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Lecture 9(EEE)

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Lecture 9(EEE)

Uploaded by

meinslu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Course Code: MTH (EEE) 301

Course Title: Probability & Statistics;


Complex variable & Harmonics
Lecture-8
Complex Integration
Cauchy Goursat Theorem (CGT)
Cauchy-Goursat Theorem: Let f (z) be analytic in a simply connected
domain D. If C is a simple closed contour that lies in D, then
 f ( z)dz = 0 . C

Example 1:Verify Cauchy Goursat Theorem for  f ( z ) dz , where 𝑓(𝑧) =


C

𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1 over the contour

(i) a triangle with vertices (0,0), (1,0) and (1,1),


(ii) a circle 𝐶: |𝑧 − 1| = 2.

Solution: (i) Here𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1. Since all polynomial functions


are differentiable and all differentiable functions are analytic, so the
given function is analytic. Here the contour is a triangle with vertices
(0,0), (1,0) and (1,1).
So, C a closed contour. Hence applying CGT, we have to prove
 f ( z) dz =  ( z + 2z + 1)dz = 0 .
2

C C
Along 𝑪𝟏 : (from (𝟎, 𝟎)𝒕𝒐 (𝟏, 𝟎))
Equation of the line, which passes through (0,0)𝑡𝑜 (1,0) is 𝑦 = 0
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
[𝑦 = 0]
Also, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥, [𝑦 = 0] so, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 to1.

1
1 𝑥3 2𝑥 2 1 7
∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = [
3
+
2
+ 𝑥] = + 1 + 1 = .
3 3
1 0

Along 𝑪𝟐 : (from (𝟏, 𝟏)𝒕𝒐 (𝟎, 𝟎))


Equation of the line, which passes through (1,0)𝑡𝑜 (1,1) is 𝑥 = 1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 1
= (1 + 𝑖𝑦)2 + 2(1 + 𝑖𝑦) + 1 = 4 + 4𝑖𝑦 − 𝑦 2 [𝑥 = 1]
Also, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 1 + 𝑖𝑦, [𝑥 = 1] so, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑑𝑦 and 𝑦 varies from
0 to1.

1 1
2
4𝑖 2 𝑦 2 𝑖𝑦 3
∫ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ (4 + 4𝑖𝑦 − 𝑦 )𝑖𝑑𝑦 = [4𝑖𝑦 + − ]
𝐶2 0 2 3 0
𝑖 11𝑖
= 4𝑖 − 2 − = −2 + .
3 3

Along 𝑪𝟑 : (from (𝟏, 𝟏)𝒕𝒐 (𝟎, 𝟎))


Equation of the line, which passes through (1,1)𝑡𝑜 (0,0) is
1−0
𝑦−1= (𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥
1−0
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 1
= (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑥 ) + 1
= (1 + 𝑖)2 𝑥 2 + 2(1 + 𝑖)𝑥 + 1[𝑦 = 𝑥]
Also, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑥, [𝑦 = 𝑥] so, 𝑑𝑧 = (1 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥 varies
from 1 to 0.

0
∫ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ {(1 + 𝑖)2 𝑥 2 + 2(1 + 𝑖)𝑥 + 1}(1 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑥
𝐶3 1
0 0
𝑥3 𝑥2
= (1 + 𝑖) [ ] + 2(1 + 𝑖) [ ] + (1 + 𝑖)[𝑥]10
3 2
3 1 2 1
−1 −1
= (1 + 3𝑖 + 3𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 ) ( 2)
) + 2 1 + 2𝑖 + 𝑖 ( ) + (1 + 𝑖)(−1)
(
3 2
−1 −1
= (1 + 3𝑖 − 3 − 𝑖) − (1 + 2𝑖 − 1) − 1 − 𝑖 = (2𝑖 − 2) − 3𝑖 − 1
3 3
−11𝑖 1
= −
3 3
Now, ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 + ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 + ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
1 2 3

7 11 𝑖 11 𝑖 1
= −2+ − − = 0.
3 3 3 3

Hence, Cauchy Goursat Theorem is verified.


(ii) Here, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1. Since all polynomial functions are
differentiable and all differentiable functions are analytic, so the given
function is analytic. Here the contour is a circle C: |𝑧 − 1| = 2 which is
a closed contour.
Given, |𝑧 − 1| = 2, so, 𝑧 − 1 = 2𝑒 𝑖Ѳ and 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑖𝑒 𝑖Ѳ 𝑑  , where 𝜃 varies
from 0 to 2𝜋.
2𝜋 2
Now,  f ( z ) dz = = ∫0 {(2𝑒 𝑖Ѳ + 1) + 2(2𝑒 𝑖Ѳ + 1) + 1} 2𝑖𝑒 𝑖Ѳ 𝑑 
C

Let, 2𝑒 𝑖Ѳ + 1 = 𝑡, so 2𝑖𝑒 𝑖Ѳ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡
2𝑒 𝑖Ѳ + 1 = 2(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ) + 1 𝑡
2𝜋 2(cos 2𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜋) + 1 3
0 2(cos 0 + 𝑖 sin 0) + 1 3

3
So,  f ( z ) dz = = ∫3 {𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1} 𝑑𝑡 = 0
C

Hence, Cauchy Goursat Theorem is verified.

Exercise

Verify Cauchy-Goursat theorem(CGT) for

1. ∮𝐶 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧; where C is the square with vertices 0, 𝑖, 1 + 𝑖, 1 with

a clockwise direction.

2. ∮𝐶 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧; where C is the circle |𝑧| = 1

THANK YOU
STAY SAFE

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