Delhi Public School,Panipat Refinery

Class 10(2023-24)
Revision Sheet
Subject- Chemistry
Chapter-Chemical reactions and equations
Key Points
Chemical reaction: It is a process in which one or more substances react to form some new
substances with different properties.
Chemical equation: It is the shorthand notation of actually occurring chemical reaction in
terms of the symbols, formulae and the ratio of the number of various reactants and products
involved.
Balanced chemical equation: A chemical equation is said to be balanced when the number
of atoms of each element on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms of
corresponding elements on the product side. Equations must always be balanced according
to law of conservation of mass.
Types of chemical reactions: Chemical reactions can be classified into:
combination,decomposition, displacement and double displacement reactions.
Combination reaction: A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new
single substance is called a combination reaction.For example:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Decomposition reaction: A reaction in which a single substance decomposes to give two
or more simpler substances. For example:
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Displacement reaction: The reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less
reactive element from its salt solution is called displacement reaction. For example:
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Double displacement reactions: The reactions in which two compounds exchange their
ions to form two new compounds are called double displacement reactions. For example:
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + NaCl (aq)
Exothermic reactions: Reactions in which heat is given out along with the products are
called exothermic reactions.
Endothermic reactions: Reactions in which heat is absorbed are known as endothermic
reactions.
Redox Reactions: Redox reactions are those reactions in which oxidation and reduction
take place simultaneously.
Oxidation is a process which involves gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
Reduction is a process which involves gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen.
Oxidising agent is a substance which gives oxygen or gains hydrogen.
Reducing agent is a substance which gives hydrogen or gains oxygen.
Corrosion: The process of slowly eating up of the metals due to attack of atmospheric
gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, etc. on the surface of the metals so as
to convert the metal into oxide, sulphide, carbonate, etc. is known as corrosion.
Rancidity: The oxidation of oils or fats in a food resulting into a bad taste and smell is
called rancidity.

Multiple Choice Type Questions

1.Which of the following statements about the given reaction are correct?
3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)
(i) Iron metal is getting oxidised
(ii) Water is getting reduced
(iii) Water is acting as reducing agent
(iv) Water is acting as oxidising agent
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
2. Which among the following statement(s) is (are) true?
Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a long duration turns grey due to
(i) the formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride
(ii) sublimation of silver chloride
(iii decomposition of chlorine gas from silver chloride
(iv) oxidation of silver chloride
(a) (i) only (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iv) only
3. A substance ‘X’ is used in white-washing and is obtained by heating limestone in the
absence of air. Identify ‘X’.
(a) CaOCl2 (b) Ca(OH)2 (c) CaO (d) CaCO3
4. Select the oxidising agent for the following reaction:
H2S + I2 → 2HI + S
(a) I2 (b) H2S (c) HI (d) S
5. Name the products formed when iron filings are heated with dilute hydrochloric acid
(a) Fe (III) chloride and water
(b) Fe (II) chloride and water
(c) Fe (II) chloride and hydrogen gas
(d) Fe (III) chloride and hydrogen gas

Assertion-Reason Questions
The following questions consist of two statements -
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option
given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
1. Assertion (A) :When HCl is added to zinc granules, a chemical reaction occurs.
Reason (R) :Evolution of a gas and change in colour indicate that the chemical reaction is
taking place.
2. Assertion (A) : Calcium carbonate when heated gives calcium oxide and water.
Reason (R) : On heating calcium carbonate, decomposition reaction takes place.
3. Assertion (A) : Brown fumes are produced when lead nitrate is heated.
Reason (R) : Nitrogen dioxide gas is produced as a by product due to the decomposition of
lead nitrate.
4. Assertion(A) : In a reaction of copper with oxygen, copper serves as a reducing agent.
Reason (R) : The substance which gains oxygen in a chemical reaction acts as a reducing
agent.
5. Assertion(A) : After white washing the walls, a shiny white finish on walls is obtained after
two to three days.
Reason (R): Calcium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium hydrogen carbonate
which gives shiny white finish.

