VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH

HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND HUMAN

SETTLEMENTS

STUDENT NAME ID

LUONG THANH MINH 2352995

QUAN

ADVISOR: DR. LE THI HONG NA

1
CONTENTS
1. PRIMITIVE SOCIAL ARCHITECTURE .................................................................... 3

2. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA ARCHITECTURE ......................................................... 5

3. ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE....................................................................... 6

4. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE ................................................................. 7

5. ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ...................................................................... 8

6. ANCIENT PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE ................................................................... 9

7. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE ............................................................................. 10

8. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ........................................................................ 11

9. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE.................................................................................... 12

10. EARLY PERIOD .................................................................................................. 13

11. RENAISSANCE ................................................................................................... 15

12. MODERN ARCHITECTURE FROM 1760 TO EARLY XX .................................. 17

13. MODERN POST-MODERN ARCHIETECTURE .................................................. 19

14. ORIENTAL AND VIETNAMESE ARCHITECTURE .............................................. 21

15. INDIAN - BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE .............................................................. 23

16 CHINA - URBAN PLANNING TOMBS ARCHITECTURE ..................................... 25

17 OVERVIEW OF VIETNAMESE ARCHITECTURE ............................................... 29

2
1. PRIMITIVE SOCIAL ARCHITECTURE
I. OLD STONE AGE (25000 - 1000 BC)
• SOCIAL CONTEXT:

o HUMANS LIVED IN CLANS.

o STRUGGLED FOR SURVIVAL AGAINST A HARSH NATURAL

ENVIRONMENT.

• ARCHITECTURAL FORMS:

o DUGOUTS IN THE GROUND.

o CAVES CARVED INTO ROCK FACES.

o SHELTERS MADE OF TREE BRANCHES.

o ROUND HUTS WITH CONE-SHAPED ROOFS / SQUARE

HOUSES WITH TWO SLOPING ROOFS, AND STILT HOUSES,
COMMONLY BUILT WITH BRANCHES AND MUD.

II. NEOLITHIC AGE (10000 - 3000 BC)

• SOCIAL CONTEXT:

o DEVELOPMENT OF POLISHED STONE TOOLS, STONE AXE

BLADES, LEADING TO MORE EFFICIENT TOOL USE.

o RISE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY;

TRANSITION FROM NOMADIC TO SETTLED LIFESTYLE.

o FORMATION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGION IN SOME

REGIONS.

o SHIFT TO A MATRIARCHAL SOCIAL SYSTEM.

o CONTINUED STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL AGAINST THE

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.

• ARCHITECTURAL FORMS:

o EMERGENCE OF VILLAGE SETTLEMENTS WITH VARIED

ARCHITECTURAL STYLES.

3
 o DWELLINGS: LESS RUDIMENTARY COMPARED TO THE OLD
STONE AGE.

o APPEARANCE OF STRUCTURES FOR SPIRITUAL

PURPOSES.

o MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION: HOUSES WITH WALLS

MADE OF BRANCHES PLASTERED WITH MUD AND STONE,
SOME WITH FLOORS MADE OF BAKED CLAY SLABS, AND
SLOPING ROOFS.

III. BRONZE AGE (1ST MILLENNIUM BC)

• SOCIAL CONTEXT:

o MASTERY OF METALLURGY AND ALLOY CREATION.

o SHIFT FROM MATRIARCHAL TO PATRIARCHAL CLAN

SYSTEM.

o EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL CLASSES, STATES, AND WARFARE,

LEADING TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF DEFENSIVE
STRUCTURES, WALLS, AND LARGE-SCALE ARTISTIC
MONUMENTS.

• ARCHITECTURAL FORMS:

o STILL RUDIMENTARY, WITH TWO MAIN TYPES:

▪ SINGLE STANDING STONE COLUMNS (MENHIRS).

▪ STONE SLABS RESTING ON TWO STONE COLUMNS

(DOLMENS), DEMONSTRATING THE PRINCIPLE OF
POST AND LINTEL CONSTRUCTION.

o THREE BASIC LAYOUT FORMS:

▪ POINT: TYPICALLY A SINGLE STANDING STONE.

▪ STRAIGHT LINE: ROWS OF ALIGNED STANDING

STONES.

