E3S Web of Conferences 488, 02014 (2024) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202448802014
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Harnessing Hydroelectric Energy from Water

Irrigation Pumps: A Sustainable Lighting
Solution for Agricultural Fields and Fishponds
Christine Ann Teodoro *
Electrical Engineering Department, Technological Institute of the Philippines, 938 Aurora Blvd.,
Cubao, Quezon City, 1109, Philippines

Abstract. This study examines the potential for repurposing water

irrigation pumps as a sustainable energy source to generate electricity for
the electrification and illuminating of agricultural fields and fishponds.
Irrigation pumps are critical for maintaining sufficient water supply for
farming operations, particularly during vital activities like harvesting.
Conversely, the absence of a reliable nighttime lighting source exhibits
challenges for farmers who often resort to flashlights/emergency lights.
This research’s objective is to design a water wheel that can be tapped to
an adapted water irrigation pump system assembly that can efficiently
produce electricity, safeguarding safety and requiring minimal
maintenance for farmers. This offers reliable and cost-effective source of
electricity, reducing the need for external lighting devices and reducing
operational costs for farmers. The research design adopts an experimental
approach, evaluating the performance of the modified water irrigation
pump system. Data collection includes measuring electricity output,
electrical load assessment, and gathering user feedback through interviews
and surveys. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the system's
effectiveness and practical significance. Overall, the research seeks to
contribute to the sustainable development of rural communities by offering
a viable solution to farmers' lighting needs and promoting the adoption of
renewable energy practices in agricultural settings.

1 Introduction
In an era portrayed by a relentless pursuit of sustainable and renewable energy sources, the
integration of hydroelectric systems has appeared as a focal point in the global energy
spectrum. As the world deals with the pressing challenges of climate change, exhausting
fossil fuel reserves, and expanding energy demands, the harnessing of hydropower
embodies an essential avenue towards achieving a more sustainable and environmentally
responsible energy future.
Harnessing the power of water through enhanced technology keeps the promise of
substantially higher energy yields compared to other renewable sources. Universally,
hydroelectricity stands as a general contributor to the electricity supply, accounting for

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 488, 02014 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448802014
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more than 16% of the entire electricity generated on the planet. According to the
International Energy Agency (IEA), hydropower represents approximately one-third of the
world's capacity for flexible electricity supply. Remarkably, hydropower transcends the
nuclear fission and petroleum-based plants in terms of global electricity generation. While
natural gas and coal do generate more electricity globally than hydropower, it remains a
significant and fundamental component of the clean energy landscape.

Fig. 1. Estimated renewable energy share of global electricity production in 2019 (Source: REN21
2020).
In the year 2020, the global installed capacity of hydropower reached a total of 1,330
gigawatts (GW). This capacity indicates the growing power generation potential of
hydropower facilities worldwide, stressing its substantial role in the energy sector. During
the same year, hydropower also achieved a notable feat, setting a record by producing 4,370
terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity. China, Brazil, the United States, Canada, and India
arise as the global leaders in hydropower production, having the largest installed capacities.

Fig. 2. Global leaders in hydropower production in 2019 (Source: REN21 2020).

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Over the past two decades, energy consumption in Asia has grown as agriculture has
become powered with irrigation pumps, farm mechanism, processing equipment and other
modern inputs. In the Americas and Europe, it has continued steady, even as production has
grown, due to improved efficiencies and agronomic progress. In Europe, between 2000 and
2012, energy intensity in agriculture dropped by 20%, while slight falls were seen in North
America and Asia. Across the African continent, which holds around 15% of the global
population and encounters growing food demand, energy consumption has remained
constant.

Fig. 3. Energy consumption in agri-food systems, by region, 2000-2018 (Source: FAOSTAT, 2021.).
The assimilation of hydroelectric systems in agriculture holds great promise as a means
to enhance the sustainability and efficiency of this critical sector. Agriculture is one of the
largest consumers of energy globally, and the use of hydroelectric power can provide
several advantages. The utilization of hydroelectric systems in agriculture promotes energy
independence for farms. Hydroelectric power systems come in various forms, including
run-of-the-river, reservoir, and pumped-storage systems [1]. On-farm hydroelectric
installations generate electricity from on-site water resources, decreasing the dependence on
external energy sources and providing more stable energy costs. This independence can be
particularly valuable in rural areas where access to a reliable electrical grid may be limited.
Furthermore, the integration of hydroelectric systems in agriculture can lead to the
development of distributed generation. Small-scale hydroelectric systems, including micro-
hydro turbines, are well-suited for powering remote or off-grid agricultural operations. This
is particularly relevant for farms in rural areas, allowing them to access a dependable source
of energy, even in areas where a traditional electrical grid is absent.
In low-income and emerging countries, access to energy has become a main focus of
governments and investors as the rate of rural electrification is 14% [2]. Rural communities
broadly rely on agriculture for sustenance and livelihoods, but they often face challenges in
accessing dependable energy sources, specifically for nighttime tasks and operation. The
frequency at which rural communities get access to electricity is slower than rural
population growth [3], thus having the lowest electricity connection rates [4]. Traditional
lighting schemes like flashlights and emergency lights not only hamper productivity but

