Semester: First, Course Title: Heat transfer (1) Course Code: EMP, Academic Year: 2nd year

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3–1 Consider a 3 m-high, 6 m-wide, and 0.25 m-thick brick wall whose thermal conductivity is
. On a certain day, the temperatures of the inner and the outer surfaces of the wall are
measured to be 14°C and 5°C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat loss through the wall on that
day.

3.2 The rear window of an automobile is defogged by passing warm air over its inner
surface.

(a) If the warm air is at and the corresponding convection coefficient is

, what are the inner and outer surface temperatures of 4-mm-thick window glass, if the
outside ambient air temperature is and the associated convection coefficient is
?

3–3 A 1.0 m x 1.5 m double-pane window consists of two 4-mm-thick layers of glass (
) that are separated by a 5-mm air gap ( ). The heat flow through the
air gap is assumed to be by conduction. The inside and outside air temperatures are and
, respectively, and the inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are and
.

Determine:

(a) The daily rate of heat loss through the window in steady operation.

(b) The temperature difference across the largest thermal resistance.

3–4 Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide glass window whose thickness is 6 mm and thermal
conductivity is k = 0.78 W/m.K. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this glass window
and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at while
the temperature of the outdoors is . Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and
outer surfaces of the window to be
and , and disregard any heat transfer by radiation.
3.5 The walls of a refrigerator are typically constructed by sandwiching a layer of insulation between
sheet metal panels. Consider a wall made from fiberglass insulation of thermal conductivity
and thickness and steel panels, each of thermal conductivity
and thickness . If the wall separates refrigerated air at from
ambient air at , what is the heat gain per unit surface area? Coefficients associated with
natural convection at the inner and outer surfaces may be approximated as

3–6 To defrost ice accumulated on the outer surface of an automobile windshield, warm air is blown
over the inner surface of the windshield. Consider an automobile windshield with thickness of 5 mm
and thermal conductivity of . The outside ambient temperature is and the
convection heat transfer coefficient is , while the ambient temperature inside the
automobile is .
Determine:
1- The value of the convection heat transfer coefficient for the warm air blowing over the inner surface
of the windshield necessary to cause the accumulated ice to begin melting.

3.7 The composite wall of an oven consists of three materials, two

of which are of known thermal conductivity,
and , and known thickness, and
. The third material, B, which is andwiched between
materials A and C, is of known thickness, , but
unknown thermal conductivity .

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Cylindrical Wall:
3–8 Steam at 320°C flows in a stainless steel pipe ( ) whose inner and outer diameters
are 5 cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation (
). Heat is lost to the surroundings at 5°C by natural convection and radiation, with a
combined natural convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of . Taking the heat
transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be , determine the rate of heat loss from the steam
per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the temperature drops across the pipe shell and the
insulation.

3–9 Superheated steam at an average temperature 200°C is transported through a steel pipe (k = 50
W/m.K, , , and L = 20 m). The pipe is insulated with a 4-cm thick layer of
gypsum plaster (k = 0.5 W/m.K). The insulated pipe is placed horizontally inside a warehouse where
the average air temperature is 10°C. The steam and the air heat transfer coefficients are estimated to be
800 and 200 W/m2.K, respectively. Calculate:

(a) The daily rate of heat transfer from the superheated steam.

(b) The temperature on the outside surface of the gypsum plaster insulation.

3–10 A 2.2-mm-diameter and 10-m-long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 1-mm-thick plastic
cover whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.15 W/m.K. Electrical measurements indicate that a current of
13 A passes through the wire and there is a voltage drop of 8 V along the wire. If the insulated wire is
exposed to a medium at with a heat transfer coefficient of h = 24 W/m2.K, determine the
temperature at the interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady operation. Also determine if
doubling the thickness of the plastic cover will increase or decrease this interface temperature.

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3–11 In a pharmaceutical plant, a copper pipe ( ) with inner diameter of 20 mm and
wall thickness of 2.5 mm is used for carrying liquid oxygen to a storage tank. The liquid oxygen
flowing in the pipe has an average temperature of -200°C and a convection heat transfer coefficient of
120 W/m2.K. The condition surrounding the pipe has an ambient air temperature of 20°C and a
combined heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m2.K. If the dew point is 10°C, determine the thickness of
the insulation ( ) around the copper pipe to avoid condensation on the outer surface.

