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CHAPTER 3

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CHAPTER 3

Uploaded by

Thy Đặng
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 3

EXERCISES

1. Identify the following lexical categories in the passage below: (a) nouns, (b) adjectives, (c)
degree adverbs, (d) general adverbs and (e) prepositions.

On the court, she openly displayed a perfectly outrageous cheek towards officias recently
oppointed by the club. At home, on the other hand, she was an incredibly warm and loving
human being, full of sensizvity for people's feelings.
(a) Nouns: court, cheek, officias (should be officials), club, home, human being, sensitivity,
people's feelings.
(b) Adjectives: outrageous, perfectly, recent, warm, loving, incredible.
(c) Degree adverbs: incredibly.
(d) General adverbs: openly, on the other hand, full of.
(e) Prepositions: On, towards, by, at, for, of.

2. We've now identified two functions of NPs: subject and complement to a preposition. There
are other functions. Bearing this in mind, identify the NPs in the first sentence of the passage in
Exercise 1 above. Remember to identify first the largest NPs and only then any NPs that may be
contained within them. Then identify the head noun of each NP Which NP is functioning as
subject of that first sentence? Which NPs are functioning as the complement to a preposition? is
there an NP functioning in some other way?

NPs in the first sentence of the passage:


The largest NPs:
"she" (subject)
"a perfectly outrageous cheek towards officials recently appointed by the club" (complement to a
preposition)

Head nouns:
"she"
"cheek"

Functioning as subject:
"she"

Functioning as the complement to a preposition:


"a perfectly outrageous cheek towards officials recently appointed by the club"

There is no other NP in the sentence

3. Draw phrase markers for the following. In some cases, you don't have all the infor- mation
necessary to give a complete analysis. Where (and only where!) this is so, use triangles

(a) for you and Pete => [for [you] and [Pete]]
(b) very nervous but very excited => [very nervous] and [very excited]

(c) slowly and very carefully => [slowly] and [very carefully]

(d) Fernandez drank brandy and smoked cheroots. => [Fernandez [drank [brandy]]] and
[smoked [cheroots]]

(e) Herbert broke the printer and I had to mend it. => [Herbert [broke [the printer]]] and
[I [had [to mend [it]]]]

(f) now and in the future. => [now] and [in [the future]]

4. We have seen that adjectives can be modified by degree adverbs (forming an AF). Now, it's
possible for an AP to contain sequences of degree advertis

(a) so very touchy

(b) so completely stupid

(c) very very odd

Suggest an analysis for these As. If you need a hint, notice that very touchy, com pletely stupid
and very oddare Aps

(a) "so very touchy":


AP: [so [very [touchy]]]
The adverb "so" intensifies the degree adverb "very," which in turn modifies the adjective
"touchy."

(b) "so completely stupid":


AP: [so [completely [stupid]]]
The adverb "so" intensifies the degree adverb "completely," which modifies the adjective
"stupid."

(c) "very very odd":


AP: [very [very [odd]]]
The degree adverb "very" intensifies the degree adverb "very," which in turn modifies the
adjective "odd," emphasizing the degree of oddness even further.

CHATER 4
1. (a) The girl in the palace dyed her hair a strange colour.
Functions:
Subject: The girl in the palace
Verb: dyed (transitive)
Direct object: her hair
Object-predicative: a strange colour
(b) Hot air rises.
Functions:
Subject: Hot air
Verb: rises (intransitive)

(c) Luigi promised me his spaghetti machine.


Functions:
Subject: Luigi
Verb: promised (transitive)
Direct object: me
Object-predicative: his spaghetti machine

(d) The largest frying pan proved very useful.


Functions:
Subject: The largest frying pan
Verb: proved (intransitive)
Subject-predicative: very useful

(e) Someone stole my contact lenses.


Functions:
Subject: Someone
Verb: stole (transitive)
Direct object: my contact lenses

(f) It sounds like a really good film.