▪ CIRCLE: STONE CIRCLES LIKE STONEHENGE.

4
2. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA ARCHITECTURE

• GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
o BETWEEN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS,
CONVENIENT FOR TRADE.
o FEW MOUNTAINS, EASY TRANSPORTATION, CONSTANT
WARS.
o HOT CLIMATE, LITTLE RAIN.

• MATERIALS: SUN-DRIED BRICKS, BAKED BRICKS, CLAY MIXED

WITH STRAW.

• SOCIETY:

o SLAVE SYSTEM, FREQUENT CONFLICTS.

o RELIGION: ASTROLOGY, ASTROLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE
(ZIGGURAT).
• ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:
o THICK LOAD-BEARING WALLS, THERMAL INSULATION.
o WEAK FOUNDATIONS, FEW COLUMNS, FLAT ROOFS,
VAULTS.
o NARROW SPACES, RECTANGULAR SHAPES, MANY
COURTYARDS.
o DECORATION WITH COLORED GLAZED BRICKS, RELIEFS.

• TYPICAL BUILDINGS: PALACES, ZIGGURATS, MILITARY

FORTRESSES.

5
3. ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE
• GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: COASTS OF THE
MEDITERRANEAN AND AEGEAN SEAS.

o BEAUTIFUL SCENERY, MOUNTAINS, SEA.

o MOUNTAINS DIVIDE INTO NATIONS (ATHENS, SPARTA).

o LITTLE ARABLE LAND, DEVELOPED MARITIME TRADE.

• CLIMATE: TEMPERATE, SUBTROPICAL.

• SOCIETY: SLAVE SYSTEM, DEMOCRACY (ATHENS),

ARISTOCRACY (SPARTA).

• RELIGION: POLYTHEISM (ZEUS, HERA, APOLLO...).

• LITERATURE - PHILOSOPHY - SCULPTURE: FLOURISHED.

• ARCHITECTURAL PERIODS: PRE-HELLENIC, CLASSICAL

GREEK.

• PRE-HELLENIC ARCHITECTURE:

o CRETE PERIOD: MULTI-STOREY HOUSES, FLAT ROOFS,

SMALL COURTYARDS.

o MYCENAE PERIOD: LION GATE OF MYCENAE, TREASURY

OF ATREUS.

• CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE:

o PUBLIC BUILDINGS: ACROPOLIS, AGORA, TEMPLES,

THEATERS, STADIUMS.

o CONSTRUCTED WITH COLUMNS, BEAMS, TILED ROOFS.

o STONE MATERIALS, BEAUTIFUL SHAPES.

o OPTICAL CORRECTIONS, USE OF PROPORTIONS,

COLORS, LIGHT.

• TYPICAL BUILDINGS: PARTHENON, TEMPLE OF NIKE,

ERECHTHEION, EPIDAURUS THEATER.

6
4. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
• GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: NORTHEAST AFRICA, ALONG THE
NILE RIVER.

o HOT, DRY CLIMATE, LITTLE RAIN.

• MATERIALS: STONE, WOOD, MUD, AND REEDS.

• SOCIETY: SLAVE SYSTEM, PHARAOHS.

• RELIGION: POLYTHEISM, DEEP BELIEF IN THE AFTERLIFE.

• ARCHITECTURAL PERIODS: OLD KINGDOM, MIDDLE KINGDOM,

NEW KINGDOM.

• ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:

o POST AND LINTEL CONSTRUCTION, STONE/BRICK WALLS.

o FLAT ROOFS, COVERED WITH REEDS OR STONE.

o LARGE SCALE, DECORATED WITH PAINTINGS AND RELIEFS.

o STRICT LAYOUT, MYSTERIOUS, OPPRESSIVE FEELING.

• TYPICAL BUILDINGS: TOMBS (MASTABA, PYRAMIDS), TEMPLES.

7
5. ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: PENINSULA IN THE CENTER OF THE
MEDITERRANEAN.

o STRAIGHT COASTLINE, FAVORABLE FOR TRADE.

o TOPOGRAPHY: PLAINS, FERTILE LAND, MOUNTAINS.

o CLIMATE: TEMPERATE MEDITERRANEAN.