Critical Radius of Insulation:

3–12 What is the critical radius of insulation? How is it defined for a cylindrical layer?

Spherical:
3.13 A spherical vessel used as a reactor for producing pharmaceuticals has a 10-mm-thick stainless
steel wall ( ) and an inner diameter . The exterior surface of the vessel is
exposed to ambient air ( ) for which a convection coefficient may be
assumed.

(a) During steady-state operation, an inner surface temperature of is maintained by energy

generated within the reactor. What is the heat loss from the vessel?

(b) If a 20-mm-thick layer of fiberglass insulation ( ) is applied to the exterior of

the vessel and the rate of thermal energy generation is unchanged, what is the inner surface
temperature of the vessel?

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Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces:
3–14 Circular fins of uniform cross section, with diameter 10 mm
and length , are attached to a wall with surface
temperature . The fins are made of material with thermal
conductivity , and they are exposed to an ambient air
condition and the convection heat transfer coefficient
. Determine: The heat transfer rate and fin
temperature at fin tip for:
(a) Adiabatic fin tip
(b) Infinitely long fin

3–15 Consider a very long rectangular fin attached to a flat

surface such that the temperature at the end of the fin is
essentially that of the surrounding air, i.e. 20°C. Its width is
5.0 cm; thickness is 1.0 mm; thermal conductivity is 200
W/m.K; and base temperature is 40°C. The heat transfer
coefficient is 20 W/m2.K. Estimate:
1-The fin temperature at a distance of 5.0 cm from the base
2- The rate of heat loss from the entire fin.

3–16 A turbine blade made of a metal alloy ( ) has a length of 5.3 cm, a perimeter of 11
cm, and a cross-sectional area of 5.13 cm2 . The turbine
blade is exposed to hot gas from the combustion chamber
at 973°C with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 538
W/m2.K. The base of the turbine blade maintains a constant
temperature of 450°C and the tip is adiabatic.
Determine: The heat transfer rate to the turbine blade and
temperature at the tip.

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3–17 A plane wall with surface temperature of 350°C is
attached with straight rectangular fins ( ).
The fins are exposed to an ambient air condition of 25°C
and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 154 W/m2.K.
Each fin has a length of 50 mm, a base of 5 mm thick and a
width of 100 mm. Determine:
1- The fin efficiency .
2- Fin heat transfer rate ( .
3- Fin effectiveness .

3–18 Heat is lost at a rate of per area of a thick wall with a thermal conductivity
of . The temperature drop across the wall is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–19 Consider a wall that consists of two layers, A and B, with the following values:
, , , . If the temperature drop across the wall is , the
rate of heat transfer through the wall per unit area of the wall is:
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)

3–20 Heat is generated steadily in a -diameter spherical ball. The ball is exposed to ambient air
at with a heat transfer coefficient of . The ball is to be covered with a material of
thermal conductivity . The thickness of the covering material that will maximize heat
generation within
the ball while maintaining ball surface temperature constant is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

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3–21 Consider a -high and -wide triple pane window. The thickness of each glass layer
( ) is , and the thickness of each air space ( ) is 1 cm. If
the inner and outer surface temperatures of the window are and , respectively, the rate of heat
loss through the window is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–22 Consider two metal plates pressed against each other. Other things being equal, which of the
measures below will cause the thermal contact resistance to increase?
(a) Cleaning the surfaces to make them shinier.
(b) Pressing the plates against each other with a greater force.
(c) Filling the gap with a conducting fluid.
(d) Using softer metals.
(e) Coating the contact surfaces with a thin layer of soft metal such as tin.

