Example: would you like these Shoes? - Stand beside their noun
3. Descriptive Adjectives - It generally Example: She is the daughter of the
modifies a noun president Just saw a comet Fall.
- They give the noun a quality or
attribute Example. He hurt her
Feelings when he called her lying
witch Comparison of Adjectives
4. Distributive Adjectives (any, each, - adjectives often describe the degree
eitheir) - shows that the members of a of modification
group are to be treated seperately, -positive, comparative, and superlative
rather than as a group
- they stand before the noun they 1. Positive Degree
modify Example: I don't like to hear - use to describe one item, group or
any news about COVID -19 person example: The boy is tall
5. Indefinite Adjectives (Few, many, 2. Comparative Degree (add er)
several) - desribe two items, groups or people
- Points to non-specific items - the word “than" is used often
Example: I don't like to hear any Example: That girl is taller than the
complaints from you. there are no other
teachers in the faculty room. 3. Superlative Degree ( add est)
6. Interrogative Adjectives (5WH and - describe 3 or more items, three or
How) -pose a question and need a more groups of people
noun or pronoun by their side Example: Alex is the youngest player
Example: What brand do you prefer for in the team
a laptop - the use of “the” before the adj.
7. Possessive Adjectives (Their, His,
Her) pronoun w/ s
- show possession or ownership
Example: Is that their house?
8. Predicate Adjective (is, am)|
- they come after a linking verb
Example: She is intellegence
9. Proper Adjectives - capitalized
adjectives derived from proper noun
Example: I love Filipino cuisine
10.Quantitave, Numeral, Cardinal
Adjectives
- describes the quantity of something
- answer the question "how much?
Example: She has 10 siblings
11. Sequence Adjective
- describe the quantity of somethina
- also called " ordinal adrectives" (1 st,
2nd) Examples: This is my third take
for the licensure examination.
12. Articles as Adjectives

Gweyneth Nebrija BSED ENG -1A