• MATERIALS: STONE, BRICK, VOLCANIC CONCRETE.

• SOCIETY:

o CITIZENS: LIGURES, ETRUSCANS, LATIUM.

o RELIGION: JUPITER, JUNO, VENUS...

• ARCHITECTURAL PERIODS: "KINGS" PERIOD, REPUBLIC, EMPIRE.

• ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:

o PRACTICAL, USE OF THE 5 ORDERS OF COLUMNS.

o STONE AND BRICK CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, ARCHES.

o VOLCANIC CONCRETE.

• TYPICAL BUILDINGS: TEMPLES, THEATERS, AMPHITHEATERS,

BATHS, AQUEDUCTS, CIRCUSES, HOUSES.

8
6. ANCIENT PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE
• GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: IRANIAN PLATEAU, BORDERING
MESOPOTAMIA.

o HOT, DRY CLIMATE.

• MATERIALS: BAKED BRICKS, LITTLE WOOD AND STONE.

• SOCIETY: FEUDAL, MILITARISTIC, WARLIKE.

• ARCHITECTURAL PERIODS:

o EARLY PERIOD: ACHAEMENIAN DYNASTY.

o LATER PERIOD: DOMINATED BY GREECE, MACEDONIA.

• ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:

o THICK WALLS OF BAKED/UNBAKED BRICKS.

o STONE COLUMNS, FLAT ROOFS, VAULTS, DOMES.

o SPACE: SQUARE ROOMS WITH MANY COLUMNS,

DECORATED CAPITALS.

o DECORATION: RICH, BRIGHT COLORS, PROMINENT

RAILINGS.

• TYPICAL BUILDINGS: PALACE OF CYRUS, PERSEPOLIS, TOMB OF

DARIUS.

9
7. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
• HISTORY:

o SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE EASTERN ROMAN

EMPIRE.

o ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCED BY ROME AND THE EAST.

• ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:

o THICK, LOAD-BEARING WALLS, BUILT OF BRICK AND

STONE.

o TILED ROOFS, VAULTS, DOMES.

o FLOOR PLAN: ROMAN BASILICA, 3 OR 5 NAVES.

o DECORATION: ROMAN ARCHITECTURE, SPACIOUS

INTERIOR.

• TYPICAL BUILDINGS: HAGIA SOPHIA, SAN MARCO BASILICA.

10
8. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
• HISTORY: FORMED ON THE BASIS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE,
INFLUENCED BY BYZANTIUM.

• SOCIETY: DECENTRALIZED FEUDALISM, THE CHURCH AND

LORDS.

• MATERIALS: LOCAL, BRICK AND STONE.

• ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:

o VARIOUS TYPES OF VAULTED ROOFS, COMBINATION OF

ARCHES AND TRUSSES.

o LOAD-BEARING WALLS, SMALL WINDOWS, DARK SPACES.

o SIMPLE FORMS, ELABORATE INTERIOR DECORATION.

o COLUMNS, PILLARS, VAULTS, SPLAYED WINDOWS.

• TYPICAL BUILDINGS: LEANING TOWER OF PISA, PISTOIA

CATHEDRAL, CASTLES.

11
9. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• HISTORY:

o EMERGED IN THE 12TH CENTURY, FLOURISHED IN FRANCE.

o INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY, CRUSADES, CENTRALIZED

FEUDALISM.

• ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:

o FRAMED STRUCTURE, POINTED ARCHES, FORCE

TRANSFERRED TO PILLARS.

o SPACE: CLEARSTORY, TRIFORIUM, ARCADE.

o UNIQUE AND CREATIVE STYLE, NOT COPYING THE PAST.

o FACADE REFLECTS THE STRUCTURE, MYSTICAL

ATMOSPHERE.

o ELEGANT LINES, SOARING HEIGHTS, LARGE WINDOWS,

ABUNDANT LIGHT.

• DEVELOPMENT STAGES: 5 STAGES FROM ROMANESQUE TO

RENAISSANCE.

• TYPICAL BUILDINGS: BASILICA OF ST. DENIS, NOTRE-DAME DE

PARIS, CHARTRES CATHEDRAL.