Answer the following questions:

1.Balance the following chemical equations:
(i) CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
(ii) SiCl4 + H2O → H4SiO4 + HCl
(iii) Al + HCl → AlCl3 + H2
(iv) Na2CO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
(v) C7H6O2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
(vi) Fe2(SO4)3 + KOH → K2SO4 + Fe(OH)3
(vii) Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 → P4O10 + CaSiO3
(viii) KClO3 → KClO4 + KCl
(ix) Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)2 → Al(OH)3 + CaSO4
(x) H2SO4 + HI → H2S + I2 + H2O
2.Give reasons for the following:
(i) Silver nitrate solution cannot be stored in copper containers.
(ii) Gold and Silver do not corrode in air.
(iii) Blue colour of copper sulphate solution starts fading when a zinc rod is dipped in it.
3.Why does stale food gives a bad smell and bad taste? How can this be prevented?
4.A metal ‘X’ acquires a green colour coating on its surface on exposure to air
a) Identify the metal and name the process responsible for this change.
b) Give the name and formula of the green coating formed on the metal.
5.Write the skeleton equation for each of the following reactions. Then balance each of the
following chemical equations.
(i) Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water
(ii) Iron(III) Oxide + Hydrogen → Water + Iron
(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
(iv) Copper + Oxygen → Copper(II) Oxide
(v) Potassium iodide + Chlorine → Potassium chloride + Iodine
(vi) Magnesium + Copper(II) sulphate → Magnesium sulphate + Copper
(vii) Ammonium chloride + Lead(III) nitrate → Ammonium nitrate + Lead(III) chloride
(viii) Iron(III) nitrate + Magnesium sulphide → Iron(III) sulphide + Magnesium nitrate
(ix) Aluminum chloride + Sodium carbonate →Aluminum carbonate + Sodium chloride
(x) Sodium phosphate + Calcium hydroxide → Sodium hydroxide +Calcium phosphate
6.What type of chemical reactions take place when:
(a) Limestone is heated.
(b) A magnesium wire is burnt in air.
(c) Electricity is passed through water.
(d) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride are mixed.
(e) Silver bromide is exposed to sunlight.
7. A, B and C are three elements which undergo chemical reactions according to following
equations:
A2O3+ 2B → B2O3 + 2A
3CSO4+ 2B → B2(SO4)3 + 3C
3CO + 2A → A2O3 + 3C
Answer the following questions :
(a) Which element is the most reactive ? (b) Which element is the least reactive ?
8.You are provided with two containers made up of copper and aluminium. You are also provided
with solutions of dilute HCl, dilute HNO3, ZnCl2 and H2O. In which of the above containers these
solutions can be kept?
9.Study the figure given below and answer the following questions :
(a) Name the process depicted in the diagram.
(b) Write the composition of the anode and the cathode.
(c) Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction taking place in this case.
(d) The reaction does not take place if a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid are not added to
water. Why?
10. A compound ‘A’ is used in the manufacture of cement. When dissolved in water, it
evolves a large amount of heat and forms compound ‘B’.
(i) Identify A and B.
(ii) Write chemical equation for the reaction of A with water.
(iii) List two types of reaction in which this reaction may be classified.
11. Mention with reasons the colour changes observed when:
(i) silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
(ii) copper powder is strongly heated in the presence of oxygen.
(iii) a piece of zinc is dropped in Copper ulphate solution.
12. How will you test for the gas which is liberated when hydrochloric acid reacts with an
active metal?
13. Write any two observations when ferrous sulphate crystals are heated?
14. Crystals of copper sulphate are heated in a test tube for some time.
(a) What is the colour of copper sulphate crystals before heating, and after heating?
(b) What is the source of liquid droplets seen on the inner upper side of the test tube during
the heating process?
15. Observe the diagram given below and answer the following questions:

a. What do you observe when lead nitrate is heated?

b. Mention the two gases evolved equation for it.
c. Write the balanced chemical equation for it.
d. What is the type of chemical reaction called?
 Chapter-Acids,bases and salts
Key Points :
Acids : Acids are sour in taste, turn blue litmus to red, dissolve in water to release H + ions.
Bases: Bases are bitter in taste, turns red litmus to blue and when dissolved in water
releases OH– ions, e.g. NaOH and KOH.
Indicators: Indicators are those substances which tell us whether a substance is acidic or
basic by change in colour. For e.g., litmus solution.
Olfactory indicators: Those substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media are
called olfactory indicators. For e.g. clove, vanilla, onion.

pH indicates the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.

