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Raft foundation

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Akash akshay shukla
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22 views7 pages

Raft foundation

Uploaded by

Akash akshay shukla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Raft Footing: An Overview


Definition of Footing
Footing is a structural element in civil engineering that transfers the load of a building or
structure to the ground. It is a crucial component of the foundation system that ensures
the stability and safety of the structure.

Types of Footings
1. Isolated Footing: Supports a single column.
2. Combined Footing: Supports two or more columns.
3. Strip Footing: Used for walls.
4. Raft Footing (Mat Foundation): Spreads the load of the entire structure over a large
area.

Raft Footing (Mat Foundation)

Raft footing, also known as a mat foundation, is a large concrete slab covering the entire
structure's footprint to spread the load uniformly. It is used where:

• Soil-bearing capacity is low.


• There is a risk of differential settlement.
• Heavy loads are to be supported over a large area.

Design of Raft Foundation - IS 2950 (Part 1): 1981

1. Introduction

IS 2950 (Part 1): 1981 provides guidelines for the design, analysis, and construction of raft
foundations. These foundations are used to distribute structural loads over a large area,
especially in soils with low bearing capacity or where differential settlement must be
minimized. The document addresses flat rafts, slab-and-beam rafts, and cellular rafts.

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2. Design Principles

Key objectives of raft foundation design:

- Distribute loads uniformly to minimize settlement.


- Prevent failure due to excessive bearing pressure or differential settlement.
- Ensure safety against bending, shear, and punching shear.

The design philosophy involves modeling the soil as an elastic medium and using methods
such as the Working Stress Method (WSM) or Limit State Method (LSM).

3. Loads and Forces Considered

The raft foundation must be designed to withstand the following loads:


- Dead Loads: Self-weight of the structure and raft.
- Live Loads: Occupancy or equipment loads.
- Wind Loads: As per IS 875 (Part 3).
- Seismic Loads: As per IS 1893.
- Soil Pressure: Contact pressure between raft and soil.
- Hydrostatic Pressure: For underground rafts in high groundwater areas.

4. Structural Analysis

Structural analysis of raft foundations involves calculating moments, shear forces, and
differential settlements. Methods include:
- Elastic Analysis: Treating the raft as a thin plate on elastic foundation.
- Finite Element Method (FEM): For complex load and soil conditions.
- Simplified Methods: For symmetric rafts under uniform loads.

5. Reinforcement Design

Reinforcement is provided to resist bending moments and shear forces in two directions.
Top reinforcement is placed near columns, and bottom reinforcement handles soil
pressure. Crack width control is ensured through proper bar spacing and limiting stress in
steel.

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6. Thickness and Construction Practices

The thickness of the raft is based on bending moment, shear forces, and punching shear
criteria. Minimum thickness is recommended for structural safety and durability.
Construction practices include soil preparation, concrete quality, curing, and
waterproofing measures.

Indian Standards for Raft Footing Design


The following Indian Standards and Codes should be adhered to:

1. IS 456:2000 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete.


2. IS 6403:1981 - Determination of Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations.
3. SP 16:1980 - Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete.
4. IS 875 (Parts 1 to 5) - Design Loads for Buildings and Structures.
5. IS 1893:2016 - Earthquake-Resistant Design of Structures (if seismic
considerations apply).
6. IS 2950: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RAFT FOUNDATIONS

Key Clauses

• IS 456:2000:
o Clause 34: Structural design of foundations.
o Clause 26.5.1.2: Minimum reinforcement.
o Clause 35.3.2: Soil pressure calculations.
• IS 6403:1981:
o Guidance for calculating bearing capacity.

Step-by-Step Design of Raft Footing

Design Problem

Design a raft footing for a G+4 building with the following details:

• Column spacing: 4 m.

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• Load per column: 500 kN.


• Soil bearing capacity (SBC): 150 kN/m².
• Concrete grade: M25.
• Steel grade: Fe500.

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Final Design Summary

• Raft Dimensions: 12 m×6 m


• Thickness: 300 mm.
• Reinforcement: T16 @ 200 mm c/c both ways.
• Concrete Grade: M25.
• Steel Grade: Fe500.

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