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also result in extra costs for farmers, aiding to energy inefficiency. Irrigation water pumps
play a fundamental role in modern agriculture, safeguarding consistent water supplies for
crops, irrigation, and fish farming. They are essential for enhancing crop yields, supporting
livestock, and maintaining fishponds, especially during critical periods such as planting and
harvesting.
To address these challenges, a transformative solution: irrigation water pumps was
converted into energy sources to generate electricity for lighting in agricultural settings.
This modification aims to provide a sustainable lighting solution that the use of renewable
energy. By tapping into the existing infrastructure of water pumps, this innovation has the
potential to improve the lives of rural farmers while contributing to more sustainable
agricultural practices. Access to electricity permits rural households adequate time to work
on their farms as household chores can be shifted to the evening [2,5]. Electric lighting
allows for extended working hours; thus, the day does not have to end at sundown [5]. This
project has the potential to provide direct support for several United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). These include Goal 6, which focuses on safeguarding the
availability and sustainable management of water resources for everyone. Fig. 4 sheds light
on the interconnection between institutional quality and electricity supply across different
segments of rural areas. These involve households and small farms, commercial farms,
poultry, livestock, and fish farms, as well as various enterprises. This examines how the
quality of institutions links to electricity access within these distinct rural sectors.
Hydropower, as an energy source, aids in addressing Goal 7, which emphasizes the
importance of making affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy accessible to all.
This objective extends its impact to Goal 2 as well, as the provision of continuous and
reliable electricity supply can lead to extended working hours on agricultural farms. This, in
turn, can improve agricultural productivity [2] and contribute significantly to the aim of
ending hunger by increasing food production and warranting a more efficient agricultural
output. Likewise, SDG 9 emphasizes the significance of upgrading infrastructure with clean
and environmentally sound technologies. Hydropower projects can exemplify this principle
by showcasing how infrastructure development can be both clean and eco-friendly. Lastly,
SDG 13 is centered on taking decisive action to combat climate change and its associated
impacts. Hydropower, being a low-carbon energy source, aligns directly with this objective
by lowering greenhouse gas emissions and aiding to efforts aimed at mitigating the impacts
of climate change.

Fig. 4. Relationship between institutional quality & electricity, and the various sectors of rural areas
(Source: Peters and Sievert, 2016.).

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Water wheels are cost-effective hydropower converters, particularly in rural areas.

Water wheels are low head hydropower technologies with 85% maximum efficiency. Water
wheels commence in two simple designs: a horizontal wheel with a vertical axle and a
vertical wheel with a horizontal axle. Notionally, there are four main kinds of water wheels:
undershot, overshot, breast-shot, and stream water wheels [6,7]. In overshot wheels, the
water jet enters the wheel from the top. Thus, wheel is complex in its constructional design
and entails large heads, is the most common type of traditional water wheels [8]. Properly
designed overshot wheels have an efficiency of 85%, undershot wheels of approximately
75% for 0.2 < Q/Qmax < 1.0, making this type of energy converter suitable for the
exploitation of highly variable flows. On the other hand, breastshot wheels are
exceptionally suitable for locations with relatively modest head variations, where the water
source is not located far above the wheel. Their design permits for efficient water utilization
even with lower vertical drops, making them a viable choice for precise water wheel
applications. Breastshot water wheels run by allowing the water flow to fill the buckets as it
enters from the upstream side of the wheel. Compared to overshot wheels, breastshot
wheels turn in the opposite direction. They are usually applied in settings where the head
difference, or the vertical drop from the water source to the wheel, is less than 4 meters [9].
Moreover, breastshot and undershot wheels are filled from the upstream side. Their
performance is comparable, with the only deviation in the water entry point, that in
undershot water wheels is situated in the lowest segment of the wheel. Hence, undershot
water wheels can be also termed as low breastshot wheels.
In most of the studies related to this field, hydroelectric turbines are usually deployed in
ocean environments, mainly for their coherent access to ocean water flow. Conversely, the
approach presented in this paper differs considerably, as it implies the installation of a
water wheel to the water pump system assembly where an overshot water wheel design will
be adopted.
The conventional practice in this field has been to exploit the power of ocean currents
via hydroelectric turbines, which have showed effective in producing electricity. In
contrast, the innovative approach drawn in this paper focuses on a more localized and
controlled system, involving the integration of a water wheel to an irrigation water pump
system setup. This shift in design and location signifies a unique perspective that offers
potential advantages and distinct attributes compared to the traditional ocean-based
installations. Moreover, the project opts for an overshot water wheel design which is based
on an in-depth examination of established principles and models in water wheel technology.
These suggest that this design is well-suited for the project's objectives. By integrating this
design into the irrigation pump system assembly, the project targets to harness the kinetic
energy of flowing water efficiently, launching new possibilities for sustainable energy
generation in diverse settings.

2 Materials and Methods

The research design followed an experimental approach, with the system's performance
serving as the primary focus of investigation.

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Fig. 5. Methodology Framework.

2.1 Preliminary Assessment

Conducting a site audit, evaluation, or inspection for a hydroelectric system is a versatile
process that involves a systematic evaluation of the specific location in question. This
thorough assessment seeks to determine the suitability of the site for the establishment of a
hydroelectric power generation facility. Furthermore, it intends to analyze the probable
environmental impact that such an undertaking might have on the background. The primary

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goal is to evaluate the feasibility of executing the hydroelectric project in this specific
location. In essence, this method comprises a detailed examination of the site's attributes,
such as its geographical and hydrological features, and their alignment with the technical
requirements of a hydroelectric system. This extensive evaluation helps respondents make
informed decisions regarding the viability of proceeding with a hydroelectric power
generation facility at the chosen site, considering the technical, environmental, and
economic aspects.

