Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and

Submitted : Jun 26, 2023

High Performance Computing Accepted : Jul 5,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 6, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

Automatic Water Quality and Fish Feed Monitoring System in Aquarium

Using LORA
Muhammad Fariz Ilmi1)*, Syamsudduha Syahrorini2), Shazana Dhiya Ayuni3),
1,2,3)
Department of Electrical Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia
1)
[email protected], 2)[email protected], 3)[email protected]

ABSTRACT
Keeping ornamental fish, especially guppies, is a type of ornamental fish that is widely kept because
it has a very beautiful color pattern. The growth of guppies is influenced by environmental factors,
including water temperature, water pH, and water turbidity. Fish feed is also a very important factor in
the survival of fish. Caring for ornamental fish becomes a challenge if the owner of ornamental fish is
not at home for a long time such as while working in the office or while traveling. The thing that is often
forgotten is to feed the fish kept in the aquarium. To maintain ideal water conditions, it is also necessary
to conduct research to maintain the stability of water conditions in the aquarium. From these problems,
a technology is needed to monitor water quality and manage fish feed remotely. In general, the ideal
temperature that can make guppies develop well is between the range of 23-30°C, the pH of the water is
in the range of pH 6-8. and guppy water turbidity requires a water turbidity level of 0-2500 NTU.
The purpose of this study was to design and create a water quality monitoring system for guupies using
LoRa and automated feeding in realtime. The hardware used is Arduino Uno as microcontroller, LoRa
SX1278 as long distance communication, Turbidity Sensor, DS18B20 temperature sensor, water pH
sensor as LCD 16x4, RTC, Relay, water pump. The system created can monitor the water temperature,
water turbidity level, and Ph of aquarium water automatically. Testing is carried out by detecting the
quality of aquarium water with all sensors simultaneously to determine the condition of the water which
will later be monitored using LoRa. The test results determine whether the state of turbid water with a
range of >2000 NTU, the water pump will automatically turn on until the water state reaches the range
of <2000 NTU.

Keywords: Sensor DS18B20, LoRa SX1278, Monitoring, Sensor pH, Sensor Turbidity

INTRODUCTION
Raising ornamental fish is one of the hobbies favored by most Indonesians, because the care is not so
difficult(Kadir, 2019). In addition, the costs incurred are relatively affordable. Fish feed is the main factor
to be considered because regular fish feeding provides the best quality of fish(DIA TRIUTAMI, 2021).
Caring for ornamental fish becomes a challenge if the owner of ornamental fish is not at home for a long
time such as when working in the office or while traveling. The thing that is often forgotten is to give feed
to fish kept in the aquarium(Mardiyono et al., 2022). To maintain ideal water conditions, research needs to
be carried out to maintain stable aquarium water conditions(Kusumaraga et al., 2021).
From these problems, a technology is needed to monitor water quality and manage fish feed remotely
(Wisjhnuadji & Fauzi, 2017). To support the maintenance of water quality in the aquarium. Currently, the
technology that allows for this is to utilize LoRa (Long Range) as a long-distance communication that will
monitor the quality of water in the aquarium(Indriyanto et al., 2020).
This Monitoring System is made using the LoRa SX1278 (Long Range) concept that can be
communicated over long distances, Turbidity Sensor to detect water turbidity, PH-4502C to detect water
pH level, DS18B20 Sensor to regulate temperature, which is controlled using Arduino(Musfita, 2022). For
the automatic fish feeding system itself using a servo motor as an opening and closing the container valve
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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

on fish feed, and RTC DS3231 as a timer that provides real time(Zakaria et al., 2020).
By using the above components and shoftware that supports the running of the tool, this water quality
monitoring can be monitored remotely and fish feeders can automatically work according to the specified
real time.

