ELECTRICITY 1

Electricity is one of the forms of energy and it can be produced from other types of energy, such as the energy
of a chemical reaction or mechanical rotation of a dynamo.
Electric Charge: Electric charge is a physical quantity due to which electrical and other related effects are
produced in the matter
Types of charges Positive and negative charge
Properties of electric charge
1. Unlike charges attract each other and like charges repel each other.
2. The force between two charges varies directly proportional to the product of two charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2
F α q1 q 2 / r
2
F = k q1 q2 / r k – electrostatic force constant
(This equation is called as Coulomb’s law)
3. Electric charge is conserved, i.e. it can neither be created nor destroyed.
4. Electric charge is additive , i.e. total charge is the algebraic sum of the individual charges.
5. Quantization of electric charge
Existence of charges in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount is known as quantization of charge.
Quantization is the property of an electric charge which tells that any charged body can have charge which is an integral
multiple of the basic or elementary charge ‘e’
-19
q = ± ne where, q = total charge, n = 1,2,3, … and e = charge on an electron i.e. 1.6 x 10 C.
Conductors
Substances through which charges can easily pass are known as conductors.
Example: Metals, aqueous solutions of salts and ionized gases
Insulators
Substances through which charges cannot pass are called insulators.
Example: Glass, pure water and all gases.
Electric current
It is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge.
I=q/t where I – electric current, q- charge and t - time
Unit of current
SI unit of current – ampere (A)
1 ampere = 1 coulomb / 1 second
Thus, current flowing through a conductor is said to be one ampere if one coulomb of charge flows through it
in one second.
1 milli ampere (1 mA) = 10-3 A
1 microampere (1μA) = 10-6 A
One coulomb of charge is that quantity of charge which flows through a circuit when one ampere current flows
through it in one second.
Direction of current
The conventional direction of an electric current is considered to be the one in which the positive charges move
orderly.
The conventional current is in a direction opposite to the electron flow.
N1. Calculate the current in a wire if 1500 C charge is passed through it in 5 minutes. [ Ans. 5 A]
 2
Given
Q = 1500 C
t = 5 min = 5 x 60 = 300 second
I=?
I = Q/t
I = 1500 C / 300 second = 5 ampere
N2. A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have negative charge of 3 x 10 -7 C. Estimate the
number of electron transferred. [ Ans. 1.875 x 10 12 ]
Given
Q = 3 x 10-7 C
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
n=?
n = Q/e
n = 3 x 10-7 C/ 1.6 x 10-19 C
n = 1.875 x 1012
N3. A conductor carries a current of 0.2 A. Find the amount of charge that will pass through the cross-
section of the conductor in 30 s. How many electrons will flow in this time interval if the charge on one
electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C? [ Ans. 6 C, 3.75 x 1019]
I = 0.2 A
t = 30 second
q = It = 0.2 x 30 = 6 C
n = q/e = 6 / 1.6 x 10-19
n = (60/16) x 1019
n = 3.75 x 1019
N4. The filament of an electric lamp draws a current of 0.4 A which lights for 3 hours. Calculate the
amount of charge that flows through the circuit. [ Ans. 4320 C]
I=0.4 A
t = 3 hours = 3 x 60 X 60
q = I t = 0.4 x 3 x 60 x60 = 4320 C
N5. An electric iron draws a current of 0.5 A when voltage is 200 V. Calculate the amount of charge
flowing through it in one hour. [Ans. 1800 C]
I = 0.5 A
t = 1 hour = 3600 second
q = I t = 0.5 x 3600 = 1800 C
Electric potential
The electric potential energy per unit charge is called electric potential.
Electric potential difference
Electric potential difference between two points A and B on a conductor through which a current is flowing is
defined as the amount of work done to move a unit charge from A to B.
If W is the work done to move a charge q from a point A to a point B on a conductor, then potential difference
V between A and B ,
i.e. V = W / q
Unit of electric potential : volt
Potential difference between two points is said to be one volt if one joule of work is done to move one coulomb
of charge from one point to the other. [ 1 V = 1 J/ 1 C ]
N1.How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 V battery? [ Ans. 6 J]
q=1c
V=6V
E= W = ?
W=qV =1x6=6J
N2. 20 mJ work is to be done in moving a charge of 100 μC across two points in an electric circuit.
What is the potential difference between these points? [Ans: 200 V]
W = 20 mJ = 20 x 10-3 J
q = 100 µC = 100 x 10-6 C = 10-4 C
V=?
V = W / q = 20 x 10-3 J / 10-4 C
V = 200 V
N3. How much work is to be done in moving a charge of 5 C from a point at 12 V to a point at 16 V?
[Ans: 20 J]
Potential difference = 16 V – 12 V = 4 V
q=5C
W = potential difference x charge
W = 4 x 5 = 20 J
Electric circuit
A continuous conducting path between the
terminals of a source of electricity is called an
electric circuit.