Neutralization is the reaction between acid & base to form salt & water.

Multiple Choice Type Questions

1.Which one of the following salts does not con-tain water of crystallisation?
(a) Blue vitriol (b) Baking soda (c) Washing soda (d) Gypsum

2.In terms of acidic strength, which one of the following is in the correct increasing order?
(a) Water < Acetic acid < Hydrochloric acid

(b) Water < Hydrochloric acid < Acetic acid

(c) Acetic acid < Water < Hydrochloric acid

(d) Hydrochloric acid < Water < Acetic acid

3.Brine is an
(a) aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide
(b) aqueous solution of sodium carbonate
(c) aqueous solution of sodium chloride
(d) aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate
4.Copper sulphate is an acidic salt because it is a salt of a
(a) strong acid and strong base (b) weak acid and weak base
(c) strong acid and weak base (d) weak acid and strong base
5.Acid present in tomato is :
(a) Oxalic acid (b) Malic acid (c) Acetic acid (d) Formic acid

Assertion-Reason Questions
The following questions consist of two statements -
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option
given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
1.Assertion(A): The acid must always be added to water with constant stirring.
Reason (R) : Mixing of an acid with water decreases the concentration of H + ions per unit
volume.
2. Assertion(A) : Copper sulphate crystals are wet because it contains water of
crystallisation.
Reason (R) : Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of molecules of water present in
one formula unit of salt.
3. Assertion(A) :The aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not show acidic
character.
Reason (R) : Aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not give H + ions.
4. Assertion(A) : HCl gas does not change the colour of dry blue litmus paper.
Reason (R) : HCl shows its acidic behaviour only when dissolved in water.
5. Assertion (A) : During electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodium
chloride,hydrogen gas is produced at anode and chlorine gas is produced at cathode.
Reason (R) : Ions get attracted to oppositely charged electrodes.

Answer the following questions:

1. Which bases are called alkalies? Give one example of alkali.
2. The pH of soil ‘A’ is 8.5, while that of soil ‘B’ is 4. Which of the two soils A or B should be
treated with powdered chalk to adjust the pH and why?
3. Why does bee sting causes pain and irritation? Rubbing of baking soda on the sting area
gives relief. How?
4. A compound ‘X’ of sodium is commonly used for making crispy pakoras. It is also used for
curing acidity in the stomach. Identify ‘X’. Write the formula and its chemical name. State the
reaction which takes place when it is heated.
5. A salt is produced by reaction between an acid and a base. Identify the acid and base
from which the following salts have been formed: (i) Na 2SO4 (ii) NH4Cl, (iii) KNO3 (iv) NaCl
(b) Which one of these will have pH less than 7 and why?
6. What happens when a cold and concentrated solution of sodium chloride reacts with ammonia
and carbon dioxide? Write the equation of the reaction takes place.
7. Identify the following compounds:
(i) A compound of sodium used for softening hard water.
(ii) A compound of calcium used for disinfecting drinking water supply.
(iii) A metal compound which has detergent properties.

8. A white powder is added while baking cakes to make it soft and spongy.Name its main
ingredients. Explain the function of each ingredient. Write the chemical reaction taking place
when the powder is heated during baking.

9. A chemical compound ‘X’ is used in the soap and glass industry. It is prepared from brine.
(a) Write the chemical name, common name and chemical formula of ‘X’.
(b) Write the equation involved in its preparation.
(c) What happens when it is treated with water containing Ca and Mg salts?

10.In the following diagram for the preparation of hydrogen gas as shown in the given figure,
what would happen if following changes are made ?