12
10. EARLY PERIOD
• FLORENCE CATHEDRAL (SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE):

DESIGNED BY FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI,

THIS CATHEDRAL IS RENOWNED FOR ITS
MASSIVE DOME, A PIONEERING FEAT OF
ENGINEERING AND A HALLMARK OF EARLY
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE.

• PALAZZO MEDICI RICCARDI:

DESIGNED BY MICHELOZZO DI BARTOLOMEO,

THIS PALACE FEATURES SIMPLE FACADES,
LAYERED COLUMNS, AND A PROMINENT
CORNICE, EXEMPLIFYING EARLY RENAISSANCE
RESIDENTIAL DESIGN.

HIGH RENAISSANCE:

• ST. PETER'S BASILICA:

PRIMARILY DESIGNED BY DONATO BRAMANTE

AND LATER ENHANCED BY MICHELANGELO, THIS
BASILICA SHOWCASES PERFECT
ARCHITECTURAL PROPORTIONS AND THE USE OF
CLASSICAL ORDERS, EPITOMIZING HIGH
RENAISSANCE IDEALS.

• TEMPIETTO DI SAN PIETRO IN MONTORIO:

DESIGNED BY DONATO BRAMANTE, THIS SMALL,

CIRCULAR TEMPLE IS CONSIDERED A MASTERPIECE
OF HIGH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE,
EMBODYING HARMONY AND BALANCE.

13
 • VILLA CAPRA (LA ROTONDA):

DESIGNED BY ANDREA PALLADIO, THIS VILLA IS

CELEBRATED FOR ITS SYMMETRICAL DESIGN AND
CLASSICAL PORTICOS, REFLECTING THE HIGH
RENAISSANCE EMPHASIS ON PROPORTION AND
CLASSICAL INSPIRATION.

LATE RENAISSANCE (MANNERISM):

• PALAZZO DEL TE: DESIGNED BY GIULIO ROMANO, THIS PALACE

IS KNOWN FOR ITS PLAYFUL AND UNCONVENTIONAL USE OF
CLASSICAL ELEMENTS, BREAKING TRADITIONAL
ARCHITECTURAL RULES AND EXEMPLIFYING MANNERIST STYLE.

• VILLA GIULIA: COMMISSIONED BY POPE JULIUS III AND

DESIGNED BY GIORGIO VASARI, BARTOLOMEO AMMANATI, AND
VIGNOLA, THIS VILLA FEATURES COMPLEX AND ELABORATE
FORMS, CHARACTERISTIC OF MANNERIST ARCHITECTURE.

14
11. RENAISSANCE
1. OVERVIEW
• DEFINITION: "RENAISSANCE" MEANS REBIRTH; REVIVAL OF
GREEK-ROMAN CULTURAL IDEALS.

• TIMELINE: XV - XIX CENTURY.

• KEY MOVEMENTS: REFORMATION AND GREEK-ROMAN

CULTURAL RENAISSANCE

2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

• ECONOMIC: DECLINE OF FEUDALISM, RISE OF CAPITALISM.

• SOCIAL: CENTRALIZED STATES, NEW SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES:

o GUNPOWDER: CHANGED WARFARE.

o COMPASS: FACILITATED EXPLORATION (E.G., COLUMBUS).

o PRINTING PRESS: SPREAD NEW IDEAS.

3. KEY CHARACTERISTICS
• DESIGN:

o GEOMETRIC SYMMETRY, AXIAL LAYOUTS.

o SIMPLE, GRACEFUL FACADES; REPLACED GOTHIC

HEAVINESS.

o ARCHES, ELLIPSES, DOMES, COLUMNS, AND RICH

ORNAMENTATION.

• MATERIALS: STONE, METAL, NATURAL/ARTIFICIAL ELEMENTS.

4. PHASES OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

PHASE I: EARLY RENAISSANCE (FLORENCE, XV - XVI)

15
 • KEY FEATURES:

o SIMPLE FACADES, LAYERED COLUMNS, SMALL WINDOWS.

o INFLUENCES FROM ANCIENT ROMAN DESIGNS.

• NOTABLE WORKS:

o FLORENCE CATHEDRAL (BRUNELLESCHI).

o PALAZZO MEDICI RICCARDI, PALAZZO RUCELLAI.

