ICT

History of computer
Year 2024
Mr.J Paris

Reg #: F-23-57088
Glorious Aminata Bangura (year 1)

Module: ICT
Faculty :masscom (broadcast journalism)
 History of Computers

Introduction

The history of computers is a fascinating journey of innovation and technological

advancements. From simple mechanical devices to sophisticated machines powered by
artificial intelligence, computers have transformed every aspect of human life. This analysis
highlights the major developments in the history of computers across different generations.

First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum Tubes

The first generation of computers utilized vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums
for memory, making them large and cumbersome. These machines were primarily used for
scientific calculations and military applications due to their high cost and maintenance
needs. Key developments during this period include:

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): Developed in 1945, it was one of
the earliest electronic general-purpose computers capable of solving a wide range of
numerical problems.

UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer): Introduced in 1951, it was the first

commercially produced computer and the first to be used for business applications,
including census data processing.

Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors

The invention of the transistor in 1947 marked the beginning of the second generation of
computers. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, resulting in smaller, faster, and more
reliable machines that consumed less power. Key advancements include:

IBM 7094: A popular mainframe computer used for scientific and engineering calculations,
introduced in 1959.

COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language): Developed during this era, COBOL was one
of the first high-level programming languages designed for business data processing.
 Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated Circuit

The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits (ICs), which placed multiple
transistors on a single silicon chip. This innovation led to a significant reduction in the size
and cost of computers and increased their processing power and reliability. Key
developments include:

IBM System/360: Introduced in 1964, it was the first series of computers designed to cover
the complete range of applications, from small to large, commercial to scientific.

Multitasking and Time-Sharing: Operating systems became more sophisticated, allowing

multiple users to interact with the computer simultaneously, significantly improving
efficiency and resource utilization.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessor

The fourth generation was characterized by the advent of microprocessors, where the
entire central processing unit (CPU) was integrated onto a single chip. This innovation led to
the development of personal computers (PCs) and a dramatic expansion in computer usage.
Key advancements include:

Intel 4004: Released in 1971, it was the first microprocessor, paving the way for the
development of personal computers.

Apple II and IBM PC: Launched in the late 1970s and early 1980s, these personal computers
revolutionized the computing industry by making computers accessible to individual users
and small businesses.

Graphical User Interface (GUI): Popularized by Apple’s Macintosh in 1984, GUIs made
computers more user-friendly, allowing users to interact with their machines through
graphical icons and visual indicators.
 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence

The fifth generation of computers focuses on harnessing the power of artificial intelligence
(AI) and parallel processing. These computers are designed to solve complex problems and
learn from their environment. Key advancements include:

IBM Watson: A supercomputer capable of answering questions posed in natural language, it

has been used in fields such as healthcare, finance, and customer service.

Quantum Computing: This emerging technology utilizes quantum bits (qubits) to perform
computations at speeds unimaginable with traditional binary computers, promising
breakthroughs in cryptography, material science, and complex modeling.

Conclusion

The evolution of computers from the first generation to the present reflects a continuous
journey of innovation and improvement. Each generation has built upon the achievements
of its predecessors, leading to more powerful, efficient, and accessible computing
technologies that have profoundly impacted society.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IT AND ICT

Introduction

Information Technology (IT) and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) are
closely related fields that often overlap, but they have distinct focuses and applications. This
section aims to differentiate between IT and ICT with specific examples to illustrate their
unique characteristics and roles.

Information Technology (IT):

IT encompasses the use of computers, networking, storage, and other physical devices,
infrastructure, and processes to create, process, store, secure, and exchange all forms of
electronic data. IT is fundamental to the functioning of modern businesses and
organizations.
Examples of IT:

Database Management: IT professionals design, implement, and maintain databases that

store and organize critical information. For example, Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server are
popular database management systems used by businesses to manage customer
information and transaction records.

Software Development: The creation of software applications tailored to meet specific

needs. Examples include enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems like SAP, customer
relationship management (CRM) software like Salesforce, and productivity software like
Microsoft Office.

Network Administration: Ensuring the smooth operation and security of internal and
external networks. IT professionals manage local area networks (LANs), wide area networks
(WANs), and virtual private networks (VPNs) to facilitate communication and data sharing
within and between organizations.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT):

ICT extends IT by incorporating telecommunications and the integration of various

technologies to enable communication and access to information. It emphasizes the
convergence of computing, telecommunications, and audio-visual systems.

Examples of ICT:

Teleconferencing Tools: Platforms like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and WebEx that enable real-
time video, audio, and text communication, facilitating remote meetings, webinars, and
collaborative work environments.

E-learning Platforms: Systems such as Moodle and Blackboard that provide a digital
environment for education and training, integrating multimedia content, interactive
activities, and communication tools to enhance learning experiences.

Smartphone Technology: Devices like iPhones and Android smartphones that combine
computing capabilities with communication functions, providing access to a wide range of
internet services, applications, and multimedia content on the go.
Comparison

Scope: IT is a subset of ICT. While IT focuses on the technology used to process and manage
information, ICT encompasses a broader range of technologies that include
telecommunications and the integration of audio-visual and networked systems to facilitate
communication and information sharing.

Applications: IT is primarily concerned with the infrastructure and software necessary for
processing data and managing information. ICT, on the other hand, emphasizes the tools
and platforms that enable communication and the seamless integration of information
across various media.

Examples: IT-specific activities include database management, software development, and

network administration. In contrast, ICT examples include teleconferencing tools, e-learning
platforms, and smartphone technology, highlighting the integration of communication
technologies with information systems.

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between IT and ICT is crucial for recognizing their specific
roles in modern technological landscapes. IT focuses on managing and processing
information through computing systems, while ICT extends this by integrating
telecommunications and multimedia technologies to enhance communication and
information accessibility. Both fields are essential for the functioning of contemporary
society, driving innovation and efficiency in various domains.