METHOD
The method in this study uses the IMRAD method, which is a method with an introduction, method,
result, and discussion structure. This method contains relevant literature and solutions to the problem under
study, apart from wiring diagrams, block diagrams, and flowcharts.
. In the research conducted by Bima Setya Kusumaraga is making internet of things-based monitoring of
aquarium water quality. This tool is designed to be able to maintain water temperature, water pH, and water
turbidity in a certain range. Thus this tool is able to maintain ideal aquarium water quality for fish
survival(Kusumaraga et al., 2021). In the research conducted by Hendra S. Weku, namely making a
microcontroller-based automatic fish feeding device. This tool can create a fish feeding system that can
work automatically by using the ATMega16 microcontroller as the main control and RTC as a timer that
provides real time(Weku et al., 2015). In the research conducted by Muhammad Afif Askar is to make a
feed control system and automatic aquarium water quality monitoring. This tool functions to monitor and
regulate feed automatically by using the blynk application as a feed monitoring and control center(Askar,
2022). The research conducted by Dia Triumani is to design a prototype water quality monitoring system
for ornamental fish in aquariums using LoRa. This tool designs a water quality monitoring system using 2
parameters, namely temperature using the DS18B20 sensor and clarity using a Turbidity sensor where the
results will be sent using LoRa 915 Mhz(DIA TRIUTAMI, 2021). The research conducted by Yohanes
Karmani is to create a system for monitoring the level of water turbidity and feeding fish in IoT-based
aquariums. This tool can monitor the level of turbidity of water in the aquarium and automatically filter
aquarium water when the aquarium water has reached the turbidity level of 3000 NTU and fill the pond
again with clean water. But in this system, the sensor value reading is still not fully stable because it is
influenced by the surrounding light. The sensor value readings can be displayed on the aquarium owner's
Blynk application(Karmani et al., 2022).
In the current study, monitoring is carried out using LoRa as long-distance communication(Nanda, 2019).
This tool works starting from connecting the LoRa tranceiver to the receiver, then monitoring starts by
conditioning the pH sensor between the range of 6-8 pH, turbidity sensor between the range 0-2000 NTU,
sensor DS18B20 between the range of 27-30 °C by Arduino. After the sensor data is obtained then the data
will be sent to the LoRa receiver. In the automatic fish feed system, it starts from the RTC reading which
will detect when the servo will open according to the hours previously set with the specified water quality
state, if the turbidity of the water is more than the range of 2000 NTU then the water pump will turn on and
the servo does not function while if the water is less than 2000 NTU then the servo will open and the pump
will die.

System Design
There are several stages for the design part starting from software design which includes several input
and output components, block diagrams, wiring systems and flowcharts. In the block section, the diagram
describes the input and output components and the microcontroller used. Flowchart explains the flow of
research design. Wiring system describes the input and output components that will be connected to the
microcontroller.

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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

Wiring System
In the wiring system section explains about the input and output components of the tranceiver part
connected to the microcontroller, the input component consists of pH Sensor, Turbidity Sensor, DS18b20
Sensor, RTC, then for the output component consists of MG966r Servo Motor, Water Pump and LoRa.

Fig.1 Wiring Design Transceiver

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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

Table 1
Arduino Uno port usage

No Component They compose Arduino Pin Address

Pin Address 1
1 Sensor Turbidity VCC 5V
GND GND
A0 A1
2 Sensor DS18B20 VCC 5V

GND GND
Data D13
3 Sensor pH VCC 5V
GND GND
GND GND
P0 A0
4 RTC VCC 5V
GND GND
SCL A5
SDA A4
5 Motor Servo VCC 5V
GND GND
Pulse D12
6 Relay VCC 5V
GND GND
Signal D5
7 LoRa SX1278 VCC 3V
GND GND
TXD RXD
RXD TXD
M1 GND
M0 GND
8 LCD 16x2 I2C VCC 5V
GND GND
SDA SDA
SCL SCL

Table 1 describes the pinout of the Arduino microcontroller connected to the input output components
such as Turbidity Sensor, DS18B20 Sensor, pH Sensor, RTC, MG966r Servo Motor, Relay, LoRa SX1278,
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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

