Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab Manual

Basic Electrical and Electronics

Engineering Lab (EE-206L)
(Fall 2021)

Lab Report # 08

Submitted By:

Name: _____________________
Roll No: _____________________
Group No: ___________________

Submitted To:
Engr. Waqas Hussain Shah

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Air University - Aerospace and Aviation Campus,
Kamra

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University Aerospace & Aviation Campus Kamra
 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab Manual

AIR UNIVERSITY, AEROSPACE & AVIATION

CAMPUS KAMRA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAB 08

LAB TITLE: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem using

hardware and digital simulation

LAB ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Unsatisfactory Poor

Attributes
(5) (3 - 4) (1 - 2) (0)
Ability to perform experiment
Effective use of lab equipment
& follows lab safety rules
Ability to draw circuit and
interpret the simulation
results

Total Marks: ______________ Obtained Marks: ______________

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Unsatisfactory Poor

Attributes
(5) (3 - 4) (1 - 2) (0)
Simulation and experimental
result
Analysis Question &
Conclusion

Total Marks: ______________ Obtained Marks: ______________

Experiment No 08:
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University Aerospace & Aviation Campus Kamra
 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab Manual

Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem using

Hardware and Digital Simulation
OBJECTIVES

 To find experimentally the values of components required to construct a Thevenin’s

equivalent circuit.
 To check the experimental values versus calculated values.
 To check the validity of Thevenin’s theorem.
 To verify the results through software using Proteus.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

 Power Supply
 Connecting wires
 Resistors
 DMM
 Bread Board

THEORY
Thevenin’s Theorem

Thevenin’s Theorem allows one to replace a complicated circuit with a simple equivalent
circuit containing only a voltage source and a series connected resistor. The theorem is very
important from both theoretical and practical point of views. Concisely stated, Thevenin’s
Theorem says:

“Any two-terminal linear circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a

voltage source (VTh) and a series resistor (RTh) as shown below:”

Figure 1. A simplified Thevenin equivalent circuit with one voltage source and resistance.

Steps:

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University Aerospace & Aviation Campus Kamra
 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab Manual

RTh is the DC resistance between the output terminals of the network to be reduced; VTh is the
open-circuit voltage between the output terminals. It is important to note that the Thevenin
equivalent circuit provides equivalence at the terminals only. Obviously, the internal structure
and therefore the characteristics of the original circuit and the Thevenin equivalent are quite
different.

Using Thevenin's theorem is especially advantageous when:

o We want to concentrate on a specific portion of a circuit. The rest of the circuit can be
replaced by a simple Thevenin equivalent. For example, in analyzing power systems
and other circuits where one particular resistor in the circuit (called the “load”
resistor) is subject to change, and re-calculation of the circuit is necessary with each
trial value of load resistance, to determine voltage across it and current through it.

We have to study the circuit with different load values at the terminals. Using the Thevenin
equivalent we can avoid having to analyze the complex original circuit each time.

CALCULATING THE THEVENIN EQUIVALENT:

1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Thevenin equivalent circuit is to be
found i.e. the load resistor RL be temporarily removed from the network.

2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two terminal network. (The importance of this step
will become obvious as you solve some complex circuits. For example, a circuit in which
the RL is not at the extreme ends of the circuit but somewhere in the middle.)

3. Calculate RTh by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced by short
circuits and current sources by open circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance
between the two marked terminals.
4. Calculate VTh by first returning all sources to their original position and finding the open-
circuit voltage between the marked terminals.

5. Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit initially removed
replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit. This step is indicated by the
placement of the resistor RL between the terminals of the equivalent circuit as shown
below:

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University Aerospace & Aviation Campus Kamra
 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab Manual

Figure 2. Equivalent Thevenin circuit having Load Resistance RL in series.

PROCEDURE
1. Consider the following circuit to proceed with Thevenin’s theorem. Set the circuit shown in the
figure below.
R1
4
a
R4 R3 R2
6 3 BAT1 2
8V

Figure 3. A closed circuit with battery and resistors.

2. The circuit can be used to reduce it to Thevenin Voltage and Thevenin Resistance across the two
points a and b in the circuit.
3. First of all, open the circuit, all you need is to short the voltage sources and open the current
sources. The terminal a and b become open and voltage source become short, now find R th of the
circuit. R1
4

R4 R2
6
a 2

Figure 2. Shorted the voltage source V2

4. Seeing from the eye, Resistors R4 is parallel to R1, while R1 is parallel to the parallel combination
of R2 and Ro = 0Ω. Note down the values in Table 1 of RTH using the formula:
RTh =R4||(R ¿ ¿ 1+ ( R2|∨R O)¿

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University Aerospace & Aviation Campus Kamra
 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab Manual

5. The voltage across VR3 can easily be find by voltage divider, KVL or any other method which is
suitable, that will be actually a VTH of the circuit with respect to a and b terminal.
R1
4
a
R4 R3 R2
6 3 BAT1 2
8V

6. If the there is a circuit having multiple voltage sources, in order to find the Thevenin voltage one
can easily find it using superposition theorem.
7. Finally, the circuit can be reduced to the one showing below,
RTH

R3
VTH

R2 || Ro R1 + (R2 || Ro) R4 || R1 + (R2 || Ro) = RTH VTH VAB

CALCULATIONS:…………………………………………………………………………
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LAB TASK
Q1) Find out the Thevenin voltage VTH and resistance RTH of the circuit across terminal a
and b and then find voltage (VAB) across load resistor R4?
R1
3k
a
R4 R3 R2
1k 2k V2 V1 2k
5V 5V

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University Aerospace & Aviation Campus Kamra
 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab Manual

VAB
RTH VTH
Theoretical Practical

CALCULATIONS:………………………………………………………………………….

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ANALYSIS QUESTION

Q1) Write down the importance of Thevenin’s Theorem, does it help us non-linear circuit?
Ans: ……….…………………………………………………………………………………
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Q2) Discuss some practical application of Thevenin’s Theorem?

Ans: ……….…………………………………………………………………………………

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Q3) If a circuit gets open due to some fault the terminal voltage appears to be 0V, Can
Thevenin’s theorem be applicable to measure the fault?

Ans: ……….…………………………………………………………………………………

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University Aerospace & Aviation Campus Kamra
 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab Manual

CONCLUSION

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air University Aerospace & Aviation Campus Kamra