Electric components

1. Connecting wire - is usually made of copper 3

2. (a) Resistors – consist of wires are generally made of alloys such as manganin and constantan. It provides a constant
resistance in an electric circuit.
(b) Rheostats and resistance box – used to change resistance in an electrical circuit.
 Rheostat – acts like an unknown variable resistance
Resistance box provides known variable resistance
3. Battery is a combination of two or more cells.
A thin long line represents the positive terminal of the cell
A thick short line represents the negative terminal of the cell.
4. Galvanometer is a device used for detecting the flow of current in an electric circuit. It has no positive (+) or
negative (-) terminal marks on it.
5. Ammeter is a device used for measuring current. It has +ve and –ve marks on its terminals. Accordingly, its
+ve terminal is joined to the positive terminal of the electric supply and the –ve terminal to the negative
terminal of the supply.
An ammeter is always placed in series with the circuit
6. Voltmeter is a device used for measuring potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. It has
+ve and –ve marks on its terminals. A voltmeter is connected in parallel across the circuit with its +ve terminal
to the point at higher potential and the –ve terminal to the point at lower potential.
7. A closed electric circuit is one which the key is closed and the current flows continuously.
8. A open electric circuit is one which the key is open and there is no flow of current.
A schematic diagram of an electric circuit comprising a cell, an electric bulb, a plug key ,an ammeter and a
voltmeter is shown in fig. The electric current flows in the circuit from +ve terminal of the cell to the –ve
terminal of the cell through bulb and the ammeter.
OHM’S LAW
If physical conditions like temperature etc., of a conductor are kept unchanged, the strength of current flowing
through it is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends.
IαV
or, I = V/R where R is a constant of proportionality whose value depends on size, nature of the material and
temperature of the conductors.
Resistance is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it.
SI unit of resistance : ohm
1 ohm = 1 volt/ 1ampere
One ohm is that resistance offered by the wire carrying 1 A of current when 1 V is potential difference across
its ends.
Experimental verification of Ohm’s law
Experimental set up
Circuit diagram

Observation
( 0.20 V, 20 mA), (0.35 V, 35 mA), (0.45 V, 45 mA), (0.60 V, 65 mA)
Graph (With scale)
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏
R=
𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟏
(𝟎.𝟒𝟓 𝟎.𝟑𝟓) 𝑽
R = (𝟒𝟓 𝟑𝟓) 𝒎𝑨
= 0.1 / 10 x 10-3 = 0.1/ 10-2 = 0.1x 102 = 0.1 x100
R = 10 Ω
Result [ Ans. 10 ohm]
Conclusion
If the temperature of a conductor is kept constant, the current flowing through it, is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the ends.
Limitations of Ohm’s Law
1. All conductors do not obey Ohm’s law.
2. It is not applicable to gaseous conductors such as gases in discharge tube.
3. Temperature of the conductor should not change.
4. Ohm’s law is not applicable to vacuum tubes such as diodes, triodes etc.
1. When four cells of 1.5 V each, are applied in circuit, a current of 1.2. A flows through it . Calculate the
resistance of the circuit. [ Ans. : 5 ohm]
V = 4 x 1.5 = 6 V
I = 1.2 A
R=?
R = V / I = 6 /1.2 = 5 ohm.
2. An electric heater draws a current of 5 A when it is connected to 110 V. What current will the heater draw when
it is connected to 220 V? [ Ans. : 10 A]
R = V/I = 110/5 = 22 ohm
I = V/R = 220/22 = 10 A
Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends
R α l ( resistance is directly proportional to its length)
R α 1/a ( resistance is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section)
Resistance depends on the material of wire.
R α l/a
R = ρl / a where ρ (rho) is a constant of proportionality known as resistivity of the material of the conductor.
Resistivity of a material is the resistance
offered by its piece having length 1 m and
area of cross-section 1 m2 or its cube of the
material of side 1 m when current flows
perpendicular to the opposite faces.