2.1.1 Site Audit, Inspection and Evaluation

The initial assessment requires a physical on-site visit to the location under consideration
for the hydroelectric project. This step is necessary for identifying practical challenges or
opportunities that may not be evident from maps and documents alone. Through the site
inspection, it is essential to ensure that the location is safe for the assembly and operation of
the hydroelectric facility, and any potential risks are addressed. In addition, the proximity
concerning the turbine site and the electrical loads is another significant aspect that
warrants careful consideration. When the distance separating these two points becomes
extremely substantial, it becomes not viable to install a water wheel at the site. The major
concern lies in the extensive journey the generated electricity would need to undertake to
reach its projected destination. In cases where this distance is large, the cost and
inefficiency correlated with transmitting electricity over such extensive distances may
offset the potential economic benefits of the hydroelectric system. As a result, the
feasibility of system becomes questionable in such circumstances.
The preliminary phase of evaluating a probable site for a hydroelectric system
encompasses a thorough site audit. This process involves of various essential components,
starting with data collection. In this stage, pertinent data, and documentation, involving
topographical maps, geological studies, and hydrological data, are collected. These
resources serve as the grounds for the comprehensive evaluation of the location. In addition
to data gathering, the site audit involves an environmental review, which seeks to recognize
and calculate the potential effect of the hydroelectric project on the environment. This
comprises considering factors like surrounding disruption, water quality, and other potential
effects in the background. Additionally, the audit embraces an infrastructure valuation,
which focuses on assessing the present infrastructure at the site and the need for any
modifications or renovations to reinforce the hydroelectric system.
Following the site audit, the process proceeds into the site evaluation phase, where a
further in-depth investigation of the location is executed. During this step, the volume
flowrate of the water source is measured and examined to calculate the potential energy of
the site. To determine the flow rate, the bucket method was utilized as a process of
measurement. Within the bounds of this study, a stopwatch was used to verify the time it
takes to fill a container with water. The container must be consistently placed above the
watercourse throughout the process. This method was conducted nth times to obtain a
comprehensive insight of the average time it takes to fill the container. Any readings
acquired during the measurement should be discarded if there is any debris or obstruction
recognized in the water stream. The flow rate involves dividing the capacity of the bucket
by the calculated average time, resulting in a quantified measurement of the flow rate.

Q = V/tave (1)

Likewise, the assessment incorporates a hydropower resource assessment, which estimates

the available energy resources and the potential electricity generation capacity of the
location.

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2.1.2 Permit and Regulatory Compliance Check

It is notable to confirm that the site aligns with local, state, and federal regulations, which is
why a permit and regulation review is a key aspect of the site audit. This phase involves
verifying compliance with relevant laws and acquiring the necessary permits to advance
with the project.

2.2 Design and Installation

This study includes the development and installation of an overshot water wheel system
within the context of a water pump system. This initiative focuses on the creation of the
overshot water wheel, thoroughly designed to meet the detailed requirements of the water
pump system. One of the major goals is to craft a system that effectively exploits the kinetic
energy of water, thereby increasing the overall performance of the water pump. This
innovative development highlights a commitment to environmentally responsible practices,
fostering a more sustainable methodology to water pumping.

2.2.1 Water Wheel Engineering and Design

To design the wheel, it is helpful to know the mechanical and electrical design and how it
works. In the calculation of head employing the effective head equation with a focus on
kinetic energy, involves the calculation of two distinct components: pressure head,
demonstrating the difference in elevation between the water surfaces in the head race and
tail race, and velocity head, which is consequent from the water's velocity in the head race,
measured at the same position as the pressure head.

h = hp + hv (2)

hv = v2/2g (3)

Moreover, when establishing the wheel diameter (D) for the system, a particular
proportion is used. It is determined that the water wheel's diameter should be approximately
90% of the head. This specification plays a substantial role in the model and configuration
of the hydroelectric system, safeguarding that the wheel's dimensions are standardized with
the available head, thus optimizing the overall system efficiency.
The quantification of power exploited from water can be determined through the
application of the hydropower equation. This considers various variables, involving
efficiency, density of water, acceleration due to gravity, head, and volume flow rate.
Furthermore, the efficiency of this method is calculated using the percentage efficiency
equation which characterizes the ratio of output power to input power. A well-designed
overshot water wheel has the potential to achieve remarkable efficiencies, commonly
falling within the range of 71% to 85% [10]. Within the literature, it is generally
acknowledged that the efficiency of overshot wheels is cited within the range of 60% to
80%.

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = ŋ𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑄 (4)

Concerning the optimal range of rotational speeds, wherein the values remain below the
critical rotational speed, a trend appears as one traverses a channel slope spanning from 0 to
20 degrees. Within this span, there is an increase in power output, ranging from 12.5% to
30%. As rotational speeds scale further, this development in power output becomes more

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definite. However, the principal driver behind the heightened performance at higher
rotational speeds is the exploitation of a steeper channel configuration. This configuration
permits a greater volume of flow to effectively enter the buckets, decreasing volumetric
losses. While improved utilization of kinetic energy does aid to the enhanced performance
at higher speeds, its role is supplementary.