LCD 16x2 I2C(Prasetyo et al., 2023). In figure 1 describes the Turbidity Sensor there are 3 pins, 2 pins
connected to GND and VIN 5V arduino, pin A0 sensor to IO A1 arduino. DS18B20 sensor has 3 pins, 2
pins connected to GND and VIN 5V arduino, sensor data pin to pin D13 arduino. pH sensor there are 4
pins, 3 pins to GND, GND and VIN 5V arduino, pin P0 sensor to pin IO A0 arduino. RTC has 4 pins, 2 pins
to GND and VIN 5V arduino, SCL RTC pin to A5 pin arduino, SDA pin to A4 pin arduino. Servo motor
there are 3 pins, 2 pins to GND and VIN 5V arduino, pulse pin Servo to pin IO D12 arduino. There are 3
relays, 2 pins to GND and VIN 5V arduino, pin signal relay to IO pin D5 arduino. LoRa SX1278 has 6 pins,
2 pins LoRa to GND and VIN 3V arduino, pin TXD LoRa to pin IO RXD arduino, pin RXD LoRa to pin
IO TXD arduino, pin M1 LoRa to pin IO GND arduino, pin M0 LoRa to pin IO GND arduino. LCD 16x2
I2C has 4 pins, 2 pins LCD to GND pin and VIN 5V arduino, SDA pin LCD to IO pin SDA arduino, SCL
pin LCD to IO pin SCL arduino.

Furthermore, in the wiring system section, the receiver describes the components connected to the
microcontroller, the components consist of LCD 16x2 I2C, and LoRa.

Fig 2. Wiring Design Receiver

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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

Table 2
No Component Component Arduino Pin
Pin Address Adress 2
1 LCD I2C VCC 5V
GND GND
SDA SDA
SCL SCL
2 LoRa VCC 3V
SX1278
GND GND
TXD RXD
RXD TXD
M1 GND
M0 GND

Table 2 describes the pinout of Arduino microcontrollers connected to input output components such
as 16x2 I2C and LoRa SX1278 LCDs. In figure 2 describes the 16x2 I2C LCD there are 4 pins, 2 LCD pins
to the GND pin and VIN 5V arduino, SDA LCD pin to SDA IO pin arduino, SCL LCD pin to IO pin SCL
arduino. LoRa SX1278 has 6 pins, 2 pins LoRa to GND pin and 3V arduino, TXD LoRa pin to RXD IO
pin arduino, RXD LoRa pin to IO pin TXD arduino, M1 LoRa pin to IO GND pin, M0 LoRa pin to IO
GND pin arduino.
Block Diagram
The block diagram system can be seen in the picture below

Fig 3. system Block Diagram

In the picture above, it can be explained that there are several input and output components of Arduino
Uno 1 and 2. For input components connected to Arduino 1 there is a pH sensor, DS18B20 sensor, Turbidity
Sensor that can see the quality of water to be sent to the LoRa Receiver, for RTC itself determines the time
if the servo will open at a certain time for fish feed. The output component consists of a servo motor and a
water filter pump used to regulate fish feed will go down and filter the water if the water state is cloudy
then the water filter pump will turn on. On Arduino 2 there is an LCD that can display the parameters of
the water state value according to the display on Arduino 1.
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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

System Flowchart
For the flowchart system there are two parts, the first part is the tranceiver flowchart system and the
second is the receiver flowchart as shown below:

Fig 4. System Flowchart transceiver

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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

The figure above describes the first part of the transceiver flowchart system starting with connecting
the LoRa tranceiver to the LoRa Receiver. Once connected, it will read all sensors that will later be
connected to the LoRa receiver. The RTC will display the time that will determine when the servo motor
will open on the automatic fish feed system. RTC is programmed by specifying two times of the day, namely
at 07.00 am and 4.00 pm. Next, the Turbidity sensor reads the turbidity of the water and will display the
turbidity results on the LCD. Then the DS18B20 sensor detects the temperature in the water and displays
the results on the LCD. The last sensor is the PH-4502C sensor which is used to measure the acidity level
of water and the results are also displayed on the LCD. If it is 07.00 and the turbidity of the water is above
25 then the water pump will turn on, otherwise if the water is still clear then the servo will open and the
fish feed will go down. And the results of sensors which include turbidity sensor, D818B20 Sensor, PH
Sensor and water filter pump can be displayed through LoRa.

Fig 5. System Flowchart Receiver

While in the picture above explains about the second part of the Receiver flowchart system, it starts
by reading sensor data sent from the LoRa Transceiver, then the results will be displayed to the LCD which
can later be monitored remotely.