SI unit of resistivity : ohm –m (or) Ω m

The resistivity of a substance does not depend on its length or thickness.
It depends on the nature of the substance and temperature.
The resistivity of a substance is its characteristic propertity.
1. Between silver and copper, silver is better conductor because its resistivity is lesser than copper.
2. Nichrome can be used in electrical heating devices, because its resistivity is very high and it does not burn
at high temperature.
3. Resistivity of alloy is much higher than the metals which is/are present in its composition. [ ρ of Cu is 1.62 x
10-8 Ω m while the resistivity of its alloy manganin Cu 84%, Mn 12% and Ni 4% is 4.4 x 10 -5 Ω m ]
4. Resistivity changes at very slow rate with change in temperature and moreover alloys do not oxidize
on higher temperature , i.e. the main reason, alloys such as manganin and constantan are used to make
resistance wire in electronic appliances.
5. Silver is a good conductor. But wires of electrical transmission lines are made of aluminium and copper
(Because silver is a costly metal)

6. Tungsten is used exclusively for making the filaments of incandescent lamps, because thin wire of tungsten
shows a very high resistance and it does not get oxidized at high temperature.
N1. A piece of wire is redrawn by pulling it until its length is doubled. Compare the new resistance with the
original value. [Ans.: 4 R]
l = l, a = a , R = ρl / a
l1 = 2l,
la = l1a1 ( volume is same)
la = 2l a1
a1 = a/2
R1 = = ρl1 / a1 = = ρ2l /( a/2) = 4 ρl / a = 4 R
-4 2
N2. Calculate the resistance of a copper wire of length 20 cm and area of cross-section 3 x 10 m . The resistivity
-8 -5
of copper is 1.7 x 10 ohm m. [Ans. 1.13 x 10 Ω]
R = ρl / a
-8 -4
R = 1.7 x 10 x 0.2 /( 3 x 10 )
-5
R = 1.13 x 10 Ω
N3. Calculate the resistivity of wire having length 1 m and area of cross-section 1.21 x 10 -6 m2, if its
resistance is 0.014 ohm. [Ans.: 1.694 x 10 -8 Ω m]
l=1m
a = 1.21 x 10-6 m2
R = 0.014 ohm
ρ=?
-6 -8
ρ = Ra/l = 0.014 x 1.21 x 10 / 1 = 1.694 x 10 ohm-m
N4.Calculate the area of cross-section of a wire if its length is 1 m , its resistance is 23 Ω and the
resistivity of the material is 1.84 x 10-6 Ω m. [ Ans.: 8 x 10 -8 m2]
N5. A piece of wire is redrawn, without any change in volume so that its radius is halved. Compare the
new resistance with the original one. [ Ans. R’ = 16 R]
r 1 = r/2
a1 = a/4
l1 = 4l
new resistance R1 = ρ l1/a1 = ρ 4l /( a/4)
R1 = 16 R