2.2.2 Bucket Design and Modelling

The quantity of buckets incorporated into the water wheel design depends on the wheel's
circumference [11]. Ideally, these buckets are set apart at distances of one foot from each
other, guaranteeing a uniform distribution around the wheel's perimeter. In addition, the
depth of these buckets is another factor to consider, with an optimal depth of approximately
one foot being suggested for efficient water flow capture and energy conversion.
Likewise, for robust operational performance, it is advisable to preserve a diameter-to-
width ratio that approximates 8:5. This ratio ensures an appropriate balance between the
wheel's proportions and its capability to efficiently harness water energy. However, it's
significant that in the specific context of this study, a somewhat unconventional ratio of 1:2
was employed. This deviation from the standard ratio, while unconventional, may be a
calculated choice, reflecting unique design considerations or experimental objectives within
the study.

2.2.3 Wheel Construction and Support Structure

Water wheels possess a relatively limited lifespan, regularly lasting only a few years.
Consequently, the preservation of water wheels and the longevity of its mechanical systems
need consistent conservation and maintenance works.
In this context, the selection of materials used for water wheel construction plays an
essential function in establishing the wheel's durability and maintenance requirements.
Each material, whether it be wood, steel, plastic, or any other option, holds distinctive
advantages and properties that impact its appropriateness for the project. Therefore,
thorough consideration and evaluation of these material types are necessary in identifying
the ideal option for the construction of water wheels.
Table 1. Various materials applicable for water wheels.
Corrosion Structural
Material Type Resilience
Resistance Integrity
Generally,
Variable,
High-Density corrosion- Can vary widely in
depending on the
Plastic Polyethylene resistant, strength, suitable for
type of plastic
Polypropylene especially for some components
used
some plastics
Carbon steel Highly resilient, Susceptible to Offers exceptional
Steel
Stainless steel strong rust and corrosion structural integrity
Galvanized
Superior
Galvanized carbon steel Highly resilient, Excellent structural
protection against
Steel Galvanized strong integrity
rust
stainless steel
Susceptible to rot
Pressure-treated Limited
and decay in the Good structural
wood resilience, can be
Wood presence of integrity, requires
Oak, Maples, strengthened
moisture and regular maintenance
Cypress through treatment
pests

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The selection of the suitable support type is also vital due to its direct impact on the
water wheel's safety, performance, and durability. Safety is utmost, as the support structure
guarantees the wheel's stability during operation, defending against structural failure and
probable accidents. The support type also affects performance, as it must effectively bear
the load and transmit the generated power. Durability is necessary for long-term reliability
and reduced maintenance requirements. Also, for water wheels utilized in historical or
decorative settings, the support type considerably influences to the overall exterior, and
choosing the right structure heightens visual appeal. Cost-efficiency is another fundamental
consideration, guaranteeing that the support system is not only economically viable in
construction but also over the lifespan of the water wheel. The choice of support type is one
of the keys in achieving the water wheel's safety, efficiency, and aesthetic appeal while
balancing practicality and budget constraints.
Table 2. Support structure types for water wheels.
Support
Typical
Structure Description Advantages Disadvantages
Applications
Type
A traditional
Aesthetic
frame Prone to rot and
appeal, Natural Traditional
constructed decay, Regular
Timber Frame material, Good water wheel
from wood maintenance
structural designs
beams and required
integrity
supports.
High strength
A frame
and durability,
constructed Higher cost, Modern and
Corrosion
Steel Frame from steel less traditional industrial water
resistance,
beams and appearance wheels
Reduced
supports.
maintenance
A robust Exceptional Lack of
framework strength and traditional High-capacity
Concrete
made of longevity, aesthetics, water wheel
Structure
reinforced Minimal Costly systems
concrete. maintenance construction
A combination Customizable
Complexity in
of materials and adaptable,
Composite design and Hybrid water
like wood, Balances
Structure construction, wheel designs
steel, and strength and
Cost variable
concrete. aesthetics

2.2.4 Mechanical and Electrical Generation System

To establish both the mechanical and electrical systems of a water wheel is imperative for
maximizing performance and efficiency of the system. These systems work in tandem to
harness the kinetic energy of water and convert it into electrical power. The establishment
of the mechanical system guarantees that the water wheel efficiently transforms the kinetic
energy of water into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is then transferred to the
electrical generator. Accurate design and maintenance of the mechanical parts, such as the
wheel, shaft, and bearings, lower energy losses due to friction and mechanical
inefficiencies. This optimization of energy conversion at the mechanical level is one of the
keys to achieve high overall performance and efficiency. On the other hand, the
establishment of the electrical system, which involves generators, wiring, and control
mechanisms such as voltage regulation, permits for the conversion of mechanical energy

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into electricity. The generator generates electrical power by stimulating electromagnetic

fields through the rotation of its components. The electrical system must be designed to
correspond the water wheel's mechanical performance, ensuring a seamless transition from
mechanical to electrical power. This combination is fundamental for harnessing the water
wheel's potential and efficiently generating electricity. The balance of matching the water
wheel's power output to the electrical load ensures that the electrical generator drives at its
optimal capacity without overloading or underutilization. A good load-matching scheme
ensures that electricity is produced at a consistent rate, preventing energy wastage, and
maximizing efficiency.
In terms of the drive system, which serves the purpose of transferring energy from the
turbine shaft to the generator shaft or another connected device via a coupling mechanism,
different drive system schemes can be used. Also, it is responsible for regulating the
rotational speed when the turbine's speed doesn't align with the rated speed for the
alternator or device.
Table 3. Drive System Schemes.

