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9.) FUNCTIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS-Solutions

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9.) FUNCTIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS-Solutions

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balpinancitaly
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118 CONQUERING SAT MATH

EXPLAINED ANSWERS

1. Answer: E
We know f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 + 5
Substitute 4 for x. f(4) = 2(4)3 − 3(4)2 + 5 = 128 − 48 + 5 = 85.

2. Answer: B
– Find the slope.
– Find the y-intercept.
– Substitute the slope and the y-intercept in the equation for the line and solve.

13 − 5 8
m= = = 4
4−2 2
f ( x ) = mx + b ⇒ f ( x ) = 4 x + b
f ( 2) = 4 ( 2) + b
5 = 4 ( 2) + b ⇒ 5 = 4 ( 2) + b
5 = 8 + b ⇒ −3 = b
f ( x) = 4x − 3

3. Answer: C
The truck rental costs $20 for the first 100 miles. Therefore, for the first 100 miles, there will be no change in the
cost of renting the truck which is modeled by a horizontal line. After the first 100 miles the charge will be $0.15 per
mile, a constant increase of $0.15 per mile, which is modeled by a line with a positive slope.

4. Answer: E
The graph of f(x − 2) + 4 is formed by shifting f(x) to the right 2 units and then up 4 units.

5. Answer: C
The smallest y-value of (x + 2)2 is 0. Therefore, the smallest y-value that f(x) = (x + 2)2 − 3 is −3. You can use a
graphing calculator, to graph f(x) = (x + 2)2 − 3. As you can see below, the value y never goes below −3.

x
CHAPTER 10 / FUNCTIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS 119

6. Answer: C
The square root of a negative number cannot be found in the xy coordinate plane. So x + 3 must be greater than or
equal to zero. That means x ≥ −3. Use a graphing calculator to graph f ( x ) = x + 3 − 7. As you can see below, the
value x is never less than −3.

7. Answer: 6
Solve for x.
f ( x ) = 2 x − 4 = 8. ⇒ 2 x = 12 ⇒ x = 6

8. Answer: 232
Solve for f(2).
f ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 7 ⇒ f ( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) − 7 = 12 − 7 = 5
2

Now find g [ f ( 2 )].

g ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 4 x + 2.

g [ f ( 2 )] = g ( 5) = 2 ( 5) − 4 ( 5) + 2 = 250 − 20 + 2 = 232.
3

9. Answer: C
The numerator is 2; so y cannot equal 0.

10. Answer: E
3
Perpendicular lines have slopes that are opposite reciprocals. Therefore, the slope of the perpendicular line is − .
2
3
The y-intercept is also −6 so, y = − x − 6.
2

11. Answer: B
The graph of f(x) = x3 − 2 must be shifted left 3 units and down 4 units to create the graph of g(x) = (x + 3)3 − 6.

x
120 CONQUERING SAT MATH

12. Answer: A
Wherever f(x) is positive, the graphs of f(x) and⎟ f(x)⎟ are the same. Wherever f(x) is negative, the graph⎟ f(x)⎟ is
flipped over the x-axis, as shown in choice A.

13. Answer: 1,967


Every year there is a 7% increase in the previous year’s salary. Multiply the previous years’ salary by 1.07.
Write a formula where 10 is the number of years: S = 1,000(1.07)10 ≈ $1,967.

14. Answer: 2 .
3
The slope of the line is , and the point (2,5) is on the graph
2
3
Substitute m = , x = 2, y = 5 in the equation for a line. Solve for b.
2
3
y = mx + b ⇒ 5 =
2
( 2) + b ⇒ 5 = 3 + b ⇒ 2 = b.

15. Answer: 5
The fish population triples every year. Therefore, to calculate the population after 5 years we must divide the fish
population after 6 years by 3. To calculate the fish population after 4 years we must divide the fish population after
5 years by 3. Continue this process to get the initial population, as shown in the table provided below

Years Population After Number of Years

6 3,645

5 (3,645 ÷ 3) = 1,215

4 (1,215 ÷ 3) = 405

3 (405 ÷ 3) = 135

2 (135 ÷ 3) = 45

1 (45 ÷ 3) = 15

0(Initial) (15 ÷ 3) = 5

or

You can write an exponential equation.

36 (Initial Amount) = 3,645.


729 (Initial Amount) = 3,645
Initial Amount = 5
CHAPTER 10 / FUNCTIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS 121

16. Answer: E
The denominator cannot equal 0.
Write the denominator not equal to 0 to find when that is.

4
f (x) =
x2 + x − 6
so write x 2 + x − 6 ≠ 0

( x + 3) ( x − 2) ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ −3 and x ≠ 2.

17. Answer: C
The expression for operating the company in the first year is 2( f ) + 10,000, where f is the number of Frisbees. The
expression for the revenue is 7f.
The break-even point occurs when revenue equals cost. 7f = 2f + 10,000
Solve for f. 5f = 10,000 ⇒ f = 2,000 must be sold to break even.

18. Answer: E
It can be seen from the graph that when x = 3, y = f(3) = 0.

19. Answer: B
It can be seen from the graph that y = f(x) = 0 when x = −3, x = 2, and x = 5.
x = 2 is the only correct answer given as a choice.

20. Answer: B
The graph must start at the highest point, drop down to the lowest point, and then cycle back up to the highest point.
This 12-hour cycle repeats to make 24 hours.

21. Answer: 10
So g(x) = f(x + 2) − 5
Substitute 3 for x. g(3) = f(3 + 2) − 5
Substitute 15 for f(5). f(5) − 5 = 15 − 5 = 10.
That means g(3) = 10.

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