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12TH CHEMISTRY

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23 views13 pages

12TH CHEMISTRY

Uploaded by

factsmind993
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Aldol Condensation
(CHEMISTRY)

Name — Ishika Thakur


Class — XII sci. (A)
Roll No —17
School Name — Vishal International school
Acknowledge
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and
indebtedness to our learned teacher

Mrs. Shubhraa Saxena, Vishal International


School her in valuable help, Advice<and
guidance in the preparation of this project I am
also greatly indebted to principal Mrs. Sunita
Bhan and school Authorities For providing me
with me with the facilities and requisite
laboratory conditions for making this practical
file. I also extend my thanks to several teachers,
my Classmates and friends who helped me to
complete this practical file successfully

Ishika Thakur
This is to certify that “Ishika thakur” a student of class
XII-A has successfully completed to research project
on the topic “Aldol Condensation” under the guidance
of Mrs. Shubhraa Saxena. This project is absolutely
genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any
kinds. The references taken this project have been
declared at the end of this project.

Signature
 INDEX :

1. Introduction
2. Theory of Aldol Condensation
3. Mechanism of Aldol Condensation
4. Applications of Aldol Condensation
5. Experimental Procedure
6. Observations
7. Results and Discussion
8. Conclusion
9. Bibliography
Introduction

Aldol condensation is an important


reaction in organic chemistry that involves
the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with
a carbonyl compound, leading to the
formation of a β-hydroxy aldehyde or
ketone, which can undergo dehydration to
form an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl
compound.
The reaction is typically catalyzed by either
a base or acid.
This reaction plays a crucial role in organic
synthesis, especially in the formation of
complex molecules and pharmaceuticals.
 Theory of Aldol Condensation
The term "Aldol" comes from the combination
of "aldehyde" and "alcohol". In this reaction:

 Aldol addition refers to the formation of a


β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone.

 Aldol condensation involves the


elimination of a water molecule from the
aldol product to form an α,β-unsaturated
carbonyl compound.

Aldol condensation can occur under basic or


acidic conditions. In basic conditions, the base
abstracts an alpha-hydrogen, generating an
enolate ion that attacks the carbonyl carbon
of another molecule. In acidic conditions, the
process involves protonation and
rearrangement steps
 Mechanism of Aldol Condensation
Step 1: Formation of Enolate Ion
In the presence of a base (like sodium hydroxide), an
alpha-hydrogen of the carbonyl compound is
abstracted, forming an enolate ion.
R-CH2-CO-R’ + OH⁻ → R-CH=CO-R’ + H2O

Step 2: Nucleophilic Attack


The enolate ion then acts as a nucleophile and attacks
the carbonyl carbon of another molecule, leading to
the formation of a β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone (aldol
addition product).

Step 3: Dehydration
The aldol addition product can undergo elimination of
water, resulting in an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl
compound (aldol condensation product).

β-Hydroxy carbonyl compound → α,β-unsaturated


carbonyl compound + H2O
 Applications of Aldol Condensation
 Synthesis of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl
compounds: These compounds are
important in the synthesis of various
organic materials and pharmaceuticals.
 Preparation of conjugated alkenes:
Aldol condensation is used in the
production of conjugated alkenes that
have valuable applications in the
manufacturing of dyes, plastics, and
perfumes.
 Synthesis of complex molecules: It is
used in organic synthesis to build
complex organic molecules from
simple starting materials.
 Experimental Procedure
Objective: To demonstrate Aldol condensation
between acetaldehyde molecules.
Materials Required:
 Acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO)
 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
 Water
 Ice bath
 Beaker
 Test tubes

Procedure:
1. Take 10 mL of acetaldehyde in a clean beaker.
2. Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution to it.
3. Stir the mixture gently. The reaction will proceed,
and a yellow precipitate will form.
4. Continue stirring and place the mixture in an ice
bath.
5. After about 10-15 minutes, observe the formation
of the aldol product.
6. Filter and dry the product.
 Observations

 Before Reaction: The solution of acetaldehyde


is colorless.

 During Reaction: The solution begins to form


a yellowish precipitate due to the formation of
the aldol product.

 After Reaction: The yellow precipitate


becomes more prominent, indicating the
successful formation of the aldol product.
 Results and Discussion

The reaction between acetaldehyde molecules in the


presence of sodium hydroxide forms β-hydroxy acetaldehyde,
which then undergoes dehydration to form crotonaldehyde
(α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound).

Chemical Equation for Aldol Addition:

Chemical Equation for Aldol Condensation:

This confirms that the aldol condensation reaction has


successfully occurred.
 Conclusion

The Aldol Condensation is a significant


reaction in organic chemistry, essential for
forming carbon-carbon bonds and
synthesizing various important organic
compounds. The experiment demonstrated
the conversion of acetaldehyde into
crotonaldehyde (α,β-unsaturated carbonyl
compound), which is widely used in the
preparation of other organic compounds.
 Bibliography

 Bahl, B.S., Bahl, A. (2009). A Textbook of Organic


Chemistry. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.

 Morrison, R.T., Boyd, R.N. (2007). Organic


Chemistry. Pearson Education India.

 P.L. Soni (2006). Textbook of Organic Chemistry. S.


Chand & Co.

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