N6. A copper wire of resistivity 1.6 x 10-8 Ω m has a cross-sectional area of 20 x 10-4 cm2. Calculate the
length of this wire required to make a 10 ohm coil. [Ans.: 125 m ]
-8
ρ = 1.6 x 10 Ω m
a = 20 x 10-4 cm2 = 20 x10-4 x 10-4 m2 = 20 x 10-8 m2
R = 10 ohm
l=?
l = Ra / ρ = 10 x 20 x 10-8 / 1.6 x 10-8 = 200/1.6 = 2000/16 = 125 m
Resistors ( or Resistances) in series
In a circuit, when two or more resistances are combined from end to end, this combination is called as
combination in series.
When two or more resistors are connected end-to-end in series combination, there is a single path and hence
same current flows through all the resistors.
In a series combination of resistors, the total potential difference across the combination is equal to the sum of
potential difference across the individual resistors.
The potential difference between A and B. Let it be V
Then V = V1 + V2+ V3
Let the equivalent resistance or resultant resistance of
all the three resistance be R
Then using Ohm’s law, V = IR
Therefore IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
or R = R1 + R2 + R3
The total resistance or resultant resistance or
equivalent resistance is the sum of the individual
resistances .
Disadvantages of series combination of resistors
1. Since in a series circuit, the current is constant throughout the electric circuit, therefore , some current flows
through different elements of a circuit which is impracticable.
For example, we cannot connect an electric bulb of 100 W and a electric heater of 1000 W in series, the
reason is that these both electrical devices require different values of current for proper operation.
2. In a series circuit, it is not possible to put separate on/off switch with each appliance.
3. In series circuit, even if any one component fails, the entire circuit is broken and none of the components of
the circuit works.
Resistors (or Resistances) in parallel
When two or more resistances are connected in such a way that their one side ends are at one point and the
other side ends are at the other point, such combination is called as parallel combination.
In parallel grouping of resistors, potential difference across each resistor is same and is equal to the potential
difference across the parallel combination.
In parallel combination of resistors, total current (I) in the circuit is equal to the sum of the separate currents
through each branch ( each resistor ) of the combination.
Let I1, I2 and I3 be the current through resistors R1, R2 and
R3 respectively.
Since current distributes in the three resistances , then
I= I1+ I2+ I3
Potential difference between A and B is V and resultant
resistance is R.
then according to ohm’s law
V/R = V/R1 +V/R2 +V/R3
1/R = 1/R1 +1/R2 +1/R3
The current through each resistance is inversely proportional to the resistance of that part.
All the electrical appliances in a domestic electric circuit are connected in a parallel combination only.
N1. Three resistances of 2 Ω, 3 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in series and then in parallel. Find the
resultant resistance in both the arrangements. (Ans. R s= 11 Ω , Rp= 1 Ω)
In series
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
Rs = 2 + 3 + 6 = 11 ohm
In parallel
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3
1/Rp = 1/2+ 1/3 +1/6 = 6/6 =1
Rp = 1 ohm
N2. Two resistances when connected in series their resultant resistance is 10 Ω, but when they are
connected in parallel their resultant resistance is 2.4 Ω. Find the values of each resistance separately.
(Ans. 4 Ω and 6 Ω)
Rs = R1 + R2 = 10
R1 + R2 = 10 --------- (1)
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2
1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/2.4 ---- (2)
solve these two equations, we will get R1 and R2.
1/x + 1/ (10-x) = 1/2.4
10- x + x
------------ = 1/2.4
x (10-x)
24 = 10 x - x2
x2 -10 x + 24 = 0
(x-6) (x-4) =0
x = 6 or 4
Suppose R1 = 6 ohm , then R2 = 4 ohm
or, R1 = 4 ohm , then R2 = 6 ohm
NCERT BOOK
Example 12.1 Page No.- 200
A current of 0.5 A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb for 10 minutes. Find the amount of electric
charge that flows through the circuit. (Ans. 300 C)
Given
I = 0.5 A
t = 10 minutes = 10 x 60 second = 600 second
q =?
q = I x t = 0.5 x 600 = 300 C

Example 12.2 Page No.- 202

How much work is done in moving a charge of 2 C across two points having a potential difference
12 V?
Given
q=2C
V = 12 V
W=?
W = q V = 2 x 12 = 24 J

Example 12.3 Page No.- 208

(a) How much current will an electric bulb draw from a 220 V source, if the resistance of the bulb
filament is 1200 Ω ?
(b) How much current will an electric heater coil draw from a 220 V source, if the resistance of heater
coil is 100 Ω ?
Ans. (a)
Given
V = 220 V
R = 1200 Ω
I=?
I = V /R = 220/1200 = 0.18 A
Ans. (b)
Given
V = 220 V
R = 100 Ω
I=?
I = V/R = 220 / 100 = 2.2 A

Example 12.4 Page No.- 208

The potential difference between the terminals of an electric heater is 60 V when it draws a current of 4
A from the source. What current will the heater draw if the potential difference is increased to 120 V?
Given
V = 60 V
I=4A
R=?
R = V/I = 60/4 = 15 Ω
Now V = 120 V
I=?
I = V / R = 120 / 15 = 8 A

Example 12.5 Page No.- 208

Resistance of a metal wire of length 1 m is 26 Ω at 20 ℃. If the diameter of the wire is 0.3 mm, what will
be the resistivity of the metal at that temperature? Predict the material of the wire.

