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Math 3 Section 1

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Math 3 Section 1

Uploaded by

Ahmed M Nagy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Mathematics 3

Section 1

Eng/Ahmed Rashed
Eng/Nagwa Mohamed
sets

Set : A collection of objects. The specific


objects within the set are called the elements
or members of the set.
• All elements in the set should be related
and well defined.
• Capital letters are commonly used to name
sets.
• Examples: 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = {A,E,F,D,H,J} 𝑜𝑟
𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐵 = {1, 8, 3, 12}
Notation
Roster Method || Listing

• We simply list each element (or "member") separated by a comma, and then put some curly
brackets around the whole thing.
• The three dots ... are called an ellipsis, and mean "continue on".
Notation
Set-Builder Notation
Notation
venn diagram
Finite set and Infinite set

• A finite set: is a set that has a finite number of elements.


EX: A= {index, middle, ring, pinky} we call a finite set

• Infinite set: if it is limitless from beginning to end or has continuity on both sides.
EX: W = {0, 1, 2, 3,…}
Cardinality of a Set (the order)

• For finite sets the cardinality(or the order) is The number of distinct in a set.

• For example : the cardinality of the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is equal to 6


because set A has six elements.

• It is denoted by the modulus sign on both sides of the set name, |A|.

• For infinite sets, all we can say is that the order is infinite.
Equivalent Sets AND Equal Sets

• Equivalent Sets: Two sets that contain the same number of distinct elements
(same cardinality ).

• Example:
• 𝐴 = {𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑟}
• 𝐵 = {𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑦, 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙, 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟}
𝑛(𝐴) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛(𝐵) = 4
𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠, 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐵).
Equivalent Sets AND Equal Sets

Equal Sets : Two sets that contain exactly the same elements, regardless
of the order listed.

the equals sign (=) is used to show equality

Example: Are these sets equal?


• A is {1, 2, 3}
• B is {3, 1, 2}
Yes, they are equal!
They both contain exactly the members 1, 2 and 3.

• Note: If two sets are Equal, they are also Equivalent!


The Empty Set (or Null Set)

• The Empty Set (or Null Set) :The set that contains no elements. It can be
represented by either { } 𝑜𝑟 ∅.

• Note : The empty set is a subset of every set


Symbols commonly used with Sets
Subsets AND Proper Subsets

• Subsets : For Sets A and B, Set A is a Subset of Set B if every element in Set A
is also in Set B.
• Set A can be equal to Set B
• It is written as A ⊆ B
• Example: Let A be all multiples of 4 and B be all multiples of 2. Is A a subset of
B? And is B a subset of A?
• The sets are:
• A = {..., −8, −4, 0, 4, 8, ...}
• B = {..., −8, −6, −4, −2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ...}
• So : A is a subset of B, but B is not a subset of A
Subsets AND Proper Subsets

• Proper Subsets: For Sets A and B, Set A is a Proper Subset of Set B if every
element in Set A is also in Set B, and there exists at least one element in B that is
not in A.

• Set A does not equal Set B. (𝑨 ≠ 𝑩).

• It is written as 𝑨 ⊂B

• Example: set A {1, 2, 3} is a proper subset of B {1, 2, 3, 4}


Subsets AND Proper Subsets

Examples :

Example: A {1, 2, 3} is a subset of B{1, 3, 2}, but is not a proper subset of B.


Note:
• Any set is considered to be a subset of itself
• The Empty Set is a Subset of every Set.
• The Empty Set is also a Proper Subset of every Set except the Empty Set.
Subsets AND Proper Subsets

Number of Subsets : The number of distinct subsets of a set


containing n elements is given by 𝟐^𝒏 .
Number of Proper Subsets: The number of distinct proper subsets
of a set containing n elements is given by 𝟐^𝒏 − 𝟏.
Example: How many Subsets and Proper Subsets does Set A
have? 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = {𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑠, 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠}
𝑛=3
Subsets = 2^3 = 8
Proper Subsets = 2^3 − 1 = 7
Universal Set

• A universal set (usually denoted by U) is a set which has elements of all the
related sets, without any repetition of elements

• Example: A and B are two sets, such as A = {i,o,a,e,u} and B = {c,b,a,e,f,g,d},


then the universal set associated with these two sets is given by
U = {i,o,u,a,e,c,b,f,d,g}.
Intersection of sets AND the Union of Sets

• The Intersection of Sets A and B is the set of elements that are in both A and B, i.e.
what they have in common.

