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Compass Survey

SURVEYING

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Nilang Panchal
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15 views

Compass Survey

SURVEYING

Uploaded by

Nilang Panchal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surveying-I (CL-314)

Compass Survey
Compass Survey
• In order to get the location of a point in surveying on,
above or below the surface of the earth, it is necessary to
know its distances from a point/station along a line whose
direction is known.
Compass Survey
• The direction of a line is defined by a horizontal angle with
respect to a reference line.

• Depending on the type of reference, the direction of the


line is termed as relative or absolute. In relative direction,
the reference line does not remain fixed over time.
Meridian
• The reference line with respect to which horizontal angle
of survey line are measured is known as meridian. There
are different types of meridians based on the type of
reference.

• True Meridian
• Magnetic Meridian
• Grid Meridian
• Arbitrary Meridian
Meridian
• True Meridian:

• The true meridian passing through a station


on surface of the earth is the (imaginary)
line of intersection of a (imaginary) plane
passing through the geographical North and
South poles of the earth with its actual
surface. The direction of true meridian at
any station is constant and hence, direction
of a line with reference to this remains
same over time.
Meridian
• Magnetic Meridian:

• The magnetic meridian at a station on surface of


the earth is the (imaginary) line of intersection
of a (imaginary) plane passing through the
magnetic North and South poles of the earth
with its actual surface. The direction of a freely
suspended well balanced magnetic needle
provides the magnetic meridian at a station.
• As the magnetic poles of the earth changes with
time and so the magnetic meridian at any
station. Thus, the direction of a line with
reference to magnetic meridian varies with time.
Meridian
• Arbitrary Meridian:

• Any convenient direction from a survey station to some well


defined permanent object is known as arbitrary meridian.
This is used for small area survey or to determine the relative
directions of small traverse.
Relative Direction
• The direction of a line is expressed in different ways
depending upon the type of survey.

• It is depicted by Bearing, Included Angle, Deflection Angle


etc.

• These quantities may be observed directly in the field or can


be obtained indirectly by computation.
Bearing
• The horizontal angle measured in clockwise or anticlockwise
direction between the meridian and the survey line is termed
as bearing. Different types of bearings are defined based on
different criteria.
Bearing

Based on Based on Based on


Meridian Direction Designation

Azimuth or Whole Circle


True Bearing Fore Bearing Bearing

Magnetic Quadrantile
Bearing Back Bearing
bearing

Grid Bearing

Arbitrary
Bearing
Bearing-Meridian
• True Bearing: • Magnetic Bearing:
Bearing-Direction
• Any straight line has two diametrically opposite directions.
The direction in which a survey work proceeds is known as
forward direction and the opposite direction is known as
backward direction.
• There are two types of bearing depending upon the direction
of the line for which it is being is determined.
– Fore Bearing
– Back Bearing
Bearing-Direction
• Fore Bearing & Back Bearing:
Bearing-Designation
• The angle representing bearing is designated depending on
the measurement of the angle either in clockwise and anti-
clockwise direction measured either from the North or from
the South limb whichever provides minimum angle.

• Whole circle bearing


• Quadrantile bearing (or Reduced Bearing)
Bearing-Designation
• Whole circle bearing (The whole circle bearing (W.C.B) of a
line is the horizontal angle measured clockwise from the
North limb of the meridian. It varies from 0° to 360°.
Bearing-Designation
• Quadrantile bearing: The Quadrantile
bearing (Q.B.) also known as reduced
bearing (RB) of a line is defined by the
acute angle which the line makes with the
meridian.
• Thus, it depends on the quadrant in which
the line presents. It is measured in
clockwise or anti-clockwise direction
either from the North or from the South
limb of the meridian whichever is nearer
and thus provides minimum angle.
Interior Angle/ Included Angle
• In any closed polygon, the direction of any side can be
depicted by the angle it makes with its adjacent side. This
angle measured clockwise or anti-clockwise is known as
interior angle.
Deflection Angle
• The angle between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line is
called a deflection angle. Deflection angle can also be used to note the
direction of a line. It is recorded as right or left depending on whether the
line to which measurement is taken lies to the right (clockwise) or left
(counterclockwise) of the prolongation of the preceding line.
Declination
• The horizontal angle which a magnetic meridian makes with the true or
astronomic meridian is called the magnetic declination, or magnetic
variation. If the north end of the compass needle deflects right of the true
meridian, the declination is said to be east and if it deflects to the left of
the true meridian, the declination is said to be west.
Declination
• Declination varies from place to place and at any station time to
time.
• Regular or Periodic Variations:
– Secular,
– Annual, and
– Diurnal or Daily.
• Irregular Variation
Isogonic and Agonic Lines
• Isogonic lines are lines on the Earth's surface along which the
declination has the same constant value, and lines along which
the declination is zero are called agonic lines.
Correction for Declination
• When magnetic directions are used to obtain estimates for azimuth or an old
survey is required to be retraced, it is necessary to reduce the magnetic
directions to true bearings or azimuths by making use of declination for
necessary corrections.
• True bearing of a line = Magnetic bearing of the line ± declination.
(+ve : Declination is East & -ve : Declination is West)
Correction for Declination
• The magnetic bearing of a line is 197°. Find its true bearing, it the magnetic
declination is 3° W.

• If the magnetic hearing of a line is N 37° W and the magnetic declination is


2° E find the true bearing.

• True bearing of a line is 217° and magnetic declination is 2°E. Find the
magnetic bearing.
Local Attraction
• In presence of magnetic materials, the magnetic needle deviates from
the magnetic meridian and thus provides wrong direction of a line.
The deviation arising from such local sources is called local attraction.
• If the fore bearing and back bearing of a line does not differ by 180°,
then there is a possibility of local attraction during the observation of
the line.
• Otherwise, if the sum of the interior angles of a closed traverse does
not provide (2n - 4) right angles [where n is the number of sides in the
traverse], then there is a possibility of local attraction during the
observation of the traverse.
Compass
• Compass is an instrument which can be used to measure
the direction of a survey line with respect to magnetic
north-south.

• Types:
– Surveyors Compass
– Prismatic Compass
Compass
Prismatic Compass
Surveyors Compass

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