RESULT
This section is about testing and discusses the inner workings of automated water quality monitoring
and fish feed systems in aquariums using LoRa. This test used guppies as the object of research and the
study was carried out for four days between morning and evening. The test was carried out by testing all
input output components connected to the Arduino Uno microcontroller, for input components including
Turbidity Sensor SEN0189, Sensor DS18B20, Sensor PH-4502C, RTC DS3231, then for output including
Servo Motor MG90S, LoRa SX1278. Its realization and how it works can be seen in the picture below:
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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

Fig 6. Tool Realization Results

The tests to be carried out in this study include SEN0189 Turbidity Sensor testing, DS18B20 Sensor
testing, PH-4502C Sensor testing, DS3231 RTC testing, MG90S Servo Motor testing, LoRa SX1278
testing and overall tool testing. Testing tools can be seen below.
Sensor Turbidity Sen0189 Testing
Below are the test results of Turbidity Sensor SEN0189, this sensor is used to detect the level of
turbidity in water. The test was carried out for 5 days with morning and evening information to determine
the state of the water when the fish were fed. In the table below the morning test shows a value of 689NTU
while the afternoon time shows a value of 1000NTU, the value in the test changes because the sensor
receives more light intensity in the morning than in the afternoon. This study explained that if the water is
below 2000 NTU, the water condition is still clean, while if the water condition is above 2000 NTU, it can
be ascertained that the water condition is turbid(Trevathan et al., 2020).

Table 3.
Sensor Turbidity Sen0189 Testing

Trial Jam Water clarity value Accuracy

(NTU)
1st test 07.00 689 Good
16.00 1000 Good
2nd test 07.00 689 Good
16.00 1000 Good
3rd test 07.00 1000 Good
16.00 1289 Good
4th test 07.00 1000 Good
16.00 1555 Good
5th test 07.00 1555 Good
16.00 1798 Good

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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

Sensor DS18B20 Testing

Below are the test results of the DS18B20 sensor, this sensor serves to detect the temperature in the
water(Noor et al., 2019). with testing for 5 days and the time needed is between morning and evening. The
test below obtained an average temperature in the morning of 28.8 ° C while in the afternoon obtained an
average value of 29 ° C.
.
Table 4.
Sensor DS18B20 Testing
Trial Jam Sensor value DS18B20 Accuracy
1st test 07.00 28℃ Good
16.00 29℃ Good
2nd test 07.00 29℃ Good
16.00 30℃ Good
3rd test 07.00 29℃ Good
16.00 28℃ Good
4th test 07.00 29℃ Good
16.00 28℃ Good
5th test 07.00 29℃ Good
16.00 30℃ Good

Sensor PH-4502C Testing

Below are the test results of the PH-4502C sensor, this sensor serves to detect the acidity level in water.
Good acidity levels in fish are in the range of 6-8 pH. In the table below is the result of a ph sensor that is
carried out at a certain time with an output pH value between the range of 6-7 pH.
Table 5.
Sensor PH-4502C Testing

Trial Jam Sensor value DS18B20 Accuracy

1st test 07.00 6,92 Good
16.00 6,85 Good
2nd test 07.00 7,08 Good
16.00 6,98 Good
3rd test 07.00 6,75 Good
16.00 7,21 Good
4th test 07.00 6,85 Good
16.00 6,75 Good
5th test 07.00 7,02 Good
16.00 7,11 Good

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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

RTC DS3231 Testing of Servo Motors

Below are the results of RTC testing of servo motors. This test aims to find out whether this servo
motor will work or not at the specified time. This test is carried out to regulate the release of fish feed at
certain hours.
Table 6.
RTC DS3231 Testing of Servo Motors

Day Hour Description of Servo Description

motor

Monday 07.00 Open Succeed

16.00 Open Succeed
Tuesday 07.00 Open Succeed
16.00 Open Succeed

Wednesday 07.00 Open Succeed

16.00 Open Succeed

Thursday 07.00 Open Succeed

16.00 Open Succeed

Friday 07.00 Open Succeed

16.00 Open Succeed

Motor Servo Testing

Below is the result of servo motor testing, this test is carried out to determine the degree of servo motor
in the fish feed container that will open the fish feed valve with a specified degree. The table below shows
the degree input coded with the servo motor hardware output according to the realized.
Tabel 7.
Motor Servo Testing