• It can be written as 𝑨 ∩ B

• Union of Sets : The Union of Sets A and B is the set of elements that are members of
Set A, Set B, or both Sets.

• It can be written as 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩.
Intersection of sets AND the Union of Sets

Example: Find the Intersection and the Union for the Sets A and B.
• 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴(Fruit) = {tomato, orange , apple , banana}
• 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐵(Vegetables) = {potato, broccoli, tomato, spinach }
• Intersection: 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = {tomato}
• Union: 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = {potato, broccoli, tomato, spinach,orange , apple ,
banana}
Difference of sets
The difference between the two sets, A and B is a set that contains
those elements of A that are NOT in B.
written as A ∖ B or A − B.

Example: Find A − B for the Sets A and B.


𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴(Fruit) = {tomato, orange , apple , banana}
𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐵(Vegetables) = {potato, broccoli, tomato, spinach }
• A − B ={ orange , apple , banana}
• B − A ={ potato, broccoli, spinach}
Complement
• Complement of a Set :is the set of all elements in the given Universal Set (U),
that are not in Set A.
• The Complement of Set A, written as A’.
Exercise
• Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {2, 3, 5, 6}, and C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
1. Find |A|, |B|, and |C|
2. Are A and B equivalent? Are they equal?
3. Find A ∩ B and C - B.
4. Which of the following is correct?
• A⊆C
• B⊆A
• C⊆C
• C⊂C
5. How can we form the set C from the sets A and B?
Sequences
Sequence: a list of things (usually numbers) that are in order
Sequences
A sequence is like a set, except:
• The terms are in order (with Sets the order does not matter).
• The same value can appear many times (only once in Sets).
• Sequences also use the same notation as sets.

Example 1: {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …}


Example 2: {4, 3, 2, 1}
Example 3: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, …}

Note :Sequences can be finite or infinite.


Sequences
•To refer to specific terms in a sequence, we use this notation:

For example in the sequence {3, 5, 7, 9, …}


• 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑
• 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓
• 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟕
• And so on for any term.
Sequences
• For any sequence, we can find a rule that lets us calculate the n-th term.

• Example:- for the sequence {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}, we have: 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏


Using the rule, we can calculate the value of terms easily.
For example, 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎

Can you find a rule for this sequence? {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, …}


Arithmetic Sequences

• In an arithmetic sequence, the difference between one term and the next is
a constant (is made by adding by the same value each time)
Example: {1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, …}

• This sequence has a difference of 3 between each number.


The pattern is continued by adding 3 to the last number each time,
like this:

• The value added each time is called the "common difference".


• The common difference could also be negative.
Arithmetic Sequences

• We can easily find the rule for any arithmetic sequence in the following way:
• Let a be the first term of the sequence.
• Let d be the difference between the terms.
• Then the rule for the arithmetic sequence is:
𝒙𝒏 = 𝒂 + 𝒅 𝒏 − 𝟏
Example: {1, 4, 7, 10, 13, …}
• a=1
• d=3
• Then 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟏 + 𝟑(𝒏 − 𝟏) → 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟏 + 𝟑 𝟒 − 𝟏 =10
Geometric Sequences

• In a geometric sequence, each terms is found by multiplying the previous term


by a constant. ( is made by multiplying by the same value each time)

Example: {1, 3, 9, 27, 81,243, …}


This sequence has a factor of 3 between each number.
The pattern is continued by multiplying by 3 each time, like this

• is a geometric sequence because it has a factor of 3 between each number.


• What we multiply by each time is called the "common ratio".
• The common ratio can be less than 1
Arithmetic Sequences

• We can easily find the rule for any geometric sequence in the
following way:
• Let a be the first term of the sequence.
• Let r be the factor(common ratio) between the terms.
• Then the rule for the geometric sequence is:
𝒙𝒏 = 𝒂𝒓𝒏−𝟏
Example: {1, 3, 9, 27, 81,243, …}
• a=1
• r=3
• Then 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟑𝒏−𝟏 → 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟑𝟓−𝟏 = 𝟖𝟏
Exercise

Find a rule for each of the following series:


• {5, 11, 17, 23, 29, …}
• {2, 8, 32, 128, 512, …}
• {100, 93, 86, 79, 72, …}
• {128, 64, 32, 16, 8, …}
‫!​‪Thank you‬‬

‫صلّوا علي النبي ﷺ‬

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