PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.

1 BALASORE

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 1, BALASORE

Submitted By:
Class: XII "A"
Roll No:
Guided By: J.P Nayak Sir

Topic: "To study the various factors on which the internal resistance and EMF of
a cell depends."
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that a student of class 12 'A' has

successfully completed her project work under the guidance of our subject
teacher "MR. J.P NAYAK SIR" during the year 2024-2025 from "PM SHRI KV
NO.1 BALASORE" in partial fulfilment of physics practical examination
conducted by CBSE.

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Teacher In-charge External Examiner

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Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all
along the completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is only due to
such guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank them.
I respect and thank "MR. J.P NAYAK SIR", for giving me an opportunity to do
this project work and providing us all support and guidance which made me
complete the project on time.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends who supported me all
the way and my parents who helped me financially and encouraged me
throughout in the completion of project.
 INDEX

● INTRODUCTION
Internal resistance
● PRATICAL ANALYSIS
Objective
Apparatus
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Result and Inferences
Source of Error
● FLOWCHART CONCUSION
● BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the
use is increasing every day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful
so that their potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the factor affecting
the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell decreases, we can increase the
potential difference across it, and hence make it more reliable.
 INTERNAL RESISTANCE

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the

cell to flow of ions.
Its Sl unit is ohm.
For a cell of e.m.f (E) and internal resistance, connected to an external
resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing through the circuit.
E=V+Ir
INTERNAL RESISTANCE (r) = E-V/I
 PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
➤ OBJECTIVE:
To study the various factor on which the internal resistance of a cell depends.

➤ APPARATUS:
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one way keys, a
rheostat, galvanometer , a resistance box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a
jockey, a setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.

➤ THEROEY:
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the
flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
• Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
• Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
 Decrease with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
• Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL IS GIVEN BY
r =(E-V)/I
➤ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

➤ PROCEDUE:
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight
connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f of the battery and of the cell and make sure that e.m.f. of
the battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will
not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug-in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that a null point is
obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square and
measure the balancing length (11), between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. at the same time, take out a
small resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt resistance box connected box
connected I parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jokey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (12) from the end P
RECORD THESE OBSERVATION
11. Now, keep the electrodes 12cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of the keys K1 and K2. Wait for some time and
repeat steps of observations.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observation.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes.
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the
electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of electrolyte
16. Keeping all the other factors constant, decrease the concentration of
electrolyte by adding distilled water for different observation.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
Table for effect of separation between electrodes.
EMF of cell =
Area of electrodes =
Temperature = 27 =300K

Its observed that r increases with more separation between the electrodes.

Table for effect of area of meectrodes made the electrolyte

EMF of cell =
Distance between the electrodes =
Temperature=27 = 300K
 RESULT AND INFERENCE

•The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the

separation between the electrodes
•The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of
the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
•The internal resistance of a cell a is inversely proportional to the
temperature to the temperature of electrolytes.
•The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte

 PRECAUTIONS:
• The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
• The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
• The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should, all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
• The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch
the wire gently.
• The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of
observation. If necessary, adjust the the rheostat for this purpose.
➤ SOURCE OF ERROR:
• The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
• The potentiometer wire may not be uniform cross- section and material
density throughout its length.
• End resistance may not be zero.
FLOWCHART
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.com
 www.documents.mx
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.docfoc.com
 www.slideshare.net