Drive System Schemes Advantages Disadvantages

low maintenance, high alignment of the two shafts
Direct drive
efficiency (>98%) and low cost becomes extremely critical
higher tension is needed
higher efficiencies than V-belts than with other drives which
Flat belt and pulleys
drives and run cleaner translate into higher loads for
bearings
well known and widely
at higher powers and
available, commonly used
torques multiple V-belt
"V" or wedge belts and pulleys mechanism for micro
installations can become
hydropower schemes of up to
cumbersome
100 kW
highly efficient (about
98%) and clean running, belt
cost of belts and pulleys and are
Timing belt and sprocket pulley tension is lower than in any
not available everywhere
other belt drive, speed ratios
can be up to 10:1.
high efficiency, very high- high cost,
Chains and sprockets speed ratios of greater than poor availability, higher
20:1 maintenance costs

The gear ratio computation is performed to determine the suitable number of gear teeth
necessary to achieve the needed rated speed. The accurate matching of gear ratios
guarantees that the mechanical energy generated by the water wheel is effectively
converted into the rotational speed required to power the generator. By precisely
establishing the gear ratio and number of teeth, the system can be modified to fit the
specific load requirements, optimizing performance and power output.

N2/N1=T1/T2 (5)

Moreover, a load computation is also an integral step in the process as the basis on
determining the VA rating for an inverter. The VA (Volt-Ampere) rating of an inverter is
ideally presumed to align with the overall power requirement of the connected electrical
loads. However, this calculation must also consider the power factor. The power factor
represents the efficiency with which electrical power is used by the connected devices. For
residential applications, the power factor normally falls within a range of 0.7 (considered

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safer) to 0.8 (often chosen for economic reasons) [12]. In situations where the power factor
affects the VA value to exceed the total watt value, the VA rating of the inverter can be
computed by dividing the power requirement by the power factor. This ensures that the
inverter is suitably sized to handle the electrical load while considering the efficiency of
power usage.
In addition to the VA rating, the total performance and lifespan of an inverter are
affected by the quality of the battery with which it is paired, ensuring that the inverter can
deliver consistent and reliable power backup for the specified duration, while meeting the
specific needs of the user. Subsequently, the battery capacity is established by considering
the power requirement, the estimated duration of operation, and the voltage of the battery.

Fig. 6. Operational diagram of the system.

The operation of the system, shown in Fig.6, includes a series of interconnected
components that work together to generate and supply electrical power to electrical loads.
The process begins with the water wheel, where water from the irrigation pump is directed
onto the wheel's buckets. The force of the streaming water sets the water wheel in motion.
Subsequently, the spinning wheel is connected to a drive system, which includes
components like the driveshaft and gears. This shifts the rotational energy from the
overshot water wheel to a generator shaft. Then, the generator converts the mechanical
energy from the wheel into electrical energy. It operates on the principle of electromagnetic
induction, where the shaft's rotation within a magnetic field generates electricity. In certain
off-grid or micro-hydro systems, a charge controller is employed to regulate the electricity
flow produced by the water wheel. This controller ensures the safe charging of the battery,
preventing overcharging that could potentially harm it. It serves as an intermediary between
the generator and the battery. In this setup, the electrical energy generated by the water
wheel isn't immediately utilized but is instead stored in a battery for future use. The battery
acts as an energy reservoir, storing the generated power for DC loads. To make this stored
electrical energy suitable for typical AC loads, it must be converted from DC to AC. For
this conversion, an inverter is employed. The inverter takes the DC power from the battery
and transforms it into AC power, which can be used to operate standard household
appliances and devices. These AC loads include lighting and various convenience outlets
used on the farm.

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2.3 Testing and Optimization

This phase of the project involves a series of activities aimed at evaluating the system's
performance, identifying any issues, and making adjustments to maximize its efficiency and
reliability.

2.3.1 System Assessment, Measurements and Adjustments

Within the testing and optimization phase, a comprehensive set of performance assessments
is conducted to measure the system's effectiveness and efficiency. These evaluations
comprise various measurements, including power output, voltage, and current readings.
This is to validate that the system not only meets but ideally exceeds its expected
operational standards. Furthermore, the assessments include efficiency analyses, which
involve comparing the energy input derived from the kinetic power of the water source with
the electrical energy output. These efficiency calculations help in identifying specific areas
where augmentations can be made to enhance the overall performance of the system.
The moment of inertia (I) of an annular cylinder about its central axis is a basic
parameter used to calculate the power output of rotating machinery, such as a water wheel.
The moment of inertia determines how much resistance or inertia the rotating components
of the water wheel exhibit when exposed to changes in rotational speed. This resistance is
directly linked to the wheel's ability to store and deliver mechanical energy. This is also
essential for assessing the efficiency of the water wheel. It helps in recognizing how
effectively the wheel converts the kinetic energy of the streaming water into rotational
energy. The efficiency of the system is closely tied to the moment of inertia, and it can be
employed to detect areas for improvement in the water wheel's design and operation.

𝐼=0.5𝑚(𝑟12+𝑟22) (6)

Additionally, the rotational kinetic energy denotes the amount of energy that the water
wheel can accumulate due to its rotation. This stored energy is essential for sustaining a
stable power output, especially when the water flow rate fluctuates. It assists in smoothing
out variations in the energy supply from the water source, stemming in a more consistent
mechanical power output. Rotational kinetic energy is directly associated to the mechanical
power output of the water wheel.