Given
l =1m
R = 26 Ω
d = 0.30 mm = 0.3 x 10-3 m = 3 x 10-4 m
r = d/2 = 1.5 x 10-4 m
ρ=?
-4 2
ρ = Ra/l = 26 x 3.14 x ( 1.5 x 10 ) /1
-8
= 26 x 3.14 x 2.25 x 10
-8
= 184 x 10
-6
= 1.84 x 10 Ω m
Material – Manganese.
HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
The production of heat in a resistor or a resistive circuit due to flow of an electric current through it is called the
heating effect of electric current.
When current is passing through a conductor, the free electrons of the atoms of conductor start to move
towards positive terminal. In their motion, the atoms or molecules of substance produce some hindrance, to
keep the flow of electrons continuously some work is being done. This work changes into heat energy. It is
called as heating effect of current.
If a current of I amperes flows through a conductor having resistance R, V be the potential difference across
the resistor and for t seconds, then, total current of electric charge flown through the resistor Q = It.
We know that potential difference is the amount of work done to pass one unit of charge across the resistor,
therefore,
W = VQ = VIt
for doing this work the source of electricity supplies electrical energy
E = W = VIt
Therefore the heat energy produced
H = VIt ……….. (1)
now according to Ohm’s law V =IR
2
H = (RI) I t = I Rt ………… (2)

2
or H = VIt = V ( V/R) t = V t ……………(3)
R
So we now know

2 2
H= VIt = I Rt = V t
R
The expression H = I2 R t is known as Joule’s law of heating.
Advantages of Heating Effect of Electric Current
In some appliances, heating is desirable such as electric heater, electric iron and electric bulbs and so a
resistor of high resistance is used. In incandescent lamps a tungsten filament is used which has high
resistance and high melting point (27000 C) and emits light when it is hot.
Limitation of Heating Effect of Electric Current

In some cases heating is not desirable such as electric motor, generator and transformers, so wires of low
resistance or high conductivity are used such as wires of copper etc.
Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current
(1) Heating effect of electric current is used in Electric Kettle, Water heater, electric iron etc.
(2) In an Electric bulb, the Electrical heating is used to produce light.
(3) The heating effect of electric current is utilised in electric fuse for protecting household wiring and electrical
appliances.
Example 12.10 page No.-217
An electric iron consumes energy at a rate of 840 W when heating is at the maximum rate and 360 W
when heating is at the minimum. The voltage is 220 V. What are the current and resistance in each
case?
For maximum heating

I = P/V= 840/220 = 3.82 A

R = V/I = 220/3.82 = 57.6 ohm

For minimum heating

I = P/V = 360/220 = 1.64 A

R = V/I = 220/1.64 = 134.15 ohm

Example 12.11 page No.-217

100 J of heat is produced each second in a 4 ohm resistance. Find the potential difference across the
resistor.
We know H = I2Rt
I = √(H/Rt) =√[100/(4 𝑥1)] = 5 A
V = I R = 5 X 4 = 20 V
ELECTRIC POWER
For flowing electric current through a conductor, electric energy is used up and it means, current is doing work.
We know that rate of doing work is called the power or in other words, power is defined as the rate of
consumption of energy.
Power = Work/Time
P = VI = I2R = V2
R
SI unit of Power : watt
1 watt = 1 joule / 1 second
(OR)
1 watt = 1 ampere x 1 volt
1 kilowatt = 1 KW = 1000 W
6
1megawatt = 1MW = 10 W
1 horse power = 746 W
ELECTRIC ENERGY
The total work done by a current in an electric circuit is called electric energy.
I =Q
t
V=W
Q
W = VQ = V ( I t ) = I2R t = V2 t
R
Commercial unit of electrical energy
Kilowatt hour (k Wh) or Board of Trade Unit ( BOTU ) is the commercial unit of energy.
The electrical energy consumed when an electrical appliance of power one kilowatt works for one hour is
called one kilowatt hour.
1 kWh = 1kW x 1h
= (1000 W) x (3600 s) = 1000 (J/s) x (3600 s)
= 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 MJ
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
RATING OF AN ELECTRIC APPLIANCE