3–23 A -long -outer-radius cylindrical steam pipe is covered with thick

cylindrical insulation with a thermal conductivity of . If the rate of heat loss from the pipe
is , the temperature drop across the insulation is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–24 A -diameter spherical tank is filled with liquid oxygen ( ,

) at . It is observed that the temperature of oxygen increases to in a
period. The average rate of heat transfer to the tank is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–25 A -high, -wide, and m-thick wall of a house has a thermal resistance of
. The thermal conductivity of the wall is:
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)

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3–26 Consider two walls, and , with the same surface areas and the same temperature drops across
their thicknesses. The ratio of thermal conductivities is and the ratio of the wall thicknesses
is . The ratio of heat transfer rates through the walls is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–27 A hot plane surface at is exposed to air at with a combined heat transfer coefficient
of . The heat loss from the surface is to be reduced by half by covering it with sufficient
insulation with a thermal conductivity of . Assuming the heat transfer coefficient to
remain constant, the required thickness of insulation is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–28 A room at air temperature is loosing heat to the outdoor air at at a rate of
through a -high and -long wall. Now the wall is insulated with thick insulation
with a conductivity of . Determine the rate of heat loss from the room through this wall
after insulation.
Assume the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surface of the wall, the room air
temperature, and the outdoor air temperature to remain unchanged. Also, disregard radiation.
(a) (b) W (c) (d) (e)

3–29 A -diameter, m-long fin made of aluminum ( ) is attached to a

surface at . The surface is exposed to ambient air at with a heat transfer coefficient of
. If the fin can be assumed to be very long, the rate of heat transfer from the fin is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–30 A -diameter, m-long fin made of aluminum ( ) is attached to a

surface at . The surface is exposed to ambient air at with a heat transfer coefficient of
. If the fin can be assumed to be very long, its efficiency is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

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3–31 A hot surface at in air at is to be cooled by attaching 10-cm-long and -diameter
cylindrical fins. The combined heat transfer coefficient is , and heat transfer from the fin
tip is negligible. If the fin efficiency is , the rate of heat loss from fins is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–32 A cylindrical pin fin of diameter and length of with negligible heat loss from the tip
has an efficiency of 7. The effectiveness of this fin is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–33 A -long, x rectangular crosssection aluminum fin ( )

is attached to a surface. If the fin efficiency is percent, the effectiveness of this single fin is:
(a) 39 (b) 30 (c) 24 (d) 18 (e) 7

3–34 Two finned surfaces with long fins are identical, except that the convection heat transfer
coefficient for the first finned surface is twice that of the second one. What statement below is accurate
for the efficiency and effectiveness of the first finned surface relative to the second one?
(a) Higher efficiency and higher effectiveness
(b) Higher efficiency but lower effectiveness
(c) Lower efficiency but higher effectiveness
(d) Lower efficiency and lower effectiveness
(e) Equal efficiency and equal effectiveness

3–35 A -diameter hot sphere at is buried in the ground with a thermal conductivity of
. The distance between the center of the sphere and the ground surface is m and the
ground surface temperature is . The rate of heat loss from the sphere is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) W (e)
3–36 A -diameter, m-long vertical cylinder containing ice at is buried right under
the ground. The cylinder is thin-shelled and is made of a high thermal conductivity material. The
surface temperature and the thermal conductivity of the ground are and
respectively. The rate of heat transfer to the cylinder is:
(a) (b) (c) W (d) (e)

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3–37 Hot water ( ) flows through a -long PVC ( )
pipe whose inner diameter is and outer diameter is at a rate of , entering at . If
the entire interior surface of this pipe is maintained at and the entire exterior surface at , the
outlet temperature of water is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3–38 A -inner-diameter liquid-oxygen storage tank at a hospital keeps the liquid oxygen at .
The tank consists of a -thick aluminum ( ) shell whose exterior is covered
with a -thick layer of insulation ( ). The insulation is exposed to the ambient
air at and the heat transfer coefficient on the exterior side of the insulation is . The
rate at which the liquid oxygen gains heat is:
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) (e)

3–39 The fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer from the fin to:
(a) The heat transfer from the same fin with an adiabatic tip
(b) The heat transfer from an equivalent fin which is infinitely long
(c) The heat transfer from the same fin if the temperature along the entire length of the fin is the same
as the base temperature
(d) The heat transfer through the base area of the same fin
(e) None of the above

3–40 A triangular shaped fin on a motorcycle engine is thick at its base and long
(normal distance between the base and the tip of the triangle), and is made of aluminum (
). This fin is exposed to air with a convective heat transfer coefficient of
acting on its surfaces. The efficiency of the fin is percent. If the fin base temperature is and
the air temperature is , the heat transfer from this fin per unit width is:
(a) (b) (c) (d) m (e)

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