ω = V/r (7)

𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 0.5𝐼𝜔2 (8)

On the other hand, the torque of the chain drive is correlated to the mechanical power
transmitted from the water wheel to the generator or electrical generator. Torque is an
important parameter in power transmission systems as it measures the rotational force
applied to drive the generator's rotor. By calculating the torque, the efficiency of the power
transmission system can be assessed. This comprises the chain drive and any connected
mechanical elements. Efficiency calculations help in establishing how much of the
mechanical power generated by the water wheel is effectively transferred to the generator
as electrical power input. Moreover, the torque value aids in identifying the suitable size
and rating of the electrical generator. It also helps in fitting the generator's specifications to
the available torque, ensuring that the generator can effectively convert the mechanical
power into electrical power without overload or underutilization.

𝜃𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑝 = 180°−2𝛼 (9)

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∝ = sin-1 [(𝑟1−𝑟2)/𝑥1−2] (10)

𝑇1/𝑇2=𝑒𝜇𝜃 (11)

To assess the battery's performance, a predefined load was connected to the battery and
allowed to operate until the battery reached its indicated voltage cut-off point. This voltage
cut-off characterized the battery's voltage level instantly before the load ceased operation.
A voltmeter was connected in parallel with the battery's terminals, delivering a direct
measure of the battery's status throughout the discharging process. The discharging
procedure involved a thorough evaluation of the battery's behaviour, tracking it from a fully
charged state through its gradual discharge and back to a fully charged state. During the
discharge phase, it was anticipated that the terminal voltage of the battery would
progressively decline, showing the depletion of its stored energy. Examining the voltage
changes allowed for the identification of any performance deviations and contributed to a
thorough insight of the battery's behaviour during discharge and recharge cycles.
To test the system's user feedback through interviews and surveys from farmers and
agricultural workers, a survey questionnaire that comprises questions related to the
system’s performance was developed. An informed consent from the participants,
explaining the purpose of the survey, was obtained. User responses regarding the ease of
operating and keeping the hydroelectric system was analyzed, looking for recurring
comments that imply the system's user-friendliness and maintenance constraints. The
responses that address the impact of the hydroelectric system on nighttime operations and
overall productivity was evaluated, examining the points where users report increased
efficiency. Different feedback related to the exploitation of external lighting devices, such
as flashlights or emergency lights was examined, identify instances where users express a
reduced need for these devices. The responses indicating users' willingness to adopt
renewable energy practices in their agricultural activities was also investigated, scanning
for accounts suggesting an interest in sustainable energy solutions.
Based on the test results, adjustments and optimizations are made to improve the
system's performance. This involves modifying the drive systems, upgrading components,
or altering operational parameters.

2.3.2 Data Logging and Validation

Data logging commences with the systematic compilation of various data points associated
to the hydroelectric system's performance. This data contains information such as electricity
output, water flow rates, and other relevant parameters. Monitoring equipment are
employed to constantly record these measurements. Gathered data is recorded at consistent
intervals, often in real-time, and collected in a structured and organized manner. Quality
assurance methods are implemented to maintain the overall quality of the dataset. This
comprises ongoing monitoring and auditing to check and detect issues.

2.3.3 Monitoring and Maintenance

Ongoing data monitoring is conducted to further assess the performance of the

hydroelectric system. This analysis involves the assessment of electricity generation
patterns, efficiency, and adherence to design specifications. Performance metrics may be
contrasted to historical data to detect trends and anomalies. Continuous monitoring may
show opportunities for efficiency upgrades. These could imply optimizing the water flow

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management, upgrading components for higher efficiency, or employing control system

augmentations.

3 Results and Discussions

On the site inspection, it was observed that the water pump system is situated on a lodge,
suggesting a pressure head of 1.4 m. The lodge offers a favourable elevation difference,
letting water to flow under the influence of gravity, which is necessary for the operation of
the hydroelectric system. Furthermore, the diameter of the channel through which water
streams measures approximately 5 in. This channel aids in determining the water flow rate
and subsequently, the energy potential of the system.
Likewise, during the evaluation process, a series of bucket method tests were conducted
at three distinct intensity levels to determine the volumetric water flow rate from the
channel. The outcomes of these tests revealed that the average velocity of water from the
channel amounted to approximately 1.123 m/s. The data obtained from these tests were
documented and are visually represented in Fig. 7 & 8, illustrating the mean time to fill the
bucket and the variations in flow rates under different conditions.

Fig. 7. Mean time to fill the bucket.

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Fig. 8. Volumetric Flow Rate.

With this, the wheel's diameter was established at approximately 1.1378 m, while its
thickness was calculated around 0.5689 m. Furthermore, the wheel was equipped with a
total of 12 buckets, each arranged at a uniform distance of 0.954 ft from one another. These
precise dimensions and bucket placements were carefully finalized to ensure the effective
and efficient operation of the overshot wheel as part of the hydroelectric system.

Fig. 9. Dimensions of the wheel.

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Fig. 10. Top view of the water wheel.

Fig. 11. Side view of the water wheel.

The construction of the water wheel implied the utilization of galvanized stainless steel,
a material known for its exceptional strength, resilience, robust structural integrity, and
remarkable resistance to corrosion and rust. This choice of material was made to warrant
the long-lasting and steadfast performance of the water wheel in the hydroelectric system.