The power rating of an electric appliance tells us the power consumed by it at the rated voltage, e.g. , 100 W –
250 V bulb consumes a power of 100 W at 250 V.
From this rating we can calculate the resistance of the appliance when it is working and the current that flows
through it.
If bulbs of different wattages are joined in parallel, then the bulb with the highest wattage glows with maximum
brightness. And in case such bulbs are joined in series, the bulb with lowest wattage glows with maximum
brightness.

Example 12.12 page No.-219

An electric bulb is connected to a 220 V generator. The current is 0.50 A. What is the power of the
bulb?
P = IV = 0.5 X 220 = 110 W

Example 12.13 page No.-219

An electric refrigerator rated 400 W operates 8 hour/day. What is the cost of the energy to operate it for
30 days at Rs.3.00 per kWh?
Given
P = 400 W = 0.4 kW
t = 8 hour
Energy consumed for one day = P x t = 0.4 x 8 =3.2 kWh
Energy consumed for 30 days = 3.2 x 30 = 96 kWh
Cost for 1 kWh = Rs. 3.00
Cost for 96 kWh = Rs. 3.00 x 96 = Rs. 288.00

N1. In a house two 40 watt bulbs are used for 5 hours daily and one 60 watt bulb for 2.5 hours daily.
There are two fans ( 50 W each ) which are used for 10 hours daily. Calculate energy consumed and
total expenditure for a month of 30 days if 1 unit electricity costs rupees 2.50.
( Ans. 46.50 unit, Rs. 116.25)
P1 = 2 x 40 = 80 W = 0.080 kW
t1 = 5 hours
E1 = P1 x t1 = 0.08 x 5 = 0.4 kWh
P2 = 1 x 60 = 60 W = 0.060 kW
t 2= 2.5 hours
E2 = P2 x t2 = 0.06 x 2.5 = 0.150 kWh
P3 = 2 x 50 = 100 W = 0.10 kW
t3 = 10 hours
E3 = P3 x t3 = 0.10 x 10 = 1.0 kWh
Total energy consumed for 1 day = 0.400 +0.150 + 1.0 = 1.55 kWh
Total energy consumed for 30 days 30 x 1.55 = 46.5 kWh (or) 46.5 units
Cost for 1 unit = Rs.2.50
Cost for 46.5 units = Rs.2.50 x 46.5 = Rs.116.25
N2. An electric bulb is rated at 200 V – 100 W. what is its resistance? Five such bulbs glow for four
hours. What is the electric energy consumed? Calculate the cost if the rate is 50 paise per unit.
( Ans. 400 Ω, Rs. 1)
V = 200 V
P = 100 W
R = V2/P = 200 X 200/100 = 400 ohm
P1 = 5 x 100 = 500 W = 0.5 kW
t = 4 hour
E = P1 x t = 0.5 x 4 = 2 kWh
Cost for one unit = Rs. 0.50
Cost for 4 kWh = Rs . 0.50 x 2 = Rs.1.00
N3. A torch bulb is rated at 2.5 V and 750 mA. Calculate its (i) power (ii) its resistance and (iii) the
energy consumed if the bulb is used for 4 hour. ( Ans. 1.875 W, 3.33 Ω, 7.5 Wh or 27000J )
V = 2.5 V
I = 750 mA = 0.75 A
P = IV = 0.75 X 2.5 = 1.875 W
R = V/I = 2.5/ 0.75 = 3.33 ohm
E = P X t = 1.875 x 4 = 7.5 Wh
E = P x t = 7.5 W x 3600 second = 27000 J
N4. A 6 V -12 W lamp is connected in series with a source of 12 V supply. Calculate the value of the
resistance R for the proper working of the lamp. What is the current flowing through the circuit ?
(Ans. 2 A, 3 Ω)