• KEY ARCHITECTS: BRUNELLESCHI, ALBERTI, MICHELOZZO.

PHASE II: HIGH RENAISSANCE (ROME, XVI)

• KEY FEATURES:

o MONUMENTAL SCALE, BALANCED PROPORTIONS,

CLASSICAL INSPIRATION.

o USE OF DECORATIVE FACADES AND COLUMNED

COURTYARDS.

• NOTABLE WORKS: ST. PETER’S BASILICA, VILLA CAPRA,

PALAZZO FARNESE.

• KEY ARCHITECTS: MICHELANGELO, BRAMANTE, PALLADIO.

PHASE III: BAROQUE AND ROCOCO (XVII - XVIII)

• KEY FEATURES:

o BOLD, DYNAMIC FORMS; EXCESSIVE DECORATION.

o USE OF CURVES, ELLIPSES, AND FLORAL MOTIFS.

• NOTABLE WORKS: ST. PETER’S SQUARE, CHURCH OF S. MARIA

NOVELLA, VERSAILLES PALACE.

• KEY ARCHITECTS: BERNINI, BORROMINI.

16
12. MODERN ARCHITECTURE FROM 1760 TO
EARLY XX
PERIOD 1: 1760 - 1880
1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT:

o A MAP OF URBANIZED CITIES LIKE PARIS DURING

HAUSSMANN’S RENOVATION.

o FACTORY HOUSING DESIGNS OR EARLY INDUSTRIAL

CITIES.

2. ARCHITECTURAL FORMS:

o ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS: IMAGES OF BRITISH

PARLIAMENT (WESTMINSTER) AND THE U.S. CAPITOL.

o HOUSING PROJECTS: SIMPLE WORKER HOUSING PLANS

OR A PHOTO OF FACTORY-ADJACENT HOUSING.

o LANDMARKS:

▪ CRYSTAL PALACE (LONDON, GLASS AND IRON

STRUCTURE).

▪ EIFFEL TOWER (PARIS, ICONIC IRON STRUCTURE).

3. TRENDS:

o NEO-CLASSICISM: MADELAINE CATHEDRAL (PARIS), ARC

DE TRIOMPHE (PARIS), OR PANTHEON (PARIS).

o ROMANTICISM/GOTHIC REVIVAL: WESTMINSTER PALACE

OR NOTRE-DAME-STYLE GOTHIC BUILDINGS.

o ECLECTICISM: PARIS OPERA HOUSE (PALAIS GARNIER)

FOR ITS ORNATE MIX OF STYLES.

4. TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS:

o COALBROOKDALE BRIDGE: FIRST IRON BRIDGE.

17
 o CENTRAL MARKET IN PARIS WITH IRON AND GLASS ROOF
STRUCTURES.

PERIOD 2: 1880 - EARLY 20TH CENTURY

1. ART NOUVEAU:

o TASSEL HOUSE (BRUSSELS): CURVING BALCONIES AND

IRON DETAILS.

o CASA MILÀ OR SAGRADA FAMÍLIA (BARCELONA): ANTONIO

GAUDÍ'S ICONIC ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE.

o HECTOR GUIMARD'S PARIS METRO ENTRANCES.

2. CHICAGO SCHOOL:

o WAINWRIGHT BUILDING: EARLY SKYSCRAPER.

o SCHLESINGER & MAYER DEPARTMENT STORE (CHICAGO):

FUNCTIONAL USE OF STEEL AND GLASS.

3. GERMAN WERKBUND:

o AEG TURBINE FACTORY (BERLIN): INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

WITH A MODERN AESTHETIC.

o FAGUS SHOE FACTORY: A MIX OF GLASS AND STEEL IN A

FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT.

18
13. MODERN POST-MODERN ARCHIETECTURE
MODERN ARCHITECTURE (20TH CENTURY)

CONTEXT:

• SOCIETY: INDUSTRIALIZATION, WARS, CAPITALISM;

ARCHITECTURE AS POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TOOLS.

• TECHNOLOGY: REINFORCED CONCRETE, STEEL, GLASS

ENABLING MASS PRODUCTION AND FREE LAYOUTS.