(а)In place of zinc granules, same amount of zinc dust is taken in the test tube.
(b)Instead of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid is taken.
(c)In place of zinc, copper turnings are taken.
(d)Sodium hydroxide is taken in place of dilute sulphuric acid and the tube
is heated.

11. When zinc metal is treated with a dilute solution of a strong acid, a gas is evolved, which
is utilised in the hydrogenation of oil. Name the gas evolved. Write the chemical equation of
the reaction involved and also write a test to detect the gas formed.
12.You are provided with 90 ml of distilled water and 10 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid to
prepare dilute sulphuric acid.
(i) What is the correct way of preparing dilute sulphuric acid? Give reason.
(ii) How will the concentration of H+ ions change on dilution?

13.Give one use each of the products obtained during chlor alkali process.

14. Four samples A, B, C and D change the colour of pH paper to Green, Reddish-pink, Blue
and Orange. Their pH was recorded as 7, 2, 10.5 & 6 respectively. Which of the samples
has the highest amount of hydrogen ion concentration? Arrange the four samples in the
decreasing order of their pH.

15.(i) Kapil found that the Plaster of Paris, which he stored in a container, has become very
hard and lost its binding nature. What is the reason for this? Also, write a chemical equation
to represent the reaction taking place.
(ii) Give any one use of Plaster of Paris other than for plastering or smoothening of walls.
 Chapter-Metals and Non metals
Key Points :
Metals are the elements that conduct heat and electricity and are malleable and ductile.
Most of the metals form respective metal oxides when react with oxygen.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
Metals form respective hydroxide and hydrogen gas when react with water.
Metals form respective salts when react with dilute acid.
Metal + dil. acid → Metal salt + Hydrogen
Hydrogen (H2) gas is not evolved when metal is treated with nitric acid (HNO3)
Reaction of metals with the solution of other metal salt is displacement reaction. In this
reaction, more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution.
Reaction of Metal and Non-metal: Many metals form ionic bonds when they react with
non-metals. Compounds so formed are known as Ionic Compounds.
Mineral: Minerals are naturally occurring substances which have a uniform composition.

Ores: The minerals from which a metal can be profitably extracted are called Ores.

Metallurgy : The process of extraction of metals from its ore.

Multiple Choice Type Questions

1.Aluminium is used for making foil. Which of the following properties of aluminium is
responsible for the same?
(a) Good thermal conductivity (b) Good electrical conductivity
(c) Ductility (d) High melting point
2. The poorest conductor of heat among the following metals is
(a) Lead (b) Mercury (c) Calcium (d) Sodium
3.Identify X in the following reaction
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → X + H2O
(a) Al(OH)3 (b) Na2O (c) NaAlO2 (d) AlNaO2
4. Which of the following pairs will give displacement reaction?
(a) FeSO4 solution and Copper metal
(b) AgNO3 solution and Copper metal
(c) CuSO4 solution and Silver metal
(d) NaCl solution and Copper metal
5. Generally metals react with acids to give salt and hydrogen gas. Which of the given
acids does not give hydrogen gas on reacting with metals (except Mn and Mg)?
(a) H₂SO₄ (b) HCl (c) HNO₃ (d) All of these
Assertion-Reason Questions
The following questions consist of two statements -
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option
given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
1. Assertion(A) :Highly reactive metals are obtained by electrolytic reduction.
Reason (R) : In the electrolytic reduction, metal is deposited at the cathode.
2. Assertion(A) : Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Reason (R): Alloys are heterogeneous mixture of metals with other metals and non-
metals.
3. Assertion(A) : Zinc oxide is amphoteric in nature.
Reason (R) : Zinc oxide reacts with both acids and bases.
4. Assertion (A) : Zinc carbonate is heated strongly in presence of air to form zinc oxide and
carbon dioxide.
Reason(R):Calcination is the process in which a carbonate ore is heated strongly in the
absence of air to convert into metal oxide.