I = P / V = 12 / 6 = 2 A
R = V / I = 6/ 2 = 3 ohm
Now V’ =12 V
I’ = V’/R = 12/3 = 4 A
Allowed current in lamp is 2 A, therefore 4 A current must be reduced to 2 A by connecting a resistor
(R’) series with the bulb
I = 2 = 12/ (3 +R’)
6 + 2R’ = 12
2R’ = 6
R’ = 3 ohm
N5. Two coils of resistances 3 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in series across a battery of emf 12 V. Find the
electrical energy consumed in 1 minute in each resistance when these are connected in series.
Given
R1 = 3 ohm, R2 = 6 ohm , V = 12 V, t = 1 min = 60 second
E1 = ? E2= ?

Rs = R1 + R2 = 3 +6 = 9 ohm
I = V/Rs = 12/9 = 4/3 = 1.33 A
E1 = I2R1t = (4/3)2 x 3 x 60 = 320 J
E2= I2R2t = (4/3)2 x 6 x 60 = 640 J
N6. Two bulbs A and B are rated 100 W- 120 V and 10 W – 120V respectively. They are connected
across a 120 V source in series. Which will consume more energy ? (Ans. Bulb B)
RA = V2/PA = 1202/100 = 144 ohm
RB= V2/PB = 1202/10 = 1440 ohm
In series E = I2Rt
EαR
RA < RB
Therefore, EB > EA
Suppose bulbs are connected in parallel
E = V2t/R
E α 1/R
RA < RB
Therefore, EB < EA

N7. An immersion rod of 500 W is used to heat 15 litres water in a plastic bucket. Find the rise in
temperature, if this rod is used for 10 minutes and total heat produced is used to increase the
temperature. ( specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/ (Kg 0C ). (Ans.4.760C , 300000J )
Given
P = 500 W
t = 10 min = 10 x 60 = 600 second
Mass of water = Volume of water = m = 15 kg
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/ (Kg 0C)
Change in temperature T = ?
Electrical energy =E = P x t = 500 x 600 = 300000 J
Heat energy Q = mcT = 15 x 4200 x T
Electrical energy = Heat energy
300000 J = 15 x 4200 x T
T = 300000/ (15 x 4200 ) = 4.76 ℃
Q8. A heater coil connected to a 220 V has a resistance of 150 Ω. How long will it take for this coil to
heat 1kg of water from 20 0C to 60 0C, assuming that all heat is taken up by water?
(Ans.: 520.6 s or 8 min.40.6 sec)
Given
V = 220 V
R = 150 ohm
Mass of water = m = 1 kg
Change in temperature = T = (60 ℃ -20 ℃ ) = 40 ℃
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/ (Kg 0C)
Heat energy Q = mcT = 1 x 4200 x 40
Electrical energy E = P x t = V2t/R = (2202 x t )/150
Heat energy = Electrical energy
1x 4200 x 40 = 220 x 220 x t /150
t = (4200 x 40 x 150) /(220 x 220)
t = 520.6 second
N9. One electric bulb is rated 60 W – 240 V and other 40 W-240V. Which bulb has a higher resistance
and how many times? ( Ans. 40 W bulb 1.5 times of 60W bulb)
R1 = V2/P1 = 2402/ 60 = 960 ohm
R2 = V2/P2 = 2402/ 40 = 1440 ohm
R2 = 1.5 R1
or, resistance of 40 W bulb 1.5 times of 60 W bulb

N10. Two lamps, one rated 100 W at 220 V and other 60 W at 220V are connected in parallel to a 220V
supply. What current is drawn from the supply line? (Ans. 0.727A)
I1 = P1/V = 100 /220 = 5/11 A
I2= P2/V = 60 /220 = 3/11 A
The lamps are connected in parallel.
Therefore, total current I = I1 + I2 = 5/11 + 3/11 = 8/11 A = 0.727 A

N11. An immersion heating rod of 500 W is used for half an hour. Find energy consumed in (a) kWh
and (b) joules. (Ans. 0.25 kWh or 9 x 10 5 joules)
P = 500 W = 0.5 kW
t = 0.5 hour
E = P x t = 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25 kWh
E = 0.25 x 3600000 = 900000 J [ 1 kWh = 3.6 x106 J]