Functions:
Subject: It
Verb: sounds (intransitive)
Subject-predicative: like a really good film

(g) The candidate's answers amazed the examiners.


Functions:
Subject: The candidate's answers
Verb: amazed (transitive)
Direct object: the examiners

(h) The committee nominated her Acrobat of the Year.


Functions:
Subject: The committee
Verb: nominated (transitive)
Direct object: her
Object-predicative: Acrobat of the Year

(i) Oscar feeds his cat smoked salmon.


Functions:
Subject: Oscar
Verb: feeds (transitive)
Direct object: his cat
Object-predicative: smoked salmon

(j) I like my curries as hot as you can make them.


Functions:
Subject: I
Verb: like (transitive)
Object-predicative: my curries
Prepositional complement: as hot as you can make them

(k) This calls for a celebration.


Functions:
Subject: This
Verb: calls (intransitive)
Prepositional complement: for a celebration

(l) The main witness disappeared.


Functions:
Subject: The main witness
Verb: disappeared (intransitive)

(m) The junta disappeared all its critics.


Functions:
Subject: The junta
Verb: disappeared (transitive)
Direct object: all its critics

(n) He applied for a scholarship.


Functions:
Subject: He
Verb: applied (transitive)
Prepositional complement: for a scholarship

2.Identifying whether the PP is a complement of a DITRANS verb:


(a) Leroy wrote several letters to Africa.

PP: to Africa
This PP is not a complement of a DITRANS verb.
(b) Leroy wrote several letters to the President.

PP: to the President


This PP is not a complement of a DITRANS verb.
(c) Max took his dog to the station.
PP: to the station
This PP is not a complement of a DITRANS verb.
(d) Max lent his dog to the Dramatics Society.

PP: to the Dramatics Society


This PP is a complement of a DITRANS verb.
(e) William baked a cake for everyone.

PP: for everyone


This PP is not a complement of a DITRANS verb.
(f) William baked a cake for Christmas.

PP: for Christmas


This PP is not a complement of a DITRANS verb.
(g) Laura saved the money for a piano.

PP: for a piano


This PP is not a complement of a DITRANS verb.
(h) Laura saved a place for Martha.

PP: for Martha


This PP is not a complement of a DITRANS verb.

3. Sentences using the phrase "smelled/smelt":


(1) Smelled (intransitive): The nervous customer smelled the flowers in the shop.
(2) Smelled (transitive): The nervous customer smelled Jim's attempt at a stew and wrinkled his
nose.
(3) Smelled (intensive): The nervous customer smelled rather strange after getting caught in the
rain.
(4) Smelt (intransitive): The nervous customer smelt the aroma of freshly baked bread wafting
from the bakery.
(5) Smelt (transitive): Jim's attempt at a stew smelt rather strange to the nervous customer.

4. Using triangles for all major constituents (as used in this chapter), draw phrase markers for the
following.

(a) Nicholas felt strangely euphoric.=>

=> [S [NP [N Nicholas]] [VP [V felt] [AdvP [Adv strangely]] [AdjP [Adj euphoric]]]]
(b) The local gallery lends us the materials.
[S [NP [Det The] [AdjP [Adj local]] [N gallery]] [VP [V lends] [NP [Pro us]] [NP [Det the] [N
materials]]]]

(c) They voted the Senator out of office.


[S [NP [Pro They]] [VP [V voted] [NP [Det the] [N Senator]] [PrtP [Prt out] [PP [P of] [N
office]]]]]

(e) A bucket of cold water revived that particular patient.


[S [NP [Det A] [N bucket]] [PP [P of] [NP [Adj cold] [N water]]] [VP [V revived] [NP [Det that]
[Adj particular] [N patient]]]]

(f) The Venetians submitted to Napoleon's demands.


[S [NP [Det The] [N Venetians]] [VP [V submitted] [PP [P to] [NP [Det Napoleon's] [N
demands]]]]]

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