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In terms of the wheel's support structure, a steel frame was chosen as the preferred
option. This was grounded on several strategic factors, including the steel frame's high
strength and durability, which make it capable of withstanding the rigors of long-term
operation. Also, the steel frame's corrosion resistance properties are necessary for
maintaining the structural integrity of the support system, specifically in a potentially wet
and corrosive environment. Likewise, the reduced maintenance needs associated with a
steel frame contribute to the overall efficiency and longevity of the system.
On the other hand, the drive system employed in this hydroelectric configuration was
focused on the use of a chain and two sprockets. These sprockets had discrete tooth counts,
with one boasting 52 teeth, while the other had 18 teeth. This arrangement was thoroughly
chosen to achieve the fundamental role of transmitting the kinetic energy generated by the
water wheel's rotation to a 24V, 600-watt DC generator, shown in Fig.12, operating at a
rated speed of 250 rpm. The selection of a chain and sprocket mechanism was not arbitrary;
it was established in the recognized advantages linked with these components. Chains and
sprockets are recognized for their high efficiency and the great speed ratios they can reach.
This design decision held utmost impact as it effectively bridged a significant difference in
rotational speeds. The water wheel, with its average speed of approximately 94 rpm,
required synchronization with the generator's rated speed of 250 rpm to guarantee optimal
power generation. The chain and sprocket assembly materialized as the ideal solution to
harmonize these divergent speeds. By doing so, it facilitated the efficient transfer of
rotational energy from the water wheel to the generator, safeguarding a reliable generation
of electricity.

Fig. 12. Drive system connecting the wheel shaft to the generator.
Additionally, an assessment of the mechanical power within the system, presented in
Fig. 13, has been conducted while the system was in operation. During this evaluation, it
was observed that the water wheel drew an average input power of 153.11 W, having a
maximum yield of 157.5 W and a minimum yield of 149.21 W. Instantaneously, the water
wheel promptly generated an average output power of 127.7 W. It reached a peak output of

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135.08 W, indicating the highest power output during its operation, while the lowest
recorded power output was 121.23 W. This analysis provides insights into the power
dynamics of the water wheel and its efficiency during operation.

Fig. 13. Input and output mechanical power of the water wheel.
Furthermore, an analysis of the electrical power aspects of the system, as illustrated in
Fig. 14, was carried out while the system was actively operating. This assessment shown
that the generator consistently drew an average electrical input power of 170.72 W. Its
performance displayed a range, with the maximum power yield reaching 180.58 W and the
minimum plunging to 162.08 W. Simultaneously, the generator produced an average
electrical output power of 127.25 W. The system attained its peak output, producing 132.45
W, indicating the highest power level achieved during its operation. Conversely, the lowest
logged electrical output power was 122.87 W. This comprehensive assessment of the
generator's electrical power performance provides understanding into its dynamic power
characteristics under various operating conditions.

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Fig. 14. Input and output electrical power of the generator.

Upon assessing both the mechanical and electrical power aspects of the system, it is
evident that a mechanical efficiency of 83.4% has been attained, alongside an electrical
efficiency of 74.53%. These efficiency values exhibit the system's ability to convert input
power into useful mechanical and electrical output power while reducing losses.
Considering the system's average overall power input of 153.11 W and an average overall
power output of 127.25 W, the hydroelectric water wheel system has established an overall
efficiency of 83.11% shown in Table 4. This level of efficiency highlights the system's
effectiveness in harnessing and converting mechanical and electrical energy, making it a
significant standard of efficient energy utilization.
Table 4. Overall System Efficiency.
Average Input Power Average Output
Efficiency (%)
(W) Power (W)
Mechanical (Water
153.11 127.70 83.4
Wheel)
Electrical (Generator) 170.72 127.25 74.53

Overall System 153.11 127.25 83.11

Fig. 15 shows a graphic representation of the battery charging process, starting from a
state of complete discharge, with a voltage cut-off set at 22.3 V. The data illustrates that it
takes 7 h and 39 mins to attain a full charge for a 24-volt, 100 Ah battery. This also
demonstrates key milestones in the charging progress, demonstrating a 38% charge
capacity after 1.5 h from a fully discharged state, an 80% charge capacity at the 5-hour
mark, and a 95% charge capacity after 7 h of continuous charging. This information
delivers valuable insights into the charging behaviour and timeframes for a specific battery
configuration.

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Fig. 15. Battery Charging Process.

To provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the system's performance and its
effectiveness, a survey was administered to a group of users and respondents. The survey
outcomes indicated several key findings. A substantial 89% of the users found the system
easy to operate and maintain, emphasizing its user-friendliness and low maintenance
requirements. Additionally, 94% of the respondents reported an improvement in nighttime
operation and productivity as a result of the system's implementation. This outcome stresses
the positive impact of the system on operational efficiency during nighttime hours. 100% of
the surveyed individuals specified that the system successfully reduced their reliance on
external lighting devices, such as flashlights and emergency lights, thus promoting
enhanced self-sufficiency. In addition to these positive findings, 78% of the users conveyed
their willingness to embrace renewable energy practices in their agricultural activities,
displaying a growing interest in sustainable energy solutions within the community.
Generally, the survey results highlight the favourable reception and benefits of the system
among users, considering its potential to augment operational efficiency and promote the
adoption of renewable energy practices in agricultural settings.