Answer the following questions:

1.A metal X is so soft that it can be easily cut with a knife. Its oxide, soluble in water, forms
compound which turns red litmus solution blue. Identify X. Give your answer with chemical
equation.
2. Given below are the steps for the extraction of copper from its ore. Write the chemical
equation of the reactions involved in each case.
(i) Roasting of copper(I)sulphide
(ii) Reduction of copper(I)oxide from copper(I)sulphide
3.Copper coin is kept immersed in a solution of silver nitrate for some time. What will happen
to the coin and the colour of solution?
4. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of
extraction.
(ii) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal; still it is widely used in making cooking utensils.
5. The electronic configuration of four elements are given:
A: 2, 8,1 B: 2, 8, 2 C: 2, 8,7 D: 2, 6
(i) Which one among A, B, C and D forms monovalent cation?
(ii) Which one among A, B, C and D forms divalent cation?
(iii) Which one among A, B, C and D forms monovalent anion?
6.Write electron dot structures of Ca (Z = 20) and O (Z = 8).
(i) Show the formation of calcium oxide by transfer of electrons.
(ii) Name the ions present in this compound.
(iii) List two important characteristics of this compound.
7. What happens when (Write the balanced equation involved):
(i) Copper is heated in air.
(ii) Aluminum oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid.
(iii) Potassium reacts with water.
(iv) Aluminium oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide.
8. An alloy has low melting point and is therefore used for electrical fuse. Name the alloy and
write its constituents.
9. A green layer is gradually formed on copper plate when left exposed to air for one week.
What could this green substance be?
10. Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state and not in solid state?
11. A non-metal X exists in two different forms V and Z. Y is the hardest known natural
substance, whereas Z is a good conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y and Z.
12. The reaction of metal X with Fe2O3 is highly exothermic and is used to join railway tracks.
Identify metal X. Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
13. Explain, why calcium metal after reacting with water starts floating on its surface. Write
the chemical equation for the reaction.
14. When a metal X is reacted with cold water, it gives a basic compound Y with molecular
formula XOH (Molecular mass 40) and liberates a gas Z which easily catches fire. Identify X,
Y, Z.
15. A metal A which is used in thermite process, when heated with oxygen gives an oxide B
which is amphoteric in nature. Identify A and B. Write down the reactions of oxide of B with
HCl and NaOH.
16. Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide react with both acids and bases to produce salt and
water. What are these oxides called? Write chemical equations in each case.
 Chapter-Carbon and its compounds
Key Points :
Covalent Bond A covalent bond is formed when pairs of electrons are shared between two
atoms.
Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have all carbon-carbon single bonds. These
are known as alkanes. General formula = CnH2n+2 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4.…..
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have at least one carbon-carbon double
or triple bond.
Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. General
formula = CnH2n where n = 2, 3, 4…..
Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes. General
formula = CnH2n−2 where n = 2, 3, 4…..
Isomers
The compounds with the same molecular formula and different physical or chemical
properties are known as isomers and the phenomenon is known as isomerism.
Homologous Series
Homologous series constitutes organic compounds with the same general formula, similar
chemical properties but different physical properties. The successive members in
homologous series differ by CH2 unit or 14 mass unit.
Functional Group: An atom or group of atoms present in a molecule which largely
determines its chemical properties is called Functional Group.
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds: The important chemical properties are as
follows:
1. Combustion: The complete combustion of carbon compounds in the air gives carbon
dioxide water, heat and light.
CH3CH2OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) + Heat and light
2.Oxidation: Oxidation of ethanol in presence of oxidizing agents gives ethanoic acid.
3. Addition Reaction: Addition of dihydrogen with unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence
of catalysts such as nickel or platinum or palladium are known as Hydrogenation (addition)
reaction.
4.Substitution Reaction: Replacement of one or more hydrogen atom of an organic
molecule by another atom or group of the atom is known as Substitution Reaction.
Soap: Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acid.

Detergent: It is an ammonium and sulphonate salt of long chain fatty acid.

Hard and Soft Water: Water that does not produce lather with soap readily is called Hard
water and water which produces lather with soap is called Soft Water.
Hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphate salts of
calcium and magnesium.