MOVEMENTS:

1. FUTURISM: DYNAMIC FORMS, SPEED-INSPIRED (E.G.,

SANT’ELIA’S SKETCHES).

2. EXPRESSIONISM: EMOTIONAL, SCULPTURAL FORMS (E.G.,

EINSTEIN TOWER).

3. CONSTRUCTIVISM: GEOMETRIC, INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS (E.G.,

TATLIN’S TOWER).

4. FUNCTIONALISM: RATIONAL, STREAMLINED DESIGNS (E.G.,

BAUHAUS, VILLA SAVOYE).

5. ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE: NATURE-INSPIRED (E.G.,

FALLINGWATER BY FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT).

6. BRUTALISM: RAW CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LOGIC (E.G.,

CHANDIGARH CAPITOL COMPLEX).

7. INTERNATIONAL STYLE: GLASS SKYSCRAPERS (E.G., UN

SECRETARIAT).

19
POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE (1970S-PRESENT)
KEY FEATURES:

• REACTION TO MODERNISM; PLAYFUL, SYMBOLIC, AND

INNOVATIVE DESIGNS.

TRENDS:

1. HI-TECH: EXPOSED STRUCTURES, MACHINE-LIKE (E.G., CENTRE

POMPIDOU).

2. DECONSTRUCTIVISM: FRAGMENTED FORMS (E.G., WALT DISNEY

HALL)

3. RATIONALISM: SIMPLICITY, LOCAL TRADITIONS (E.G., PALAZZO

DELLA CIVILTÀ ITALIANA).

4. STRUCTURALISM: MODULAR, HUMAN-SCALED SPACES (E.G.,

CENTRAAL BEHEER OFFICE).

5. POSTMODERNISM: SYMBOLIC, MASS-MARKET (E.G., PIAZZA

D’ITALIA).

20
14. ORIENTAL AND VIETNAMESE
ARCHITECTURE
1. ORIENTAL ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW

• KEY CIVILIZATIONS:

o INDIA: INFLUENCED BY BUDDHISM, HINDUISM, AND ISLAM.

o CHINA: SHAPED BY CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM, AND FENG

SHUI.

o VIETNAM: MIX OF LOCAL CULTURE WITH INFLUENCES

FROM CHINA AND INDIA.

• PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES:

o BUDDHISM: KARMA, REINCARNATION; EVOLVED IN EACH

COUNTRY (E.G., PAGODAS IN CHINA, JAPAN).

o HINDUISM: INFLUENCES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, ESPECIALLY

IN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE (E.G., MY SON, ANGKOR WAT).

o CONFUCIANISM: EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL ORDER AND

RESPECT FOR HIERARCHY, ESPECIALLY IN CHINESE
PALACES AND URBAN LAYOUTS.

o TAOISM & FENG SHUI: HARMONY WITH NATURE, SEEN IN

CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE LAYOUTS.

21
2. VIETNAMESE ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW
• HISTORICAL EVOLUTION:

o EARLY PERIODS: VAN LANG, AU LAC (STILT HOUSES, CO

LOA CITADEL).

o CHINESE INFLUENCE: NORTHERN COLONY PERIOD;

FORTIFIED CITIES, PAGODAS.

o INDEPENDENT DYNASTIES:

▪ LY-TRAN DYNASTY: DEVELOPMENT OF PAGODAS

(ONE PILLAR PAGODA, PHAT TICH PAGODA).

▪ HO DYNASTY: CONSTRUCTION OF TRUC LAM ZEN

MONASTERY, FORTIFIED CITADELS.

▪ NGUYEN DYNASTY: HUE CITADEL; INTEGRATION OF

EASTERN AND WESTERN STYLES.

• CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:

o VILLAGE COMMUNITY: VILLAGE STRUCTURE, COMMUNAL

HOUSES (DINH).

o RELIGIOUS PRACTICES: ANCESTOR WORSHIP,

VENERATION OF NATIONAL HEROES, INFLUENCE OF
BUDDHISM, CONFUCIANISM, AND TAOISM.

o FRENCH COLONIAL INFLUENCE: INTRODUCTION OF

WESTERN ARCHITECTURE, LEADING TO INDOCHINESE
STYLE.