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20
18
16
14 100%
94%
12 89%
78%
10
8
6
4
2
0

found the system easy to operate and maintain

reported an improvement in nighttime operations and productivity
indicated that the system reduced their reliance on external lighting devices
expressed a willingness to adopt renewable energy practices in their agricultural activities

Fig. 16. System performance based on user feedback.

Also, the evaluation of the water wheel system encompasses a systematic assessment of
its return on investment (ROI), with the analysis based on an initial investment cost of Php
43,010.75, equivalent to approximately USD 782 considering the expenses related to
materials, installation, and maintenance. For an average monthly consumption of 65
kilowatt-hours (kWh), the ROI rate after 5 years from installation rests at 3.37%. This ROI
figure indicates the financial return achievable within this specified time frame. In the case
of a 75kWh monthly consumption, the system is projected to yield a considerably higher
ROI rate of 19.27%. This increased ROI results from a total net profit of Php 8,287.90,
determined based on the rate per kWh consumed, which amounts to Php 11.3997.
Likewise, for a monthly consumption of 85kWh, the water wheel system is estimated to
produce a net profit of Php 15,127.72 and an ROI rate of 35.17%. These calculations
highlight the system's capacity to deliver substantial financial returns, particularly when the
monthly electrical consumption levels are higher.
Table 5. Return on investment of the system.
Initial Investment Average Electrical Net Profit
ROI (%)
(Php) Consumption (Php)
Materials and @65kWh
16510.75 44458.83 1448.08 3.37
Equipment monthly
Construction @70kWh
9000.00 47878.74 4867.99 11.32
and Installation monthly
@75kWh
Maintenance 12500.00 51298.65 8287.9 19.27
monthly
@80kWh
Other Expenses 5000.00 54718.56 11707.81 27.22
monthly
@85kWh
Total 43010.75 58138.47 15127.72 35.17
monthly

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4 Conclusion
Rural communities commonly rely on agriculture for their livelihoods, yet access to reliable
energy sources, especially for nighttime operations, is often limited. The slow pace of rural
electrification relative to population growth aggravates this problem. Conventional lighting
methods like flashlights and emergency lights are not only inefficient but also incur
additional expenditures for farmers.
To address these challenges, this paper presents a transformative solution: integrating an
overshot water wheel system to the irrigation water pump assembly to aid in resolving
agricultural lighting and electrification challenges. This innovative approach seeks to
provide sustainable lighting and promoting the adoption of renewable energy. By utilizing
the existing infrastructure of water pumps, this augmentation can significantly enhance the
lives of rural farmers while contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices.
Significant calculation results and measurements and detailed technical aspects of the water
wheel system were discussed, encompassing the choice of construction materials and
efficient power transmission mechanisms, safeguarding an effective functionality. The
overshot water wheel's specifications are as follows: it has a diameter of approximately
1.1378 m and a thickness of about 0.5689 m. The wheel is designed with 12 buckets,
uniformly spaced at 0.954 ft from each other. These precise dimensions and bucket
arrangements were carefully chosen to warrant the efficient operation of the overshot wheel
within the hydroelectric system. The construction of the wheel involved the utilization of
galvanized stainless steel. The wheel's support structure is a steel frame, selected for its
strength and durability, guaranteeing a long-term operation. The drive system employs a
chain and two sprockets, with one sprocket having 52 teeth and the other 18 teeth. This
configuration was delicately selected to transmit the kinetic energy produced by the water
wheel's rotation to a 24V, 600-watt DC generator running at 250 rpm. Synchronization was
required as the water wheel's average speed was around 94 rpm to ensure optimal power
generation.
In the evaluation, the water wheel drew an average input mechanical power of 153.11
W and generated an average output mechanical power of 127.7 W. Similarly, the generator
consistently produced an average electrical input power of 170.72 W and harnessed an
average electrical output power of 127.25 W. The system attained a mechanical efficiency
of 83.4% and an electrical efficiency of 74.53%. Considering both mechanical and
electrical aspects, the system's overall efficiency is 83.11%.
Additionally, charging a 24-volt, 100 Ah battery to full capacity takes 7 h and 39 mins.
User feedback signifies high satisfaction with the modified water pump system: 89% found
it easy to operate and maintain, 94% reported improved nighttime operations and
productivity, 100% noted reduced reliance on external lighting devices, and 78% expressed
willingness to adopt renewable energy practices in their agricultural activities. Moreover,
the evaluation comprises a detailed analysis of the water wheel system's return on
investment (ROI). The initial investment cost is approximately USD 782 considering
material, installation, and maintenance expenses. For an average monthly expenditure of 65
kWh, the ROI after 5 years is 3.37%, indicating the financial return attainable within that
period.
This endeavour represents an innovative and holistic solution that not only attends to the
challenges of rural electrification but also contributes to sustainable agriculture and
economic development. With robust calculations, measurements, and real-world user
feedback, it is clear that this project has the potential to make an impact on the lives of rural
communities. The modified water pump system not only resolves lighting issues for rural
farmers but also advances clean energy adoption in agriculture. It stresses the need to
incorporate renewable energy solutions into rural development policies and create

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incentives and support mechanisms for widespread adoption. In conclusion, this research
paper characterizes a significant step towards sustainable agricultural practices and rural
development, illuminating not just fields and fishponds but also the path to a greener and
brighter future for rural farmers.

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