No Servo Motor MG966r Description

INPUT OUTPUT

1 90° 90° Success

2 90° 90° Success

3 90° 90° Success

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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

LoRa SX1278 Testing

Below are the test results of LoRa SX1278. This test is performed to determine the distance between
the LoRa transceiver and the LoRa receiver. Based on the table below there are 5 distance indications that
determine the connection of LoRa transceiver with LoRa receiver between distances of 50m, 100m, 150m,
200m and 250m. At a distance of 50m LoRa is still connected up to a distance of 200m, for a distance of
250m on the Lora part the receiver cannot generate data. In this case, LoRa SX1278 when tested the distance
traveled with obstacles or without obstacles up to a distance of 200m.
Table 8.
LoRa SX1278 Testing

Transceiver to Receiver distance Distance Results Accuracy

Unhindered With a hitch
50m   Good
100m   Good
150m   Good
200m   Good
250m   Bad

Overall Testing Tool

Below is the overall result of the research of monitoring tools and automatic fish feed, in the table
below it is explained where the distance reached by LoRa transceiver with a receiver between a distance of
50m to a distance of 200m was examined within a period of 4 days per day carried out 2 experiments
namely morning and evening, in the first day to the last day for water quality results of turbidity sensors,
DS18B20 sensor, PH sensor is at the safe value needed for guppy criteria, then the servo fish feed system
opens according to the specified schedule. The water pump section of the test table shows a dead state, the
water pump will run if the turbidity sensor results >2000NTU.
Table 9.
Overal Testing Tool

LoRa Water Quality Automatic Fish Feed Descriptio

Transceive Turbidity DS18B2 PH- RTC Servo Water n
r to Sensor 0 Sensor 4502C Results Results Pump
Receiver Results Results Sensor Results
Distance Results
50m 689 28°C 6,92 Morning Open Die Succeed
1000 29℃ 6,85 Afternoo Open Die Succeed
n
100m 689 29℃ 7,08 Morning Open Die Succeed
1000 30℃ 6,98 Afternoo Open Die Succeed
n
150m 1000 29℃ 6,75 Morning Open Die Succeed
1289 28℃ 7,21 Afternoo Open Die Succeed
n
200m 1000 29℃ 6,85 Morning Open Die Succeed
1555 28°C 6,75 Afternoo Open Die Succeed
n
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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

DISCUSSIONS
In the study above, the results were in accordance with the criteria needed by guupy fish, but for LoRa
it can only be connected up to a distance of 200m. For further research, there are several suggestions that
can be taken into consideration for the next author, namely on LoRa SX1278 carried out in research only
up to a distance of 200 meters. It is expected that the next test can be more than a distance of 200 meters.

CONCLUSION
Based on the test results of the tools used, this tool uses guppies as research objects with the provision
of water quality at turbidity levels between 0-2500NTU, water temperatures between 23-30 ° C, and water
pH 6-8 pH. In testing the tool above, it can be concluded that (1) testing on turbidity sensors gets good
results with the required range provisions in guppy criteria with a range of 0-2000NTU. (2) DS18B20 sensor
testing can conclude that DS18B20 sensor can detect Temperature between 28-30°C and can function
properly. (3) pH sensor testing obtained a range between 6-8PH and can function well for the acidity level
required by guppies. (4) In the detection of the RTC test for servo output will be opened at 07.00 WIB and
16.00 WIB, the RTC test results are running well. (5) servo motor testing can be concluded that the servo
will be open when the clock is set on the RTC component and this speaker runs well. (6) LoRa SX1278
testing is carried out by detecting the connected distance between the LoRa transceiver and the LoRa
receiver, the test results that LoRa can be connected up to a distance of 200 meters, more than 200 meters
LoRa cannot be connected.

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Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and
Submitted : Jun 26, 2023
High Performance Computing Accepted : May 22,2023
Volume 5, Number 2, July 2023
Published : Jul 1, 2023
https://doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v5i2.2479

IT, 5(1), 13–18.

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http://jifosi.upnjatim.ac.id/index.php/jifosi/article/view/178

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International License 457