22
15. INDIAN - BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
1. INFLUENCING FACTORS
• GEOGRAPHY: SOUTH ASIAN PENINSULA WITH DIVERSE
CLIMATES (HIMALAYAS, INDIAN PLAINS, DECCAN HIGHLANDS).

• CULTURE: FOLK BELIEFS (NATURE GODS, FERTILITY GODS) AND

FORMALIZED RELIGIONS (BUDDHISM, HINDUISM, ISLAM).

• HISTORICAL CONTEXT:

o ANCIENT PERIODS: MOHENJO-DARO, HARAPPA (URBAN

PLANNING).

o MIDDLE PERIOD: INFLUENCE OF HINDU AND ISLAMIC

DYNASTIES.

2. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
• KEY FEATURES:

o STUPA: CIRCULAR MOUND WITH RELICS OF BUDDHA (E.G.,

SANCHI STUPA).

o CHAITYA: ROCK-CUT CAVE SHRINES FOR WORSHIP (E.G.,

KARLI AND AJANTA).

o VIHARA: MONASTERIES FOR MONKS (E.G., AJANTA,

ELEPHANTA).

• PHILOSOPHICAL SYMBOLS: KARMA, REINCARNATION, NIRVANA.

3. HINDU ARCHITECTURE
• KEY FEATURES:

o TEMPLE STRUCTURE:

▪ VASTU PURUSHA MANDALA: SQUARE/CROSS

LAYOUTS ALIGNED WITH COSMIC AXES.
23
 ▪ VERTICAL AXIS SYMBOLIZES MOUNT MERU.

▪ COMPONENTS: MANDAPA (HALL), GARBHAGRIHA

(SANCTUM), SHIKHARA (TOWER).

o MATERIALS: CARVED FROM MONOLITHS OR BUILT WITH

STONE (E.G., KAILASA TEMPLE, KANDARIYA MAHADEVA
TEMPLE).

• ICONIC WORKS:

o RATHA TEMPLES (MAMALLAPURAM), LINGARAJA TEMPLE.

4. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
• KEY FEATURES:

o ONION DOMES, POINTED ARCHES, MINARETS, AND

DECORATIVE GEOMETRIC PATTERNS.

o USE OF MARBLE AND SANDSTONE (E.G., TAJ MAHAL, RED

FORT).

• KEY TYPES:

o MOSQUES: PRAYER HALLS WITH DOMES AND MINARETS.

o MAUSOLEUMS: SYMMETRICAL, ELEGANT BURIAL

MONUMENTS (E.G., TAJ MAHAL).

24
16 CHINA - URBAN PLANNING TOMBS
ARCHITECTURE
1. INFLUENCING FACTORS
• NATURAL CONDITIONS:

o YELLOW RIVER AND YANGTZE RIVER; TEMPERATE AND

SUBTROPICAL CLIMATES.

• PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE:

o CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM, YIN-YANG, AND BUDDHISM

INFLUENCED ARCHITECTURE.

o EMPHASIS ON HARMONY WITH NATURE, CENTRALITY, AND

SYMMETRY.

2. TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE
• WOODEN STRUCTURE SYSTEM:

o COLUMN-BEAM SYSTEM WITH DECORATIVE

FORTIFICATIONS.

o LOW-HEIGHT DEVELOPMENT WITH HORIZONTAL LAYOUTS,

ELEVATED ON HIGH FOUNDATIONS.

3. URBAN PLANNING
• KEY CITIES:

o CHANG’AN: CHECKERBOARD ROAD LAYOUT, CENTRALIZED

PALACES.

o BEIJING: FORBIDDEN CITY, HIERARCHICAL ZONES

(IMPERIAL CITY, INNER CITY, SUBURBAN AREAS).

• PRINCIPLES:

25
 o CENTRAL TRUNK LINE FOR SYMMETRY, SURROUNDED BY
MOATS OR WALLS.

4. PALACE AND TOMB ARCHITECTURE

• PALACES: FORBIDDEN CITY; MONUMENTAL SCALE, YELLOW
ROOFS, AND VIBRANT DECORATIONS.

• TOMBS: MING DYNASTY’S THIRTEEN MAUSOLEUMS; FENG SHUI

PRINCIPLES (E.G., PROTECTIVE HILLS AND RIVERS).

5. RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
• BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE:

o CAVE PAGODAS (E.G., YUNGANG AND DUNHUANG CAVES).

o TOWER PAGODAS (E.G., GIANT WILD GOOSE PAGODA).

• CONFUCIAN TEMPLES:

o HORIZONTAL LAYOUTS; MAIN HALLS ON CENTRAL AXES.

o EXAMPLE: CONFUCIUS SHRINE.

26
6. HOUSING ARCHITECTURE
• TYPES:

o HAN CHINESE HOUSES: COURTYARD-CENTERED;

SURROUNDED BY FOUR-SIDED BUILDINGS.

o MINORITY GROUPS: STILT HOUSES (SOUTHWEST), EARTH-

ROLLING HOUSES.

7. LANDSCAPE GARDENS
• FEATURES:

o MODELED AFTER NATURAL LANDSCAPES WITH ARTISTIC

DESIGN.

o INCORPORATES WALLS, PROMENADES, PONDS, AND

MINIATURE HILLS.

8. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
• COLORS: RED FRAMES, BLUE EAVES, YELLOW TILES.

• DECORATIVE ELEMENTS: DRAGONS, PHOENIXES, NATURE

MOTIFS.

• FOCUS: CENTRALITY, SYMMETRY, AND INTEGRATION WITH

NATURE.

27
28
17 OVERVIEW OF VIETNAMESE
ARCHITECTURE
1. INFLUENCING FACTORS
• NATURAL CONDITIONS:

o GEOGRAPHY: NORTH-SOUTH PLAINS, MOUNTAINS, AND

RIVERS, TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE; HOT AND HUMID.

o MATERIALS: WOOD, BRICKS, BAMBOO; NATURAL

RESOURCES SHAPED ARCHITECTURE.

• SOCIOCULTURAL:

o VILLAGE-BASED SOCIAL STRUCTURES; SIMPLE,

COMMUNITY-ORIENTED DESIGNS.

o INFLUENCES: CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM, BUDDHISM;

EMPHASIS ON HARMONY AND SPIRITUALITY.

2. URBAN AND PALACE ARCHITECTURE

• URBAN PLANNING:

o EARLY CITIES: CO LOA, HOA LU—INTEGRATED NATURAL

TERRAIN, DEFENSIVE LAYOUTS.

o THANG LONG: SYMMETRICAL CITADELS; ADMINISTRATIVE,

IMPERIAL, AND RESIDENTIAL ZONES.

o HUE: VAUBAN-STYLE CITADEL, FORBIDDEN CITY WITH

CONFUCIAN-INSPIRED SYMMETRY.

• PALACES:

o NGUYEN DYNASTY: SYMMETRICAL LAYOUTS, CONFUCIAN

HIERARCHY (NGO MON, THAI HOA PALACE).

o MATERIALS: WOOD, STONE; DECORATIVE CARVINGS

(DRAGONS, PHOENIXES).

29
3. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
• PAGODAS:

o TYPES: "CHỮ ĐINH" (T-SHAPED) LIKE ONE PILLAR PAGODA,

"CHỮ CÔNG" (I-SHAPED) LIKE TRAN QUOC PAGODA.

o FEATURES: HORIZONTAL LAYOUTS, AXIAL SYMMETRY, BELL

TOWERS, DRUM ATTICS.

o MATERIALS: WOOD, BRICK, TILES; TRUSS SYSTEMS AND

CARVED DECORATIONS.

• TOWERS:

o FUNCTIONS: HOUSING RELICS OR COMMEMORATING

BUDDHA.

o EXAMPLES: PHAT TICH TOWER, BUT THAP PAGODA.

4. TOMB ARCHITECTURE
• DESIGN PRINCIPLES:

o BASED ON FENG SHUI; HARMONY WITH TERRAIN

(MOUNTAINS, RIVERS).

o SYMBOLISM: ETERNAL LIFE IN TOMB LAYOUTS.

• KEY EXAMPLES:

o MINH MANG TOMB: SYMMETRICAL, MAJESTIC YET NATURAL

HARMONY.

o KHAI DINH TOMB: FUSION OF VIETNAMESE AND WESTERN

STYLES; ELABORATE DECORATIONS.

30