Multiple Choice Type Questions

1. Which of the following statements are incorrect for carbon compounds?

(i) Most carbon compounds are good conductors of electricity.
(ii) Most carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity.
(iii) Force of attraction between molecules of carbon compounds is not very strong.
(iv) Force of attraction between molecules of carbon compounds is very strong.

(a) (ii) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)

2. C4H8 belongs to the homologous series of

(a) Alkynes (b) Alkenes (c) Alkanes (d) Cyclo alkanes

3. When ethanoic acid is treated with Na2CO3 the gas evolved is

(a) H2 (b) CO2 (c) CH4 (d) CO

4. Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the [CERT Exemplar

(a) absence of sunlight (b) presence of sunlight

(c) presence of water (d) presence of hydrochloric acid

5. Which of these series can be classified as homologous series?

(a) CHCl3, CH3OH, C2H5OH (b) CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH

(c) CHCl3, CH3OH, CH3 COOH (d) C2H5OH, C4H9OH,CH3 COOH

Assertion-Reason Questions

The following questions consist of two statements -

Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option
given below:

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

1.Assertion (A) :Carbon has a strong tendency to either lose or gain electrons to attain
noble gas configuration.
Reason(R) : Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell and has a strong tendency for
catenation.

2. Assertion(A) : If the first member of a homologous series is methanal, its third member
will be propanal.

Reason (R) : All the members of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.

3. Assertion(A) : Ethanoic acid is also known as glacial acetic acid.

Reason(R) : The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and hence it often freezes

during winters in cold climates.

4. Assertion(A) :Soaps are not suitable for washing purpose when water is hard.

Reason (R) : Soaps have relatively weak cleansing action as compared to detergents.

5. Assertion (A) :Cooking oil decolourises bromine water.

Reason(R) : Cooking oil is a saturated carbon compound.

Answer the following questions:

1.Write the formula of first member of homologous series whose functional group is —CHO.

2. Name the functional group in the following compounds:

a. CH3 —CH2 —COOH b. CH3 —CO—CH2 —CH3

3. What will you observe on adding a 5% alkaline KMnO 4 solution drop by drop to warm
ethanol taken in a test tube? Write the name of the compound formed during the above
chemical reaction.

4. Write the electron dot structures of the following molecules:

(i) Ethene (ii) Methanal (iii) Ethanoic acid

5. State reasons to explain why covalent compounds:

a. are bad conductors of electricity b. have low melting and boiling points.

6. How would you distinguish experimentally between ethanol and ethanoic acid with the
help of sodium hydrogen carbonate? Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved.

7. Give reasons for the following:

a. Unsaturated hydrocarbons show addition reactions but not saturated hydrocarbons.

b. Carbon forms only covalent bonds.

8. Write the name and molecular formula of an organic compound having its name suffixed
with ‘—ol’ and having two carbon atoms in the molecule. With the help of a balanced
chemical equation indicate what happens when it is heated with excess of cone. H 2 SO4.

9. Draw the structures of all the possible isomers of hexane.

10. Complete the following chemical reactions:

a. C2H5OH + O2 →

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
b. C2H5OH →

c. CH3COOH + NaHCO3 →

11. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reaction with the help of equations
for each. State one use of each (i) esters and (ii) saponification process.

12. Why should we prefer vegetable oils over animal fats for cooking food? Give a balanced
chemical equation for reaction of hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Name the catalyst in the
reaction.

13. Soaps and detergents are both types of salts. State the difference between the two.
Write the mechanism of the cleansing action of soaps. Why do soaps not form lather (foam)
with hard water? Mention any two advantages of detergents over soaps.

14. In a tabular form, differentiate between ethanol and ethanoic acid under the following
heads: (i) Physical state (ii) Taste (iii) NaHCO 3 test (iv) Ester test

15. A compound X on heating with excess of conc. H 2SO4 at 443 K gives an unsaturated
compound Y. X also reacts with sodium metal to evolve a colourless gas Z. Identify X, Y and
Z. Write the equations of the chemical reaction of formation of Y and also write the role of
conc. sulphuric acid in the reaction.